异原子配位结构碳基单原子电催化剂结构与性能相关性的研究进展

单原子催化剂是一类以相互孤立的单个金属原子作为催化活性中心的、 具有高原子经济性及高活性的负载型催化剂, 被广泛应用于能源电催化领域. 近年来, 通过使用两种或两种以上原子与活性中心金属原子配位, 构建具有异原子配位结构的单原子材料, 展现了优异的电催化性能. 研究发现, 这种不对称的配位结构有效调控了中心金属原子的电子结构, 优化了催化反应的吸附和脱附能量, 提高了电催化的性能. 本文综合评述了具有异原子配位结构碳基单原子电催化剂的合成策略、 表征技术与方法, 以及在前沿能源电催化应用中的催化剂性能与结构之间的构效关系, 并展望了异原子配位结构碳基单原子电催化剂的研究前景.     

二维分子的原子不对称性研究

基于分子形状的二进制编码提出了权原子和法来描述原子的不对称环境, 其中权原子和是以相反的方向环绕分子所得原子不对称环境的量度, 分子中一个原子的权原子和与其镜像分子中相应原子的权原子和的大小相等, 符号相反. 权原子和不仅适用于手性分子, 还能描述非手性分子中原子的不对称性. 与Randic′提出的原子和进行比较表明, 权原子和比原子和具有更好地区分能力, 因此, 权原子和能够更好地表征原子的不对称性.     

覆盖的氩原子簇过热的分子动力学模拟(英)

通过分子动力学模拟研究了覆盖较高熔点的原子的氩原子簇．原子族由177个氩原子和72个覆盖原子组成．覆盖原子的势能参数ε比氩原子大50％，该原子簇比纯氩原子簇熔点过热2K．模拟结果表明，覆盖的原子簇过热的原因是：在达到熔点之前，体系缺少氩原子构成的自由表面，仍然是覆盖原子的有序表面．     

原子的边界半径

本文建议和讨论2了原子大小的一种新量度-原子的边界半径, 经出了边界半径的周期表。对于惰性气体原子和汞原子, 有实验测得的有效半径, 它们与边界半径符合得相当好。原子的边界半径与实验的van der Waals半径有良好的线性关系。因此, 由边界半径可以预言某些原子的有效半径以及van der Waals半径。     

1O～3O T恒定磁场下碱金属原子的边界轮廓

孤立原子是具有球对称性的.如果将孤立原子置于磁场中,原子的边界半径必然会发生变化.根据原子边界轮廓理论模型,研究和计算了在10～30 T磁场强度下碱金属原子的边界轮廓,可供有关参考.     

Pt单原子催化剂的构建和应用

不同于纳米和亚纳米催化,单原子催化在负载极低金属含量的同时能极大地提高金属原子的利用率,具有更优越的催化性能。单原子催化剂（SACs）是一种特殊的负载型金属催化剂,指载体上的所有金属组分都以单原子分散的形式存在。当催化剂的尺寸是单原子级别时,其原子利用率达到了百分百,此时其能级结构、电子结构会发生根本性变化,表面自由能急剧增大,催化活性随之增加;但孤立的金属单原子容易聚集导致催化活性下降,因此能锚定单原子的载体尤为重要。载体既可以起到固定单原子的作用,又可以协同单原子提高反应催化活性,是催化领域的研究前沿。本文基于Pt单原子催化剂具有贵金属用量少、活性高、稳定性好、金属-载体相互作用强等优点,介绍了Pt单原子的几种载体,包括氧化物材料,有机金属框架（MOF）材料,碳基材料以及其他材料。对Pt单原子的表征方法以及Pt单原子催化剂在电催化析氢反应（HER）,氧还原反应（ORR）,CO氧化及其他方面的应用进行了概述,对Pt单原子材料的发展趋势进行了展望。     

升温烧结过程中TiO2纳米颗粒的原子分类分析(Ⅱ):烧结颈

通过分子动力学模拟两个TiO₂纳米颗粒升温烧结过程中的结构演变和烧结颈生长,并基于系统空间网格化和近邻网格种类分析法开发了烧结颈原子识别模型,成功地对烧结颈原子进行识别,结合已开发的表面原子识别模型将系统中原子详细分类,对比不同种类原子在烧结过程中的变化规律。结果表明,温度超过573 K后,烧结明显发生;烧结颈总截面积随烧结温度的增大而增大,烧结颈内侧截面积所占比例较大,烧结颈外侧截面积相对较小且不易受烧结温度影响;烧结颈原子平均位移明显大于母体内部原子和表面原子,且烧结颈原子中O原子迁移活性高于Ti原子;烧结颈外侧原子平均位移最大,说明烧结颈生长主要依靠外侧原子运动。烧结颈原子识别模型识别有效、稳定,为进一步分析不同区域的结构特性奠定了基础。     

