Column-switching high-performance liquid chromatographic detection of pholcodine and its metabolites in urine with fluorescence and electrochemical detection.

A sensitive and selective method for the detection of pholcodine and its metabolite morphine in urine using high-performance liquid chromatography is described. It involves on-line clean-up of urine on a trace enrichment column packed with a polymeric strong cation-exchange material. Pholcodine and its metabolites were separated on two analytical columns with different selectivities. Pholcodine was detected by a fluorescence detector and morphine was detected electrochemically. One system, based on reversed-phase chromatography, applied a polystyrene-divinylbenzene column and gradient elution. The other system was based on normal-phase chromatography with a silica column and isocratic elution. Morphine was confirmed to be a metabolite of pholcodine by reversed-phase chromatography and electrochemical detection. Two unidentified metabolites of pholcodine were separated from pholcodine by normal-phase chromatography and detected by fluorescence detection.     

Application of preparative liquid chromatography to the isolation of enantiomers of a benzodiazepinone derivative.

The isolation of milligram amounts of the enantiomers of a benzodiazepinone derivative was performed on an analytical cellulose tribenzoate-based column by multiple repetitive injections. An enantiomeric purity greater than 98% was required. First, an analytical method was developed to maximize the resolution by adjusting the mobile phase composition, flow-rate and most importantly the column temperature. Then the preparative separation was optimized by adjusting the sample size and detecting the sample where its UV absorbance was low. The locations of the cut points were determined by use of detector response levels. The method development, preparative separations and analytical assays of the fractions obtained were all performed on analytical columns.     

Development of immunoaffinity columns for pyraclostrobin extraction from fruit juices and analysis by liquid chromatography with UV detection

Pyraclostrobin belongs to a new generation of fungicides widely used to preserve high valuable crops. In the present study, three monoclonal antibodies with different affinities to this modern strobilurin have been evaluated for their usefulness in the production of immunoaffinity columns suitable for the solid-phase extraction, concentration, and clean-up of residues from food commodities. Different immunosorbents were produced and characterized in terms of antibody immobilization efficiency, immunosorbent binding capacity, optimum elution conditions, and reusability. Covalent coupling of the antibodies to Sepharose-CNBr gel took place with high yield (over 90%), whereas the immunosorbent efficacy to retain the analyte (from 28 to 68%) was shown to depend on the amount and type of antibody immobilized on the support. As a matter of fact, columns prepared with the monoclonal antibody PYs5#14 were able to selectively bound up to 53 μg of pyraclostrobin per gram of beads. Acetonitrile solutions were preferred over methanolic ones for analyte elution, and some immunosorbents could be reused at least 4-6 times provided that the amount of pyraclostrobin and the volume of sample did not overload the column. Effectiveness of the selected immunoaffinity column was evidenced by the development of an extraction procedure for pyraclostrobin residues from fruit juices and further determination by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. A concentration factor of 50 times was achieved with the developed immunoaffinity column, which eventually resulted in a limit of quantification of 0.01 mg L(-1). Finally, quantitative recoveries were obtained on apple juice and red grape must samples spiked with pyraclostrobin from 0.01 to 1 mg L(-1).     

Monoclonal antibody-mediated clean-up procedure for the high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of chloramphenicol in milk and eggs

A simple, rapid and specific sample preparation method based on antibody-mediated clean-up for the determination of chloramphenicol (CAP) in milk and eggs was developed. Skimmed milk and centrifuged egg homogenates were filtered and directly applied to immunoaffinity columns which were prepared by coupling monoclonal antibodies against CAP to a carbonyldiimidazole-activated support. Using a 0.2 M glycine, 0.5 M NaCl (pH 2.8) solution as an eluent, the immunoaffinity columns can be used more than 30 times without a decrease in column capacity. In subsequent high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis, no matrix interferences were observed. Good recoveries were obtained at spiking levels of 1-100 micrograms kg-1. Due to the high specificity of the clean-up procedure, the limit of detection can be lowered by increasing the test portion. Concerning milk, the limit of detection was successfully lowered to 20 ng kg-1 by increasing the test portion to 11 (recovery 99%). The method was applied to eggs produced by hens treated with CAP. The results are compared with those obtained by solid-phase extraction using silica gel.     

An investigation into the use of semi-microbore reverse-phase 3 μm columns in HPLC

Summary The preparation and use of semi-microbore (2mm i.d.), reverse-phase columns in HPLC has been investigated and they have been compared with 5 mm bore analytical columns. Injection valve design, detector cell volume, column loading and column linking are considered for both semi-microbore and analytical systems. Mobile phase flow-rate, detector time constant and column lifetime are also evaluated for small-bore systems.     

