Fast pyrolysis of waste pepper stem over waste FCC catalyst

Fast pyrolysis of waste pepper stem was investigated using waste FCC catalyst and HY zeolite with a SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio of 5.1. The pyrolysis oil obtained from the pyrolysis at 500 °C was analyzed using GC/MS. Oxygenates were converted, in particular when the catalyst dose was high, to furans and aromatics. The contents of low-molecular-mass phenolics and aromatics increased with increasing quantity of acid sites deployed. On the other hand, the content of high-molecular-mass phenolics was increased by catalysis with the biomass:catalyst ratio of 1:1, whereas it was decreased by catalysis with the biomass:catalyst ratio of 1:10. This was explained by the pathway of lignin-to-aromatics conversion: lignin → high-molecular-mass phenolics → low-molecular-mass phenolics → aromatics. Activated waste FCC catalyst showed a little weaker catalytic activity for the conversion of low-molecular-mass phenolics to aromatics than HY, leading to a higher phenolics content and a lower aromatics content. The results of this study indicate that the catalytic pyrolysis of lignin-rich biomass over waste FCC catalyst can be a promising way of recycling waste FCC catalyst for the production of high-value-added chemicals, such as furans, phenolics and aromatics.     

Production of Low-carbon Light Olefins from Catalytic Cracking of Crude Bio-oil

Low-carbon light olefins are the basic feedstocks for the petrochemical industry. Catalytic cracking of crude bio-oil and its model compounds (including methanol, ethanol, acetic acid, acetone, and phenol) to light olefins were performed by using the La/HZSM-5 catalyst. The highest olefins yield from crude bio-oil reached 0.19 kg/(kg crude bio-oil). The reaction conditions including temperature, weight hourly space velocity, and addition of La into the HZSM-5 zeolite can be used to control both olefins yield and selectivity. Moderate adjusting the acidity with a suitable ratio between the strong acid and weak acid sites through adding La to the zeolite effectively enhanced the olefins selectivity and improved the catalyst stability. The production of light olefins from crude bio-oil is closely associated with the chemical composition and hydrogen to carbon effective ratios of feedstock. The comparison between the catalytic cracking and pyrolysis of bio-oil was studied. The mechanism of the bio-oil conversion to light olefins was also discussed.     

十氢萘在分子筛催化剂上的开环反应研究

在小型固定流化床(FFB)装置中研究了Y分子筛与ZSM-5分子筛催化剂上的十氢萘裂化开环反应性能,考察了温度和剂油比对Y分子筛开环反应催化性能的影响。结果表明,十氢萘在分子筛催化剂上通过环烷环开环反应生成丙烷、丙烯、丁烷、丁烯、甲基戊烷和环戊烷、环己烷等非芳烃以及苯、C_1~4烷基取代苯等单环芳烃,并通过脱氢缩合反应生成四氢萘、萘、甲基萘和菲、芘等多环芳烃甚至焦炭等。由于扩散和吸附性能的影响,ZSM-5分子筛催化剂的裂化开环反应选择性比Y分子筛催化剂的高,因此,十氢萘环烷环开环与脱氢缩合反应的相对比例(NRO/DHC)在ZSM-5分子筛催化剂上较高。在Y分子筛催化剂上,温度为450~550 ℃、剂油比为3~9,反应温度升高或者剂油比增加,双分子氢转移以及脱氢缩合反应增强,从而导致环烷环开环产物选择性降低。     

