Fe(III)与2,3-二羟基苯甲酸配位反应的动力学和机理

研究了水溶液中三价铁与2,3-二羟基苯甲酸络合反应的机理与动力学. 测定并计算了络合作用的反应速度常数. 活性 和活性焓随氢离子浓度增加而降低, 指明了FeCH2(3+)的缔合机理和FeOH(2+)与Fe2(OH)2(4+)的解离活化机理, 反应速率方程表明氢离子浓度的依赖关系对Fe(III)络合作用是典型的. 但是在[Fe(III)]的二级反应动力学则有一个反常贡献.     

Assay of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid and related compounds in plant materials by high-performance liquid chromatography

Salicylic acid and its putative biosynthetic precursors were assayed isocratically by RP-HPLC with UV detection at 280 nm. Optimum resolution was provided by an HPLC mobile phase consisting of MeOH-1% aqueous HOAc (40:60, v/v), at pH 4. Furthermore, for the analysis of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHBA) in Catharanthus roseus cell cultures after elicitation, a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-1% aqueous HCOOH containing 0.25% trichloroacetic acid (1:5, v/v), at pH 2, was used. The recovery for the free form of 2,3-DHBA was about 80% after a one-step extraction of the cells. The detection limit of 2,3-DHBA was 3 microg by using saligenin as an internal standard.     

Novel cephalosporins synthesized by amination of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid derivatives using fungal laccases II

Sixteen novel cephalosporins were synthesized by amination of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid derivatives with the aminocephalosporins cefadroxil, cefalexin, cefaclor, and the structurally related carbacephem loracarbef using laccases from Trametes sp. or Myceliophthora thermophila. All products inhibited the growth of several Gram positive bacterial strains in the agar diffusion assay, among them methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. The products protected mice against an infection with Staphylococcus aureus lethal to the control animals. Cytotoxicity and acute toxicity of the new compounds were negligible. The results show the usefulness of laccase for the synthesis of potential new antibiotics. The biological activity of the new compounds stimulates intensified pharmacological tests.     

An unexpected oxidative decarboxylation reaction of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid in the synthesis of new dibenzyltetrahydroquinoxalinediones

Chemical and electrochemical oxidation of different catechols were carried out in the presence of N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine (DBEDA) in a phosphate buffer/acetonitrile solution for the synthesis of different new dibenzyltetrahydroquinoxalinedione derivatives. The oxidation of catechol (1a), 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (1e), and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (1d) led to the same product, probably due to the decarboxylation reaction of intermediates. An oxidative decarboxylation reaction of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (1d) has been reported before, while an unexpected oxidative decarboxylation reaction of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (1e) in the presence of DBEDA is reported for the first time.     

Selective reduction of carboxylic acid derivatives by catalytic hydrosilylation

In the last decade, an increasing number of useful catalytic reductions of carboxylic acid derivatives with hydrosilanes have been developed. Notably, the combination of an appropriate silane and catalyst enables unprecedented chemoselectivity that is not possible with traditional organometallic hydrides or hydrogenation catalysts. For example, amides and esters can be reduced preferentially in the presence of ketones or even aldehydes. We believe that catalytic hydrosilylations will be used more often in the future in challenging organic syntheses, as the reaction procedures are straightforward, and the reactivity of the silane can be fine-tuned. So far, the synthetic potential of these processes has clearly been underestimated. They even hold promise for industrial applications, as inexpensive and readily available silanes, such as polymethylhydrosiloxane, offer useful possibilities on a larger scale.     

Study on sensitivity development of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid by capillary zone electrophoresis-amperometric detection with p-methyl benzoate as stacking agent

For its high reactivity and very short half-life, the hydroxyl radical (OH.) in vivo is very difficult to be detected. Usually, it is indirectly quantified by determining 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHBA) and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHBA), which are the reaction products of salicylic acid (SA) and OH.. Because 2,5-DHBA could be directly formed by the P(450) enzyme, only 2,3-DHBA is regarded as the real biomarker of OH.in biological studies. But the very low concentration of OH* in human bodies makes its determination very difficult and complicated. In this paper, a simple online stacking capillary zone electrophoresis coupled with amperometric detection (CZE-AD) method was explored to improve the detection sensitivity of 2,3-DHBA to reach the requirements in biological analysis. A mixture solution of 12.5 mmol/L Na(2)B(4)O(7)-25 mmol/L NaH(2)PO(4) (pH 7.9) was used as the running buffer and p-methyl benzoate was selected as a suitable stacker. The effects of the concentration, pH value, and injection time of p-methyl benzoate on stacking efficiency were carefully studied. Under the optimum stacking CZE-AD conditions, the detection sensitivity of 2,3-DHBA was improved about 20-fold and its detection limit reached the 10(-9) mol/L level. The experimental results showed that this was a potential method to determine OH* in vivo.     

