Rapid determination of the volatile components in tobacco by ultrasound‐microwave synergistic extraction coupled to headspace solid‐phase microextraction with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry

An ultrasound‐microwave synergistic extraction coupled to headspace solid‐phase microextraction was first employed to determine the volatile components in tobacco samples. The method combined the advantages of ultrasound, microwave, and headspace solid‐phase microextraction. The extraction, separation, and enrichment were performed in a single step, which could greatly simplify the operation and reduce the whole pretreatment time. In the developed method, several experimental parameters, such as fiber type, ultrasound power, and irradiation time, were optimized to improve sampling efficiency. Under the optimal conditions, there were 37, 36, 34, and 36 components identified in tobacco from Guizhou, Hunan, Yunnan, and Zimbabwe, respectively, including esters, heterocycles, alkanes, ketones, terpenoids, acids, phenols, and alcohols. The compound types were roughly the same while the contents were varied from different origins due to the disparity of their growing conditions, such as soil, water, and climate. In addition, the ultrasound‐microwave synergistic extraction coupled to headspace solid‐phase microextraction method was compared with the microwave‐assisted extraction coupled to headspace solid‐phase microextraction and headspace solid‐phase microextraction methods. More types of volatile components were obtained by using the ultrasound‐microwave synergistic extraction coupled to headspace solid‐phase microextraction method, moreover, the contents were high. The results indicated that the ultrasound‐microwave synergistic extraction coupled to headspace solid‐phase microextraction technique was a simple, time‐saving and highly efficient approach, which was especially suitable for analysis of the volatile components in tobacco.     

Multivariate analysis of the volatile components in tobacco based on infrared‐assisted extraction coupled to headspace solid‐phase microextraction and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry

A novel infrared‐assisted extraction coupled to headspace solid‐phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry method has been developed for the rapid determination of the volatile components in tobacco. The optimal extraction conditions for maximizing the extraction efficiency were as follows: 65 μm polydimethylsiloxane‐divinylbenzene fiber, extraction time of 20 min, infrared power of 175 W, and distance between the infrared lamp and the headspace vial of 2 cm. Under the optimum conditions, 50 components were found to exist in all ten tobacco samples from different geographical origins. Compared with conventional water‐bath heating and nonheating extraction methods, the extraction efficiency of infrared‐assisted extraction was greatly improved. Furthermore, multivariate analysis including principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, and similarity analysis were performed to evaluate the chemical information of these samples and divided them into three classifications, including rich, moderate, and fresh flavors. The above‐mentioned classification results were consistent with the sensory evaluation, which was pivotal and meaningful for tobacco discrimination. As a simple, fast, cost‐effective, and highly efficient method, the infrared‐assisted extraction coupled to headspace solid‐phase microextraction technique is powerful and promising for distinguishing the geographical origins of the tobacco samples coupled to suitable chemometrics.     

顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定小米黄酒风味成分

为全面了解小米黄酒风味成分的构成和气味特征,优化了85μm聚丙烯酸酯(PA)、100μm聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)、75μm碳分子筛(CAR)/PDMS、50/30μm二乙烯基苯(DVB)/CAR/PDMS萃取头提取小米黄酒风味成分的条件,采用顶空固相微萃取(headspace solid phase microextraction,HS-SPME)-气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)对风味成分进行定性、定量分析,并计算气味活性值(odor active value,OAV),同时利用OAV分析风味成分的气味特征和气味强度。结果显示:不同萃取头的最优萃取条件为样品量8 mL、萃取时间40 min、萃取温度60℃、NaCl添加量1.5 g。小米黄酒风味成分由醇、酯、含苯化合物、烃、酸、醛、酮、烯、酚和杂环类化合物构成,醇为主要风味成分。通过OAV确定了苯乙醇、苯乙烯、2-甲基萘、1-甲基萘、苯甲醛、苯乙醛、2-甲氧基-苯酚为小米黄酒气味特征成分,苯基乙醇、苯乙醛对气味贡献最大。PA和PDMS萃取头分别对极性和非极性化合物具有较好的吸附效果,CAR/PDMS和DVB/CAR/PDMS萃取头对中等极性化合物具有较好的吸附效果。该研究全面了解了小米黄酒风味成分的构成,为其产品开发及品质控制提供理论了依据。     