10-30T恒定磁场下碱金属原子的边界轮廓

孤立原子是具有球对称性的.如果将孤立原子置于磁场中,原子的边界半径必然会发生变化.根据原子边界轮廓理论模型,研究和计算了在10~30 T磁场强度下碱金属原子的边界轮廓,可供有关参考.     

基底表面构建单原子催化剂与催化性能研究进展

近年来,单原子催化剂因其较高的催化活性和选择性等优点而受到了人们的广泛关注.我们综述了以C,Si,Ti,Al为基底的单原子催化剂的制备方法,并对以不同材料基底制备单原子催化剂的制备方法、形成机理及优势特点进行了比较.通过对单原子制备、表征方法及催化活性的概述,以期对制备单原子催化剂提供一定的借鉴和指导.研究表明,单原子...     

用于氧还原电催化的Fe-M-N-C基双原子催化剂的研究进展（英文）

实现质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)的商业化应用亟需开发出低成本的高效氧还原(ORR)电催化剂以替代昂贵的Pt基材料.过去十余年,研究人员对由M-N_x活性位点和富缺陷碳质基底组成的热解M-N-C基单原子催化剂进行了深入的研究,以期进一步提高催化剂的性能并降低成本.其中, Fe-N-C基单原子催化剂表现出了较好的催化性能和巨大的应用潜力.近年来人们发现,在单原子催化剂中引入另一种金属原子组成的双原子催化剂具有特殊的几何构型和电子结构,有利于反应过程中原子间相互作用,使催化性能进一步提高.其中,在Fe-N-C基催化剂中引入另一种金属原子组成的Fe-M-N-C双原子催化剂(M代表金属)可以进一步激发Fe-N-C催化剂的本征活性,相关研究也吸引了越来越多的关注.本文综述了Fe-M-N-C基双原子催化剂催化ORR过程的研究进展.首先,讨论了双原子催化剂催化ORR的机制,其中引入的第二种金属原子通过协同和/或调制效应发挥作用.其后,系统总结了Fe-M-N-C的合成方法、表征技术和计算方法,以进一步推动双原子催化剂的研究.再后,根据金属原子之间的相互作用,将双原子催化剂分为Ma...     

Determination of magnesium in iron by atomic absorption spectrophotometry

An atomic absorption spectrophotometric method for the determination of 0.001–0.10% magnesium in irons has been proposed. After suitable dissolution of the sample, 1500 p.p.m. of strontium is added to suppress aluminium interference and the solution is atomised in an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The method is rapid, has high sensitivity, is free from interference and no preliminary separations are required.     

Evolved-gas zeeman flame atomic absorption spectrometry for the determination of arsenic compounds

An evolved-gas separation/flame Zeeman atomic absorption spectrometric approach is demonstrated for the speciation and determination of arsenic in oyster tissue. No digestion is needed and separation of inorganic arsenic compounds having similar boiling points is achieved. A stoichiometric or air-rich acetylene/air flame for atomic absorption spectrometry is not generally suitable for arsenic determination because of severe ultraviolet absorption interference at 193.7 nm and low sensitivity; polarized flame Zeeman atomic absorption spectrophotometry with a fuel-rich flame is suitable for the detection of traces of arsenic. The evolved-gas separation/Zeeman atomic absorption approach is simple, based on commercially available instrumentation, and useful for the selective determination of major arsenic compounds. Data are given to demonstrate optimal conditions and to show application to oyster tissue.     

Interference effect of chloride on the determination of bismuth by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

The effects of various chloride salts on the graphite-furnace atomic absorption signal of bismuth are described. The chloride interference arises from coordination of chloride ions to bismuth(III) in solution, as confirmed by u.v. spectrophotometric and polarographic studies on the interaction of hydrochloric acid and bismuth(III) in solution. The interference can be removed by addition of diammonium-EDTA.     