全氢菲在分子筛催化剂上环烷环开环反应的研究

在小型固定流化床(FFB)装置上考察了Y与ZSM-5分子筛催化剂以及Y分子筛催化剂上温度、剂油比对全氢菲裂化环烷环开环反应的影响。结果表明,全氢菲在分子筛催化剂上通过环烷环开环反应生成环己烷、十氢萘等单环或双环环烷烃;单环或双环环烷烃进一步侧链断裂生成2-甲基戊烷、甲基己烷等异构烷烃等,异构化生成二甲基环戊烷、甲乙基环戊烷等烷基环戊烷,氢转移生成苯、甲苯、二甲苯等烷基苯,进行深度氢转移反应生成萘、烷基萘等双环芳烃;另外,全氢菲也会通过脱氢缩合生成菲、芘等三环以上芳烃甚至焦炭等。由于扩散和吸附性能的影响,其裂化开环反应的选择性在Y分子筛催化剂上比在ZSM-5分子筛催化剂上高。因此,全氢菲环烷环开环与脱氢缩合反应的相对比例(s(NRO)/s(DHC))在Y分子筛催化剂上较高;在Y分子筛催化剂上,温度为475~550 ℃、剂油比为3.0~9.0,反应温度升高或者剂油比增加,双分子氢转移以及脱氢缩合反应增强,导致环烷环开环反应产物选择性降低。     

Hβ/Al-SBA-15介微孔复合分子筛负载Ni-W催化剂对萘加氢裂化制BTX的催化性能

采用后合成法制备Hβ/Al-SBA-15复合分子筛,利用XRD、N_2吸附、Py-IR、NH_3-TPD、SEM和TEM等手段进行表征。用浸渍法将Ni-W活性组分担载在Hβ/Al-SBA-15载体上,制备Ni-W/Hβ/Al-SBA-15催化剂,以萘为模型化合物,考察该催化剂的加氢裂化性能。结果表明,所合成的Hβ/Al-SBA-15复合分子筛既有介孔结构又有微孔结构,并同时具有B酸和L酸中心,酸性强于SBA-15。具有适度酸性位和介微孔结构的Ni-W/Hβ/Al-SBA-15催化剂,对萘加氢裂化具有较高的萘转化率和BTX选择性,分别为96%和61.1%。     

氧化铈改性多级孔Hβ分子筛催化对二甲苯与苯乙炔烯基化反应（英文）

烯基芳香化合物是重要的精细化学品及中间体,在医药、染料、农药、香料、新型高分子材料和天然产品等化学工业领域得到广泛应用.传统工艺采用芳香化合物与烯基化合物的反应合成烯基芳香化合物.但是,传统过程存在许多不足:(1)芳环需预活化,如卤代等;(2)伴生氢卤酸等废物,污染环境;(3)原子经济性差.因此,研究烯基芳香化合物的清洁、高原子经济性合成备受关注.采用芳香化合物与炔基化合物的烯基化,可以100%原子经济性地合成烯基芳香化合物,且芳环无需预活化,不产生废弃物.因此,通过芳香化合物与炔的烯基化路线来合成烯基芳香化合物引起了人们的极大兴趣.尤其是固体酸催化烯基化,工艺成本低,清洁无污染,颇具工业前景.然而,固体酸催化烯基化不同于烷基化,烯基阳离子稳定性很差,比碳正离子易于聚合,进而导致催化剂积碳失活.微孔沸石分子筛用于烯基化存在底物适用范围窄、催化效率低、选择性差和炔聚合严重的问题.本研究组开展了硫酸化的镧锆氧化物介孔固体超强酸、担载磷钨酸介孔固体酸催化烯基化.采用前者,合成有序的介孔镧锆氧化物较为困难;而采用后者,催化剂的再生需要大量有机溶剂,会造成环境污染.硅铝分子筛固体酸易于制备,且可以通过简单的焙烧来再生.多级孔分子筛具有微孔分子筛和介孔分子筛的双重优势,用于烯基化反应可望获得良好效果.本文采用碱、酸对商业微孔β沸石分子筛进行处理,通过脱硅、脱铝过程来合成多级孔β分子筛,并进行稀土金属铈改性,从而制备了氧化铈改性的多级孔β分子筛,研究了其催化对二甲苯与苯乙炔的烯基化反应.通过改变碱浓度和酸浓度,对所制备的多级孔β分子筛的织构性质和酸性质进行调控,在优化的条件下获得了良好的烯基化催化性能,得到95.8%的苯乙炔转化率和95.1%的目标产物α-2,5-二甲苯基苯乙烯的选择性,总的烯基化产物(α-和β-烯基芳香化合物)的选择性达到98%.相对于微孔β分子筛,所制备的多级孔β分子筛展示了显著增强的催化活性和稳定性,目标产物选择性也有所提高.显著提高的催化性能归因于多级孔分子筛的传质强化和酸性位的增多.氧化铈的改性使得多级孔β分子筛的弱、中等和强酸中心的数目减少,可能源于减少了表面暴露的B酸位,从而导致了催化稳定性的显著提高.可见,本文所制备的氧化铈改性多级孔β分子筛用于烯基化反应具有一定前景.     