Headspace solid phase microextraction in-situ supercritical fluid extraction coupled to gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for simultaneous determination of perfluorocarboxylic acids in sediments

Headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) in-situ supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was investigated for the determination of trace amounts of perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) in sediments. Quantitation was performed by using gas chromatography coupled to negative chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS/MS). The optimum conditions of HS-SPME following SFE were obtained using 500 μL n-butanol as a derivatization reagent in supercritical carbon dioxide with static extraction for 10 min, then dynamic extraction for 20 min at 30 MPa and 70 °C and simultaneous collected with 100 μm film thickness PDMS fiber. The linear range of proposed method was from 5 to 5000 ng g(-1), with limit of detection ranging from 0.39 to 0.54 ng g(-1) and limit of quantitation ranging from 1.30 to 1.80 ng g(-1). The developed method was successfully applied to analyze PFCAs in sediments from rivers and beach near industrial areas. The concentrations of PFCAs determined are from 282 to 4473 ng g(-1).     

Determination of volatile nitrosamines in meat products by microwave-assisted extraction and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were evaluated for use in the extraction and preconcentration of volatile nitrosamines in meat products. Parameters affecting MAE, such as the extraction solvent used, and DLLME, including the nature and volume of the extracting and disperser solvents, extraction time, salt addition and centrifugation time, were optimized. In the MAE method, 0.25g of sample mass was extracted in 10mL NaOH (0.05M) in a closed-vessel system. For DLLME, 1.5mL of methanol (disperser solvent) containing 20μL of carbon tetrachloride (extraction solvent) was rapidly injected by syringe into 5mL of the sample extract solution (previously adjusted to pH 6), thereby forming a cloudy solution. Phase separation was performed by centrifugation, and a volume of 3μL of the sedimented phase was analyzed by GC-MS. The enrichment factors provided by DLLME varied from 220 to 342 for N-nitrosodiethylamine and N-nitrosopiperidine, respectively. The matrix effect was evaluated for different samples, and it was concluded that sample quantification can be carried out by aqueous calibration. Under the optimized conditions, detection limits ranged from 0.003 to 0.014ngmL(-1) for NPIP and NMEA, respectively (0.12-0.56ngg(-1) in the meat products).     

固相微萃取/加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱-质谱法分析青山绿水茶叶的挥发性成分

采用固相微萃取(SPME)和加速溶剂萃取(ASE)两种前处理方法从青山绿水茶叶(也叫苦丁茶)中提取挥发性成分,用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)定性。实验结果表明:两种前处理方法共检测出91种成分,SPME检出49种,ASE检出56种,共同组分14种。青山绿水茶叶的挥发性成分主要成分有β-月桂烯、3,3,5-三甲基-1,5-庚二烯、L-柠檬烯、α-罗勒烯、β-罗勒烯、β-蒎烯、2-甲基安息香醛和5-羟甲基糠醛等物质。这两种提取方法各具优势,共同应用可以起到取长补短的作用。     

Accurate analysis of trace earthy-musty odorants in water by headspace solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A simple and sensitive method was developed for the simultaneous separation and determination of trace earthy-musty compounds including geosmin, 2-methylisoborneol, 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine, 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine, 2,3,4-trichloroanisole, 2,4,6-trichloroanisole, and 2,3,6-trichloroanisole in water samples. This method combined headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and used naphthalene-d(8) as internal standard. A divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane fiber exposing at 90°C for 30 min provided effective sample enrichment in HS-SPME. These compounds were separated by a DB-1701MS capillary column and detected in selected ion monitoring mode within 12 min. The method showed a good linearity from 1 to 100 ng L(-1) and detection limits within (0.25-0.61 ng L(-1)) for all compounds. Using naphthalene-d(8) as the internal standard, the intra-day relative standard deviation (RSD) was within (2.6-3.4%), while the inter-day RSD was (3.5-4.9%). Good recoveries were obtained for tap water (80.5-90.6%), river water (81.5-92.4%), and lake water (83.5-95.2%) spiked at 10 ng L(-1). Compared with other methods using HS-SPME for determination of odor compounds in water samples, this present method had more analytes, better precision, and recovery. This method was successfully applied for analysis of earthy-musty odors in water samples from different sources.     