Determination of zearalenone content in cereals and feedstuffs by immunoaffinity column coupled with liquid chromatography

The zearalenone content of maize, wheat, barley, swine feed, and poultry feed samples was determined by immunoaffinity column cleanup followed by liquid chromatography (IAC-LC). Samples were extracted in methanol-water (8 + 2, v/v) solution. The filtered extract was diluted with distilled water and applied to immunoaffinity columns. Zearalenone was eluted with methanol, dried by evaporation, and dissolved in acetonitrile-water (3 + 7, v/v). Zearalenone was separated by isocratic elution of acetonitrile-water (50 + 50, v/v) on reversed-phase C18 column. The quantitative analysis was performed by fluorescence detector and confirmation was based on the UV spectrum obtained by a diode array detector. The mean recovery rate of zearalenone was 82-97% (RSD, 1.4-4.1%) on the original (single-use) immunoaffinity columns. The limit of detection of zearalenone by fluorescence was 10 ng/g at a signal-to-noise ratio of 10:1 and 30 ng/g by spectral confirmation in UV. A good correlation was found (R2 = 0.89) between the results obtained by IAC-LC and by the official AOAC-LC method. The specificity of the method was increased by using fluorescence detection in parallel with UV detection. This method was applicable to the determination of zearalenone content in cereals and other kinds of feedstuffs. Reusability of immunoaffinity columns was examined by washing with water after sample elution and allowing columns to stand for 24 h at room temperature. The zearalenone recovery rate of the regenerated columns varied between 79 and 95% (RSD, 3.2-6.3%). Columns can be regenerated at least 3 times without altering their performance and without affecting the results of repeated determinations.     

An HPLC method for determination of azadirachtin residues in bovine muscle

A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of azadirachtin (A and B) residues in bovine muscle has been developed. Azadirachtin is a neutral triterpene and chemotherapeutic agent effective in controlling some pest flies in horses, stables, horns and fruit. The actual HPLC method uses an isocratic elution and UV detection. Liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase purification was used for the clean-up of the biological matrix. The chromatographic determination of these components is achieved using a C18 analytical column with water-acetonitrile mixture (27.5:72.5, v/v) as mobile phase, 1 mL/min as flow rate, 45 °C column temperature and UV detector at 215 nm. The azadirachtin peaks are well resolved and free of interference from matrix components. The extraction and analytical method developed in this work allows the quantitation of azadirachtin with precision and accuracy, establishing a lower limit of quantitation of azadirachtin, extracted from the biological matrix.     

Co-isolation of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone with sol–gel immunoaffinity columns for their determination in wheat and wheat products

The paper describes a sample clean-up method for the co-isolation of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON), two mycotoxins naturally co-occurring in wheat. The method is based on immunoaffinity columns prepared by co-immobilising anti-DON and anti-ZON antibodies in a porous sol–gel glass. The main task in developing the method consisted in finding a loading medium allowing retention of both analytes as well as a common elution medium for the dissociation of both antigen–antibody complexes formed. This can be achieved by co-extracting DON and ZON with ACN–water (60:40, v/v), reducing the acetonitril concentration to 2.5% before loading an aliquot of the diluted sample extract onto the DON/ZON column. The columns are washed with 5 ml of MeOH–water (10:90, v/v) before DON and ZON are co-eluted with 4 ml of ACN–water (50:50, v/v). Concentrations of DON and ZON are determined with HPLC-UV and HPLC-fluorescence detection, respectively. The sample clean-up method was shown to be applicable to wheat and wheat products, e.g., cornflakes, milk wheat mash and rusk. Spiking experiments (spike level 500 μg DON/kg and 50 μg ZON/kg) resulted in recovery rates from 82% to 111%.     

HPLC-ESI-TOFMS检测尿液中的雌二醇

用HPLC—ESI-TOFMS建立了快速灵敏检测尿中雌二醇的方法,尿样中雌二醇经盐酸水解后用OASISHLB小柱萃取．色谱柱为XTerraMS C18反相分离柱（3．5μm,2．1mm×100mm）,流动相为水和乙腈,梯度洗脱,流速为0．2mL／min,紫外检测波长为280nm,外标法定量．质谱采用负离子电离模式．线性方程：y=1．79×10^5x＋2．59×10^4,线性范围：0．0328—32．8mg／L,线性相关系数R^2=0．9979,最小检出浓度0．00328mg／L,萃取回收率101．83％．应用本方法对10例正常人尿样进行测定,结果满意．相比较其它检测尿中雌二醇的方法来说,此法比较简单、快速、准确,为临床的诊断提供有价值的指标．     

Comparison of the response of four aerosol detectors used with ultra high pressure liquid chromatography