MoO3/Al-SBA-15改性催化剂及其在煤焦油加氢裂化中的应用

利用蒸发诱导法制备了HCl改性的MoO₃/Al-SBA-15系列催化剂，采用XRD、BET、TEM、NH₃-TPD进行了表征。结果表明，改性后的催化剂保留着SBA-15的六角结构，孔道结构保持有序状态，改性后样品的孔径8 nm左右，壁厚4 nm左右，属于典型的介孔分子筛，活性组分在载体中分布良好。以预加氢后的中低温煤焦油为原料，采用固定床加氢裂化对催化剂进行了评价，结果表明，经过预硫化之后，负载了MoO₃的Al-SBA-15具有良好的加氢裂化活性，MoO₃负载量14.9%的情况下，65-145℃石脑油和145-280℃航煤馏分两种较轻组分合计收率为79.21%，其中，石脑油具备很高的芳潜值，最高可达72.4，是优良的重整制取芳烃的原料，裂化后的尾油BMCI值过高，不适宜作为裂化乙烯的原料。     

纳米HZSM-5沸石酸度的调节及对液化气裂解反应的影响

通过对纳米HZSM-5沸石进行钠离子浸渍改性和在小型常压固定床反应器中开展碳四液化气催化裂解制丙烯反应研究,探讨了催化剂酸度对反应选择性的影响.结果表明,钠离子改性能够选择性地去除纳米HZSM-5沸石表面的强酸中心,而对弱酸中心则基本无影响.在用钠离子改性基本上消除催化剂强酸中心的情况下,混合碳四液化气的催化裂解反应主要发生在丁烯分子上,丙烯的最高选择性可达60%,丙烯和乙烯的总选择性可达80%.     

不同硅铝比ZSM-5分子筛作为助催化剂在渣油裂化中的应用

采用不同方法表征了硅铝比(SiO2/Al2O3)为33、266和487的质子型ZSM-5分子筛,并研究了ZSM-5分子筛作为助催化剂在渣油裂解中的应用。与USY分子筛基催化剂混合后,在固定流化床上,评价了ZSM-5分子筛助催化剂的催化裂化性能。研究发现,提高ZSM-5分子筛硅铝比,可以有效抑制混合催化剂对汽油烯烃的裂解,从而避免了汽油烷烃的大量损失。加入ZSM-5助催化剂后,伴随着液化气(LPG)产率的增加,异丁烷和异戊烷产率增加,这可能是由USY基催化剂和ZSM-5助催化剂的综合效应引起的。汽油烷烃和芳烃含量的变化,引起了汽油辛烷值的增加。高硅铝比ZSM-5分子筛(硅铝比为266和487)不仅可以显著改善汽油的辛烷值,而且有效避免了汽油的大量损失。催化汽油辛烷值的改善主要是由于高硅铝比ZSM-5分子筛具有适宜的芳构化和异构化活性,这些变化主要源于高硅铝比ZSM-5分子筛小的孔道直径和适宜的酸性。     