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination of 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol and 3-mercaptohexyl acetate in wine: a comparison of headspace solid phase microextraction and solid phase extraction methods

A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was established using headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) as the sampling procedure to analyse 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol (3-MH) and 3-mercaptohexyl acetate (3-MHA), two molecules with a tropical fruit aroma, in wine at trace level. This method offers important advantages, as it neither requires time-consuming sample preparation nor uses dangerous organic compounds, thus making control of wine aroma easier and suitable for routine analysis. As a comparison, a solid phase extraction (SPE) method, already described elsewhere for aroma analysis, was applied to quantify these analytes, extending this exhaustive enrichment to two important thiols. Detection limits for both the approaches were close to the sensory threshold value, resulting lower for the HS-SPME procedure and suitable for requirements in the oenological field. The application of the two proposed methods to 52 wines of different varieties gave similar results.     

环境水样中9种三唑类农药的固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱分析

应用C18柱萃取/富集,NH2柱净化,气相色谱-质谱联用技术检测,建立了环境水样中9种三唑类农药同时分析的方法。9种目标农药在0.025～0.500 mg/L质量浓度范围内线性关系良好,方法的检出限为0.002～0.009 μg/L。以实际水样为基底,加标质量浓度为0.025 μg/L和0.100 μg/L时,9种目标农药的基底加标回收率和相对标准偏差(n=3)分别为68.4%～113.9%,1.6%～6.9%(河水)和70.3%～115.2%,0.8%～8.2%(海水)。该方法操作简单、灵敏度高、选择性好,符合多种农药残留分析的要求,并成功地应用于福建九龙江河口区表层水样中三唑类农药的残留状况调查。     

固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定木制家具中氯酚类及菊酯类防腐剂

建立了固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱(SPE-GC-MS)检测含氯酚类化合物(2,4-二氯苯酚、2,4,6-三氯苯酚、2,4,5-三氯苯酚、2,3,4,6-四氯苯酚、五氯苯酚、林丹)和菊酯类化合物(氯菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯)等10种木材防腐剂的方法。对家具样品采用超声萃取法、以甲醇为提取剂在室温下反复提取2次,提取液经浓缩后,加入碳酸钾和乙酰酐衍生化,将衍生化后的溶液通过Oasis HLB固相萃取柱净化,用乙酸乙酯洗脱并收集检测。采用该方法实现了家具中10种木材防腐剂的分离检测,该方法中氯酚类防腐剂定量限为1 mg/kg、菊酯类防腐剂定量限为5 mg/kg,平均回收率为76.0%～108.8%。应用该方法对市场上销售的木制家具进行了检测,在部分家具中检出含有少量林丹。实验结果证明,该方法准确、灵敏,可有效地应用于木制家具中防腐剂的实际检验工作中。     

The determination of volatile organic compounds in soils using solid phase microextraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Solid phase microextraction (SPME) was applied in the development of a protocol for the analysis of a number of target organic compounds in landfill site samples. The selected analytes, including aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbous, and unsaturated compounds, were absorbed directly from a headspace sample above a soil layer onto a fused silica fiber. Following exposure, the fiber was thermally desorbed in the injection port of the gas chromatograph and eluted compounds were detected using a mass selective detector. The stability and sensitivity of the extraction technique were examined at five temperatures (22–60°C) using a 100μm polydimethylsiloxane fiber. Calibrations, using soil samples spiked with selected solvents (0.5–30 μg/g), were linear; trichloroethene (r² = 0.992) and benzene (r² = 0.998). SPME was applied to the examination of a municipal landfill where 8 sites were sampled, at three depths, resulting in the detection of xylene (maximum 2.8 μg/g) and a number of other non-target organic contaminants.     