Selective amination of the mucohalic acid derivatives

An efficient synthesis of 4,5-diamino-3-halofuran-2(5H)-ones has been developed based on a sequential acylation and bisamination of mucohalic acids. The β-and γ-amination products have also been prepared with high regioselectivity. This reaction shows some advantages in terms of its simple operation and readily available but highly functionalized starting material. All products gave satisfactory IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS.     

Biochemical properties of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase from fungal strain Aspergillus niger 26

The fungal strain Aspergillus niger produces two superoxide dismutases, Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD. The primary structure of the Cu/Zn-SOD has been determined by Edman degradation of peptide fragments derived from proteolytic digests. A single chain of the protein, consisting of 153 amino acid residues, reveals a very high degree of structural homology with the amino acid sequences of other Aspergillus Cu/Zn-SODs. The molecular mass of ANSOD, measured by MALDI-MS and ESI-MS, and calculated by its amino acid sequence, was determined to be 15821 Da. Only one Trp residue, at position 32, and one disulfide bridge were identified. However, neither a Tyr residue nor a carbohydrate chain occupying an N-linkage site (-Asn-Ile-Thr-) were found. Studies on the temperature and pH dependence of fluorescence, and on the temperature dependence of CD spectroscopic properties, confirmed that the enzyme is very stable, which can be explained by the stabilising effect of the disulfide bridge. The enzyme retains about 53% of its activity after incubation for a period of 30 min at 60 degrees C, and 15% at 85 degrees C.     

Selective inhibition of the biosynthesis of penicillic acid

5-Chloroorsellinic acid inhibits the formation of penicillic acid by Penicillium cyclopium at sublethal concentrations.     

Coordination complexes of iron(III) with 3-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinone, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid: preparation and characterization in the solid state

Summary The synthesis and study of a number of new iron(III) complexes of the ligands 3-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinone (3,2-opoH), 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-dhbH₃) and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-dhbH₃) are described. These complexes have the formulae [Fe(3,2-opo)₂Cl]·PrⁿOH, K[Fe(2,3-dhbH)₂(H₂O)₂], [Fe(2,3-dhb)(H₂O)₂], K[Fe-(3,4-dhbH)₂(H₂O)₂], [Fe(3,4-dhb)(H₂O)₂] and K₆[Fe(3,4-dhb)₃]·3H₂O. The complexes were characterized by elemental analyses. X-ray powder patterns, t.g.a./d.t.g. techniques, magnetic susceptibilities and spectroscopic (u.v.-vis., i.r. and variable-temperature ⁵⁷Fe-M?ssbauer) studies. Monomeric octahedral structures are assigned for the 1∶2 2,3-dhbH²⁻ complex and the 1:3 3,4-dhb³⁻ compound. Dinuclear and/or oligonuclear structures are tentatively proposed for the remaining complexes in the solid state. In [FeL(H₂O)₂] (L³⁻ = 2,3-dhb³⁻ or 3,4-dhb³⁻), iron(III) appears to be 5-coordinate. Both oxygens of 3,2-opo⁻ participate in coordination, while the dihydroxybenzoato ligands exhibit various coordination modes, depending mainly on the positions of the hydroxy groups, their anionic charge and the ligand∶metal molar ratio used.     

A facile synthesis of 2-deoxy-2,3-didehydroneuraminic acid derivatives

The 2-thio- or 2-selenoglycosides of N-acetylneuraminic acid methyl ester were transformed by successive treatment with dimethyl(methylthio)sulfonium triflate (DMTST) and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7-undecene (DBU) to give the corresponding methyl 2-deoxy-2,3-didehydroneuraminates in excellent yields. Their acids and their analogues are sialidase inhibitors of pharmaceutical interest.     

Some new derivatives of 2-butene-2,3-diol cyclophosphoric acid

Conclusions The following 2-oxo-4,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphospholenes have been prepared: the 2-chloro-, 2-diethylamino-, 2-di-n-butylamino-, and 2-ethylmercapto- derivatives.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 10, pp. 2362–2364, October, 1968.     

Asymmetric synthesis of trans-2,3-piperidinedicarboxylic acid and trans-3,4-piperidinedicarboxylic acid derivatives

Asymmetric syntheses of (2S,3S)-3-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-2-piperidinecarboxylic acid (1b), (3R,4S)-4-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-3-piperidinecarboxylic acid (2b), and their corresponding N-Boc and N-Cbz protected analogues 8a,b and 17a,b are described. Enantiomerically pure 1b has been synthesized in five steps starting from L-aspartic acid beta-tert-butyl ester. Tribenzylation of the starting material followed by alkylation with allyl iodide using KHMDS produces the key intermediate 5a in a 6:1 diastereomeric excess. Upon hydroboration, the alcohol 6a is oxidized, and the resulting aldehyde 7 is subjected to a ring closure via reductive amination, providing 1b in an overall yield of 38%. Optically pure 2b has been synthesized beginning with N-Cbz-beta-alanine. The synthesis involves the induction of the first stereogenic center using Evans's chemistry and sequential LDA-promoted alkylations with tert-butyl bromoacetate and allyl iodide. Further elaboration by ozonolysis and reductive amination affords 2b in an overall yield of 28%.     