ZSM-5沸石结晶度对乙苯叔丁基化对位选择性的影响(英文)

Highly crystalline ZSM-5 zeolites are important for para-selective alkylation of alkyl aromatics, because they carry few external acid sites for isomerization of p-dialkyl products. Such zeolites (Si/Al = 25, 50, and 75) were synthesized in a fluoride medium between pH 4 and 6. Their crystallinities, crystal sizes, and surface areas were higher than those of a commercial ZSM-5 zeolite. Their para selectivities in alkylation were tested for vapor-phase tert-butylation of ethylbenzene between 200 and 400 °C. As expected, all the catalysts showed more than 90% para selectivity. At 300 °C, ethylbenzene conversion decreased in the order ZSM-5(25, commercial) > ZSM-5(25) > ZSM-5(50) > ZSM-5(75). The catalysts had weak, medium, and strong acid sites, but all the acid sites of ZSM-5(75) were weaker than those of ZSM-5(25) and ZSM-5(50). The high activity of commercial ZSM-5 was caused by its strong acid sites being stronger than those of the synthesized zeolites. Although the activity of the commercial catalyst was higher than those of the present catalysts, the selectivity for 4-t-butylethylbenzene (4-t-BEB) was low. The optimum feed ratio (ethylbenzene:t-butyl alcohol) was 2:1 and the feed rate was 1.65 h?1 for high ethylbenzene conversion and 4-t-BEB selectivity. Time-on-stream studies showed slow catalyst deactivation. Highly crystalline ZSM-5 zeolites are therefore better than a commercial zeolite for para-selective alkylation of alkyl aromatics. They do not require much post-modification for high para selectivity. A fluoride medium is therefore better than an alkaline medium for obtaining highly crystalline para-selective ZSM-5 zeolites.     

用于费托合成的骨架Co@HZSM-5核壳催化剂

以骨架Co 为内核, 通过水热合成在其表面包覆HZSM-5 分子筛膜, 制备了具有核壳结构的骨架Co@HZSM-5 催化剂. 采用元素分析、氮物理吸附、粉末X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、氨脱附等手段对催化剂的物理化学性质进行了表征. 在气相费托合成反应中, 骨架Co@HZSM-5 核壳催化剂显示了比物理混合的骨架Co-HZSM-5催化剂更好的催化裂解作用, 故C₅-C₁₁汽油段产物选择性高. 通过改变水热时间, 对分子筛膜厚进行了调节, 发现适当的分子筛膜厚在保证催化剂具有较高活性的前提下, 使长链费托合成产物完全裂解, 高选择性地得到汽油段产物. 提高反应温度有利于费托合成反应的进行以及分子筛上裂解效率的提高, 但产物分布向短链烃方向移动. 在水热4天制备的骨架Co@HZSM-5核壳催化剂上及反应温度为250 ℃时, 得到了最佳反应结果, 汽油段产物选择性达79%, 说明费托合成活性中心与催化裂解酸中心之间形成了良好的协同作用.     

Ethylene Dehydroaromatization over Ga-ZSM-5 Catalysts: Nature and Role of Gallium Speciation

Bifunctional catalysis in zeolites possessing both Brønsted and Lewis acid sites offers unique opportunities to tailor shape selectivity and enhance catalyst performance. Here, we examine the impact of framework and extra-framework gallium species on enriched aromatics production in zeolite ZSM-5. We compare three distinct methods of preparing Ga-ZSM-5 and reveal direct (single step) synthesis leads to optimal catalysts compared to post-synthesis methods. Using a combination of state-of-the-art characterization, catalyst testing, and density functional theory calculations, we show that Ga Lewis acid sites strongly favor aromatization. Our findings also suggest Ga(framework)–Ga(extra-framework) pairings, which can only be achieved in materials prepared by direct synthesis, are the most energetically favorable sites for reaction pathways leading to aromatics. Calculated acid site exchange energies between extra-framework Ga at framework sites comprised of either Al or Ga reveal a site-specific preference for stabilizing Lewis acids, which is qualitatively consistent with experimental measurements. These findings indicate the possibility of tailoring Lewis acid siting by the placement of Ga heteroatoms at distinct tetrahedral sites in the zeolite framework, which can have a marked impact on catalyst performance relative to conventional H-ZSM-5.     