The responses of four different types of aerosol detectors have been evaluated and compared to establish their potential use as a universal detector in conjunction with ultra high pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC). Two charged-aerosol detectors, namely Corona CAD and Corona Ultra, and also two different types of light-scattering detectors (an evaporative light scattering detector, and a nano-quantity analyte detector [NQAD]) were evaluated. The responses of these detectors were systematically investigated under changing experimental and instrumental parameters, such as the mobile phase flow-rate, analyte concentration, mobile phase composition, nebulizer temperature, evaporator temperature, evaporator gas flow-rate and instrumental signal filtering after detection. It was found that these parameters exerted non-linear effects on the responses of the aerosol detectors and must therefore be considered when designing analytical separation conditions, particularly when gradient elution is performed. Identical reversed-phase gradient separations were compared on all four aerosol detectors and further compared with UV detection at 200 nm. The aerosol detectors were able to detect all 11 analytes in a test set comprising species having a variety of physicochemical properties, whilst UV detection was applicable only to those analytes containing chromophores. The reproducibility of the detector response for 11 analytes over 10 consecutive separations was found to be approximately 5% for the charged-aerosol detectors and approximately 11% for the light-scattering detectors. The tested analytes included semi-volatile species which exhibited a more variable response on the aerosol detectors. Peak efficiencies were generally better on the aerosol detectors in comparison to UV detection and particularly so for the light-scattering detectors which exhibited efficiencies of around 110,000 plates per metre. Limits of detection were calculated using different mobile phase compositions and the NQAD detector was found to be the most sensitive (LOD of 10 ng/mL), followed by the Corona CAD (76 ng/mL), then UV detection at 200 nm (178 ng/mL) using an injection volume of 25 μL.     

纳米增强型毛细管酶柱用于葡萄糖液滴生物传感器的研究

葡萄糖的检测在临床医学以及食品工业等领域中十分重要.以往的检测方法主要包括化学发光法_{[1]、吸光光度法[2]、电化学法[3]和荧光法[4]等.固定化酶柱的制作是发展葡萄糖传感器的关键技术之一.传统的固定化方法主要是将具有生物活性的酶通过物理吸附、共价键合和交联的方法固定于载体基质上或包埋于有机聚合物的基质中.近期研究[5,6]表明,采用溶胶凝胶(Sol-gel)法将蛋白质和酶等生物活性物质包埋于无机陶瓷或玻璃材料内,保持生物组分的活性,且SiO2作为基质材料具有较好的坚固性、抗磨性、化学惰性以及高的光稳定性和透过性,但目前该法多用于电化学型生物传感器[7,8].本文利用纳米颗粒的比表面积大和吸附能力强等特点,将酶吸附在SiO2纳米颗粒表面,用易成膜的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)作辅助基质在毛细管上固定酶,并采用分立式酶柱,克服了以往混合型酶柱普遍存在的酶促效率不高和使用寿命较短的局限性.所制得的酶柱具有表面反应活性高、表面活性中心多和催化效率高等特点.结合自行设计的液滴光化学传感装置[9,10],建立了一种高效、快速、微量的葡萄糖实时检测方法.}     

Preparation and evaluation of a novel molecularly imprinted SPE monolithic capillary column for the determination of auramine O in shrimp

A novel method combining molecular imprinting and SPE was developed in a capillary column for the determination of auramine O in shrimp. The capillary monolithic column was prepared by UV‐initiated in situ polymerization, using auramine O as template and methacrylic acid and ethylene dimethacrylate as functional monomer and cross‐linker, respectively. The properties of the prepared capillary monolithic column were investigated under the optimized conditions coupled with HPLC, and then the morphologies of the inner polymers were characterized by SEM. The calibration curve was expressed as A = 103C + 19.8 (r = 0.9992) with a linear range of 0.25–25.0 μg/mL, and the recoveries of auramine O at different concentrations in shrimp ranged from 90.5 to 92.4% with RSDs ranging from 2.1 to 4.4%. The capacities of the molecularly imprinted polymer and nonimprinted polymer columns were 0.722 and 0.147 μg/mg, respectively, and the LOD (S/N = 3) of auramine O in shrimp was 17.85 μg/kg. Under the selected conditions, the enrichment factors obtained were higher than 70‐fold. The results indicate that the prepared molecularly imprinted capillary monolithic column was reliable and applicable to the analysis of auramine O in shrimp.     

Wine Phenolics: Optimization Of HPLC Analysis

Abstract

Without previous extraction wine phenolics could be analysed by RP-HPLC via direct injection of the wine samples into the column. In order to optimize the analytical procedure the results obtained with two different columns of slightly different polarity and three different gradient elution systems have been compared.