Mechanical feed burner with total consumption for flame photometry and atomic absorption spectroscopy

A mechanical feed burner has been developed for use in flame photometry and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The optimum flame conditions for cinisaion and absorption are very different. These conditions are also modified when organic instead of aqueous solvents are used. When different organic solvents are used, the interference is eliminated with atomic absorption but not emission. Flame profiles of a.tomic absorption and emission signals indicate that the processes are independent; the best signal for each is obtained at different parts of the flame. With emission, it appears that line spectra and background emission originate from the same process e.g. chemiluminescence     

Electrothermal atomization of calcium and strontium in a molybdenum micro-tube

The excitation and ionization of calcium and strontium in a molybdenum micro-tube atomizer and their use in atomic-absorption spectrometry are described. Increasing hydrogen flow led to complex calcium atomization profiles for absorption measurements, but decreasing hydrogen flow resulted in higher atomic emission. Ionization of calcium and its suppression by potassium were also observed. Strontium was measured effectively by atomic absorption because of the higher sensitivity. Increasing hydrogen flow resulted in a lower atomization temperature and higher absorption for strontium, while decreasing hydrogen flow resulted in higher atomic emission. No interference from 100-fold amounts of magnesium, calcium and sodium was found for atomization of strontium, but 100-fold amounts of aluminium shifted the peak temperature for strontium though with no variation of appearance temperature and peak absorption. A small shift in peak temperature was observed for strontium in the presence of 100-fold amounts of phosphate.     

原子吸收和原子发射光谱法测定工业废水中总铬方法比对

为了探讨原子吸收光谱法和原子发射光谱法测定工业废水中的总铬分析方法的异同,本文分别采用两种方法对工业废水中的总铬进行对比分析,对样品前处理方法、标准曲线、方法检出限、准确度、精密度、干扰及消除等进行比较,并对两种方法的测定结果进行t检验。结果表明,两种方法具有良好的一致性。相对来说,原子发射光谱法各方面指标要优于原子吸收光谱法。     

Studies in atomic fluorescence spectrometry: Part II. Interference effects in the determination of tin with various premixed flames

The interference effects are reported for 27 elements, 6 acids and 4 organic liquids on the atomic fluorescence determination of tin with argon-hydrogen, argon-oxygen-hydrogen and argon-separated air-acetylene flames. The addition of1000 p.p.m. iron (III) eliminates most interferences from the elements but not from the acids. The basic trends in the interference effects in the argon-hydrogen flame for the atomic absorption and atomic fluorescence determinations of tin are similar. The detection limit, for an 18.2-s time constant, in the argon-oxygen-hydrogen and argon-hydrogen flames is 0.006 p.p.m. and in the air-acetylene flame it is 0.05 p.p.m. These detection limits are significantly better than previously reported limits. Analytical curves in all three flames studied are linear between the detection limits and 250 p.p.m.     

The Elimination of Chloride and Sulfate Interference on Germanium in Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

The advantage of determination of trace germanium (Ge) by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry is that only a few microliter of sample is used. But the matrix interference,especially chloride ion and sulfate ion are very serious.     

Studies towards understanding the mechanism of organic reagent enhancement in flame and plasma atomic absorption spectrometry

A series of organic reagents have been tested in atomic absorption measurement for signal enhancement of metal elements. Organic reagents like tetrabutylammonium bromide are demonstrated to enhance the absorption sensitivity to some specific elements such as calcium and chromium. A group of amines were found to have significant enhancement for chromium and calcium measurements. The function of organic reagents in flame and plasma atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was investigated in this work with emphases on mechanism of signal enhancement and interference suppression. An alternative mechanism of organic reagent enhancement in flame and plasma AAS has been suggested based on the experimental results obtained in this work. The reduction environments in flame and plasma produced by the organic reagents are considered as major reason for the signal enhancement.     

Mutual interactions of elements in the hydride technique in atomic absorption spectrometry: Part 1. Influence of selenium on arsenic determination

The interference from selenium(IV) on the determination of arsenic(III) and -(V) by hydride-generation atomic absorption spectrometry is removed if copper is added to the sample solution. This prevents the evolution of selenium hydride but has no influence — up to certain copper concentrations — on the formation of arsine. The possible interference mechanism is discussed. Interferences on selenium determinations are also described.