Effect of acid strength distribution on conversion of FCC gasoline over a ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst

Summary Acid strength distribution and the distribution of aromatics formed in the FCC gasoline conversion reaction on a ZSM-5 zeolite with different Na contents have been studied. With increasing Na content in the ZSM-5 zeolite, the acid sites determined by NH₃-TPD technique, especially the strong acid sites, clearly decrease. When used as catalyst for the aromatization reaction, the transformation of olefins in the FCC gasoline into aromatics is governed directly by the strong acid sites on the ZSM-5 catalyst. Only under the conditions that a ZSM-5 catalyst possesses suitable strong acid sites is reaction temperature favorable for the aromatics formed.     

Effects of ITQ-21 and ITQ-24 as zeolite additives on the oil products obtained from the catalytic pyrolysis of waste tire

The effects of ITQ-21 and ITQ-24 as zeolite additives on the catalytic pyrolytic oil using HMOR were investigated. The research was started by studying the effect of HMOR and its amount represented by the catalyst-to-tire ratio, and then followed by the effects of addition of the two ITQ zeolites into HMOR. The results showed that, with increasing the catalyst-to-tire ratio, the gasoline and kerosene yield increased in accordance with the reduction of the heavier fractions, and the concentration of the saturated hydrocarbons in the pyrolytic oil was found to be higher. However, increasing the catalyst-to-tire ratio decreased the yield of liquid product. The two ITQ zeolite additives have strong effects on the pyrolytic oil. For example, as compared with the case of pure HMOR, adding ITQ-21 enhanced the production of kerosene whereas the introduction of ITQ-24 resulted in the higher concentration of aromatic compounds in the derived oil. In addition, the use of catalyst was found to enhance the selectivity of mono-aromatic in the light fraction, but adding ITQ zeolites caused a reduction in the selectivity of HMOR toward the production of mono-aromatics. The differences on the effects of the two ITQ zeolites were explained in relation with the catalyst characterization results. It was found that, the acid properties and topology played very important roles on the influences of these additives.     

Catalytic performances of kaoline and silica alumina in the thermal degradation of polypropylene

Polypropylene was cracked thermally and catalytically in the presence of kaoline and silica alumina in a semi batch reactor in the temperature range 400℃～550℃ in order to obtain suitable liquid fuels.The dependencies between process temperatures,types of catalyst,feed compositions and product yields of the obtained fuel fractions were found.It was observed that up to 450℃ thermal cracking temperature,the major product of pyrolysis was liquid oil and the major product at other higher temperatures(475℃～550℃) ...     

铝修饰改性对SBA-15分子筛性质及催化剂性能的影响

分别采用调变pH值合成法和后处理嫁接法制备了铝修饰改性的SBA-15分子筛,通过XRD、Al核磁、N₂吸附脱附、NH₃-TPD等方法对改性分子筛的理化性质进行了分析表征,考察了不同的Al修饰改性方法对分子筛性质和加氢裂化催化剂性能的影响。结果表明,调变pH值合成法能够有效地对SBA-15进行Al改性,得到的Al-SBA-15分子筛具有高度有序的六方孔道结构,较好的水热稳定性。Al的引入提高了SBA-15的表面酸性,并使其在加氢裂化反应中表现出较好的中油选择性。     

Relation between hydro-dehydrogenating and acid functions of zeolite catalysts and their effectiveness in aromatization of light paraffins

Summary Aromatization of light paraffins with Zn-containing catalysts based on the ZSM-5 zeolite is considered. The correlation between acidic and hydro-dehydrogenating functions of the catalysts, on one hand, and their activity and selectivity towards aromatics, on the other hand, is discussed. The modification of external acid sites is shown to influence significantly the catalytic properties of the prepared samples.     