Architecture of the rings of 5-arylidenerhodanine derivatives versus P-gp inhibition

5-Arylidene derivatives of rhodanine show various biological activities. The new crystal structures of five derivatives investigated towards ABCB1 efflux pump modulation are reported, namely, 2-[5-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-ylmethylidene]-4-oxo-2-thioxothiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid dimethyl sulfoxide monosolvate, C₁₈H₁₃NO₃S₂·C₂H₆OS ( 1 ), 4-[5-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-ylmethylidene]-4-oxo-2-thioxothiazolidin-3-yl)butanoic acid, C₂₀H₁₇NO₃S₂ ( 2 ), 5-[4-(benzyloxy)benzylidene]-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one, C₁₇H₁₃NO₂S₂ ( 3 ), 4-{5-[4-(benzyloxy)benzylidene]-4-oxo-2-thioxothiazolidin-3-yl}butanoic acid, C₂₁H₁₉NO₄S₂ ( 4 ), and 5-[4-(diphenylamino)benzylidene]-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one, C₂₂H₁₆N₂OS₂ ( 5 ). Compounds 1 and 3 – 5 crystallize in the triclinic space group P, while 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2₁/n, where the biphenyl moiety is observed in two positions (A and B). Two molecules are present in the asymmetric unit of 5 and, for the other four compounds, there is only one molecule; moreover, 1 crystallizes with one dimethyl sulfoxide molecule. The packing of the molecules containing a carboxyl group ( 1 , 2 and 4 ) is determined by O—H…O hydrogen bonds, while in the other two compounds ( 3 and 5 ), the packing is determined by N—H…O hydrogen bonds. Additionally, induced-fit docking studies have been performed for the active compounds to investigate their putative binding mode inside the human glycoprotein P (P-gp) binding pocket.     

Solid-phase synthesis of 2-cyanoquinazolin-4(3H)-one and 2,3-dihydrooxazolo[2,3-b]quinazolin-5-one derivatives utilizing resin-bound anthranilic acid derivatives

We were able to obtain 2-cyanoquinazolin-4(3H)-ones 11 in 35-60% four-step overall isolated yields and 2,3-dihydrooxazolo[2,3-b]quinazolin-5-ones 12 in 20-71% four-step overall isolated yields utilizing polymer-bound anthranilic acid derivatives 1, and 6-amino-2-cyanoquinazolin-4(3H)-ones 19 in 30-44% six-step overall isolated yields making use of anthranilic acid derivative resin 2 via dithiazole resins 10 and 17. The reactions on solid phase were monitored by single bead ATR-FTIR spectroscopic method.     

Selective functionalization of β-cyclodextrin: efficient conversions of 2,3-alloepoxypyranosides to 2,3-mannoepithiopyranosides

A two-step one-pot method was established to efficiently convert up to three 2,3-alloepoxypyranoside residues to the 2,3-mannoepithiopyranosides within the β-cyclodextrin belts.     

Selective mono- and 1,2-difunctionalisation of cyclopentene derivatives via Mg and Cu intermediates

A single Br/Mg exchange of 1,2-dibromocyclopentene with iPrMgCl LiCl provides the corresponding beta-bromocyclopentenylmagnesium reagent, which can then be reacted with various electrophiles (yields: 65-82 %). In the presence of a secondary alkylmagnesium halide and Li2CuCl4 (2 mol %), these 2-bromoalkenylmagnesium compounds undergo bromine substitution and can then further react with electrophiles to give 1,2-difunctionalised cyclopentenes (63-79 %). The mechanism of this process is discussed.     

Positive ion formation in the ultraviolet matrix-assisted laser desorption / ionization analysis of oligonucleotides by using 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid

The development of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry and its demonstrated performance with large proteins has generated substantial interest in utilizing this technique as an alternative to gel electrophoresis for DNA sequence analysis. However, a lack of understanding of the desorption and ionization processes has greatly hampered advances in this field. This article explores the formation of positively charged oligonucleotides in UV (355-nm) MALDI analysis by using the matrix 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid. Whereas substantial fragmentation is observed in the positive-ion mode by using the short oligomer d(TAGGT), no fragmentation is evident in the negative-ion mode under identical conditions. The fragmentation products are consistent with a previously published model in which base protonation initiates base loss, which leads to subsequent cleavage of the phosphodiester backbone. Several polydeoxythymidilic acids containing modified nucleosides were used to investigate positive-ion formation. The results support the hypothesis that positive ions are formed by protonation of the nucleobases. Because base protonation initiates base loss, fragmentation is intrinsic to positive-ion formation in the MALDI analysis of oligonucleotides. This result explains the dramatic difference in fragmentation observed in positive-ion compared to negative-ion UV-MALDI mass spectra of oligonucleotides.