固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定利多卡因代谢物单乙基甘氨酰二甲苯胺的血药浓度

建立了固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)测定利多卡因代谢物单乙基甘氨酰二甲苯胺(MEGX)血药浓度的方法。血清中的MEGX采用固相萃取小柱萃取、GC-MS测定。色谱条件为：HP-5MS毛细管柱(15 m×0.25 mm×0.1 μm),初始柱温100 ℃,保持1 min后以40 ℃/min速率升温至200 ℃,保持0.5 min;进样口温度250 ℃;分流进样,分流比1∶1,进样量2 μL;载气为氦气,流量为1.0 mL/min。质谱条件为:离子源温度230 ℃,电子轰击电离,电子能量70 eV,选择离子检测（m/z 58(MEGX)、 m/z 86(普鲁卡因,内标)）。结果表明,MEGX在血清中的浓度在1.562～25 ng/mL范围内的线性关系良好,相关系数0.9981,最低检测限为0.5 ng/mL,不同浓度MEGX的萃取回收率在80.1%～85.7%之间。实验证明该方法快速、准确,选择性好,灵敏度高,适合用于血清中微量MEGX的测定。     

Dynamic solid phase microextraction for sampling of airborne sarin with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for rapid field detection and quantification

A portable dynamic air sampler and solid phase microextraction were used to simultaneously detect, identify, and quantify airborne sarin with immediate analysis of samples using a field portable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry system. A mathematical model was used with knowledge of the mass of sarin trapped, linear air velocity past the exposed sampling fiber, and sample duration allowing calculation of concentration estimates. For organizations with suitable field portable instrumentation, these methods are potentially useful for rapid onsite detection and quantification of high concern analytes, either through direct environmental sampling or through sampling of air collected in bags.     

Determination of cocaine and cocaethylene in urine by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

In order to evaluate recent cocaine exposure or its coingestion with ethanol, a simple and sensitive solid-phase microextraction (SPME) procedure for determination of cocaine and cocaethylene in urine was developed and validated. A polydimethylsiloxane fibre (100 microm) was submersed in the urine sample for 20 min under magnetic stirring after alkalinization with solid buffer (NaHCO(3):K(2)CO(3), 2:1). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify and quantify the analytes in selected ion monitoring mode (SIM). The limits of quantification were 5.0 ng/mL for both analytes. Good inter- and intra-assay precision was also observed (coefficient of variation <9%).     

固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定皮革制品中短链氯化石蜡

短链氯化石蜡（SCCPs）是我国皮革加脂过程中常用的添加剂,但近年已被欧盟等列为禁止使用的持久性有机污染物。由于SCCPs结构复杂,且皮革基质干扰严重,目前尚没有完善的皮革制品中SCCPs的标准检测方法。本文采用硅胶为固相萃取柱萃取,以正己烷-二氯甲烷（2:1,v/v）为洗脱剂,使SCCPs与皮革基质中的干扰组分完全分离,建立了用于测定皮革制品中SCCPs的固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱方法。该方法的回收率为90.47%~99.00%,检出限为0.069~0.110 mg/kg,相对标准偏差（RSD）为4.20%~6.69%。该方法适用于皮革中SCCPs的定性、定量分析。     

Determination of organic acids in urine by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-ion trap tandem mass spectrometry previous 'in sample' derivatization with trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate

A method for the determination of the organic acids directly in the urine employing derivatization with trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate as a methylating agent and sequential extraction by head space and direct immersion/solid phase microextraction is reported. Furoic acid, hippuric acid, methylhippuric acid, mandelic acid, phenylglyoxylic acid and trans, trans muconic acid contained in urine and proposed by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists as biological exposure indices were determined after a fast and economically convenient preparation step and sensitive gas chromatography-ion trap-mass spectrometry/tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Urine is rather a complex sample and hence the acquisition method required specific GC-MS instrumentation capable of supporting the changeover, fully automated during a single chromatographic separation, from mass to tandem mass spectrometry and both chemical and electron ionization modes. The automation of the analytical method provides a number of advantages, including reduced analysis time for both routine analysis and method development, and greater reproducibility. The equilibrium and kinetics of this substances vs head space/direct immersion-solid phase microextraction were investigated and evaluated theoretically.     