ZSM-5／MOR复合分子筛催化剂对混合C4烃转化反应的催化性能

以ZSM-5/丝光沸石(MOR)复合分子筛为催化剂,对混合C4烃的催化转化反应进行了评价,并采用程序升温脱附和原位红外光谱技术对ZSM-5/MOR的酸性进行了表征. 结果表明,与ZSM-5相比, MOR具有很低的催化活性,但ZSM-5/MOR复合分子筛具有较高的催化活性,随着ZSM-5/MOR复合分子筛中ZSM-5含量的增加, C4烃转化率稍有升高;在C4烃转化率大致相同的情况下,乙烯和丙烯的总选择性比较接近,但苯和甲苯的总收率却快速升高. 随着ZSM-5/MOR复合分子筛中ZSM-5含量的增加,弱酸和中强酸的酸量逐渐减少,强酸的酸量有所增加. 由于ZSM-5/MOR复合分子筛中MOR对ZSM-5起到分散作用而产生更多的L酸中心,且此L酸中心处于分子筛的外表面而具有较高的能量,导致苯和甲苯的总收率升高.     

Catalytic thermal decomposition of polyamides and polyurethanes mixed with acidic zeolites

The purpose of this work was to examine the pyrolysis products derived from zeolite–polyamide and zeolite–polyurethane mixtures prepared in different ratios in order to elucidate the chemical reactions taking place under pyrolysis of these polymers in the presence of acidic Y zeolites (ultra stabilized HY (HUSY) and NH₄NaY). Therefore 5:1, 3:1, and 1:1 ratios of zeolite and nitrogen-containing polymer (polyamides and polyurethanes) mixtures were pyrolysed at 500 °C in a micro-pyrolyser on-line coupled with GC/MS. The products and product distribution of zeolite–polymer mixtures indicate that the amount of catalysts significantly affects the pyrolysis product distribution. In case of zeolite–PA-6,6 1:1 mixtures hexanedinitrile is the main pyrolysis product indicating that the thermal decomposition of PA-6,6 via cis-elimination is enhanced. Main pyrolysis products of zeolite–PA-6 mixtures of 1:1 ratio are dihydro-azepine isomers that are the dehydrated derivatives of ɛ-caprolactam. Pyrolysis of 1:1 zeolite–PA-12 mixtures leads to the promoted formation of dehydrated cyclic monomer isomers (azacyclotrideca-dienes). For zeolite–PUR 1:1 mixtures it was concluded that MDI decomposition to N-containing aromatics is enhanced, while the polyester and polyether segments degrade to monomer type products and to aromatics. For all zeolite–polymer mixtures increasing ratio of catalysts leads to increased amount of aromatics (benzene and naphthalene compounds) and light unsaturated hydrocarbons, while the amount of main products of 1:1 mixtures decreases.     

ROLE OF Ga AND Pt-Ga IN THE CONVERSION OF PROPANE OVER Ga/HZSM-5 AND Pt-Ga/HZSM-5

为获得较高的Ｃ２选择性，在加水（水蒸气）条件下，研究了添加ＣａＯ对甲烷氧化偶联Ｌａ２Ｏ３催化剂的影响。发现ＣａＯ的添加提高了Ｌａ２Ｏ３催化剂的活性，同时水的添加明显地提高了催化剂的Ｃ２选择性。在加水条件下，Ｌａ２Ｏ３－ＣａＯ催化剂获得了较好的结果，其ＣＨ４转换率为２０％，Ｃ２选择性超过８０％。利用ＸＲＤ和ＸＰＳ技术对催化剂进行了表征，并对加水和不加水条件下的催化剂性能与结构变化的关系进行了讨论