Solid‐phase microextraction Arrow for the volatile organic compounds in soy sauce

A novel solid‐phase microextraction Arrow was used to separate volatile organic compounds from soy sauce, and the results were verified by using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Solid‐phase microextraction Arrow was optimized in terms of three extraction conditions: type of fiber used (polydimethylsiloxane, polyacrylate, carbon wide range/polydimethylsiloxane, and divinylbenzene/polydimethylsiloxane), extraction temperature (40, 50, and 60°C), and extraction time (10, 30, and 60 min). The optimal solid‐phase microextraction Arrow conditions were as follows: type of fiber = polyacrylate, extraction time = 60 min, and extraction temperature = 50°C. Under the optimized conditions, the solid‐phase microextraction Arrow was compared with conventional solid‐phase microextraction to determine extraction yields. The solid‐phase microextraction Arrow yielded 6–42‐fold higher levels than in solid‐phase microextraction for all 21 volatile organic compounds detected in soy sauce due to the larger sorption phase volume. The findings of this study can provide practical guidelines for solid‐phase microextraction Arrow applications in food matrixes by providing analytical methods for volatile organic compounds.     

固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定进口海产品中11种合成麝香

建立了固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱法同时测定进口海产品中11种合成麝香（开司米木、萨利麝香、粉檀麝香、葵子麝香、特斯拉、佳乐麝香、二甲苯麝香、吐纳麝香、伞花麝香、西藏麝香和麝香酮）。样品经正己烷提取,弗罗里硅土固相萃取柱净化,内标法定量。目标物在0.001~0.1 mg/L内呈良好的线性相关,相关系数（r²）均大于0.990,方法检出限（信噪比（S/N）>3）为0.35~2.08μg/kg,定量限（S/N>10）为1.18~5.00μg/kg。分别在空白基质中添加低、中、高3个水平的标准品进行回收试验,平均回收率为83.1%~117%,相对标准偏差（RSD,n=6）为5.1%~8.5%。利用该方法对2017年上海口岸进口的30个海产品进行了筛查,发现佳乐麝香在93.3%的被测样品中均有检出,含量最高达3.82μg/kg。葵子麝香和伞花麝香也是检出较多的麝香品种,含量最高分别可达15.4μg/kg和10.5μg/kg。该方法特异性强,灵敏度高,适用于海产品中多种合成麝香残留物的筛查和确证。     

顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用快速分析八角茴香中风味物质

采用顶空固相微萃取与气相色谱-质谱联用技术,对八角茴香中风味物质进行了分析。选用自制聚丙烯酸树脂涂层,对样品量、萃取时间、萃取温度、解吸时间等参数进行了优化,结果表明0．10g样品在60℃水浴中顶空萃取40min,250℃下解吸2min达到最佳条件。比较了顶空固相微萃取与传统水蒸气蒸馏两种前处理方法,分析结果非常相似。该方法可用于快速分析八角茴香中的风味物质。     

分散固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法测定水产品中的痕量酮麝香

建立了水产品中痕量酮麝香测定的分散固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)。目标化合物经1%乙酸-乙腈高速匀浆提取,以N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)、C₁₈和石墨化碳(GCB)混合物为分散剂对其进行净化,采用GC-MS在选择离子监测模式下测定,外标法定量,并应用正交试验对前处理条件进行优化,以及对酮麝香的裂解机制进行探讨。在优化条件下,方法在1～50 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数不低于0.999,检出限(S/N=3)为0.30 μg/kg。对于明虾和罗非鱼空白样品,在1.0、2.0、10.0 μg/kg 3个水平下的加标回收率为91.8%～110.6%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.6%～8.4%。该方法操作简便、快速、准确,可用于水产品中痕量酮麝香的日常检验。