The separated phenolics were further tentatively identified by means of their retention times and UV spectra which were recorded with a Photodiode Array detector     

HPLC determination of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) in plasma and urine with UV detection and column-switching

A method for determining cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (CDDP), an anticancer drug, in plasma and urine by HPLC with UV detection and column-switching has been developed. Typical conditions were as follows. An apparatus was composed of two columns, two pumps, a UV detector, a sample injector with a 100 microL loop, a switching valve, a column oven and a recorder. A Rheodyne model 7125 sample injector was used as the switching valve. A precolumn (4.6 mm ID x 25 cm) was packed with MCI GEL CK10S (a strong cation exchanger), and an analytical column (4.6 mm ID x 5 cm) was packed with MCI GEL CDR10 (a strong anion exchanger). Both columns were connected in series via the switching valve. The CDDP-containing fraction of the effluent from the precolumn was loaded to the analytical column by column-switching and the effluent from the analytical column was monitored at 210 nm. An eluent of 0.3 M sodium dihydrogen phosphate was pumped at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and the columns were maintained at 40 degrees C. CDDP was eluted at about 11 min and the identity of the peak of CDDP on the chromatogram was confirmed by its 3-dimensional chromatogram and analysis of platinum in the column effluent. Under the conditions described above, a linear relationship was obtained between peak height and concentration of CDDP up to 100 microM. Correlation efficients were 0.998 for plasma and 0.999 for urine. The detection limit was 0.1 microM for CDDP in both plasma and urine (S/N = 3,0.005 AUFS). The reproducibility was within 3% for 10 determinations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Separation of PCBs by liquid chromatography on reversed phase sub-2-micron particle columns

A new ultra high-performance liquid chromatography method with UV detection was examined for detection and separation of polychlorinated biphenyls. This included optimization of separation conditions for two model mixtures containing seven and fifteen most relevant congeners, comparison of three types of reversed phase sub-2-micron particle sized columns and assessment of system suitability under the optimized conditions. Calibration curves determined in the range from 0.5 to 50.0 μg/mL exhibited correlation coefficients ranging from 0.997 to 0.999. Lower limits of detection ranged from 0.1 to 0.5 ppm. The most efficient Grace C18 column filled with 1.5 μm particles was then tested to separate the complex commercial mixture Delor 103, where the elution order was confirmed by GC-MS. 13 individual congeners were separated and some of the other co-eluting congeners could be resolved using another separation dimension performed with a mass spectrometry detector. The developed method could be directly applied to the separation of less complex mixtures in aqueous sample matrixes, which are used in general for enzyme degradation studies.     

HPLC‐DAD in identification and quantification of selected coumarins in crude extracts from plant cultures of Ammi majus and Ruta graveolens

This paper describes a method for the separation and determination of selected coumarins and furanocoumarins in the crude extracts from plant tissue cultures of Ammi majus hairy roots and Ruta graveolens cell suspensions, cultured in vitro, separately or together as co‐cultures. The usefulness of the three main components of the eluent used in reversed‐phase high performance liquid chromatographic analysis, namely: methanol (MeOH), acetonitrile (ACN), and tetrahydrofuran (THF), and different elution programs, was assessed. In the optimal analytical method a Lichrospher® RP‐18e 5‐μm column, a THF‐MeOH elution gradient, and a UV/VIS DAD detector were used. Due to the presence of many different compounds in the investigated plant extracts, the use of a UV/VIS DAD detector was essential. Coumarins were identified by comparison of their UV spectra with those of the analytical standards, and characterization of peak purity.     

Correlation between different clean-up methods and analytical techniques performances to detect Ochratoxin A in wine

Three different clean-up methods and two analytical techniques were compared to determine Ochratoxin A (OTA) in wines. The first clean-up used a MycoSep column, the second an immunoaffinity column (IAC) and the third consisted in a liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) using dichloromethane in acid conditions. Meanwhile, two different OTA determination techniques were also evaluated: a HPLC analysis using a fluorescence detector and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) method.Correlations between clean-up methods and analytical techniques to determine OTA in wine were made evaluating linearity, accuracy and precision.Both the two first clean-up methods (solid-phase extraction, SPE) showed a good linear fit (r² = about 0.9999), followed by LLE. The use of immunoaffinity columns showed the best recoveries, even if also the SPE with MycoSep showed good recoveries while the LLE recoveries were the worst ones. The HPLC analysis showed good precision and accuracy, while ELISA method, even with a sufficient linearity, generally underestimated OTA content in wines.     

Determination of 3,6-dinitrobenzo[e]pyrene in surface soil and airborne particles by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

We developed a sensitive analytical method and an efficient clean-up method to quantify 3,6-dinitrobenzo[e]pyrene (3,6-DNBeP) in surface soil and airborne particles. After purification using a silica gel column and two reversed-phase columns, 3,6-DNBeP was reduced to 3,6-diaminobenzo[e]pyrene by a catalyst column and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector. 3,6-DNBeP was detected in all of the soil samples and airborne particles examined. The concentration of 3,6-DNBeP in surface soil and airborne particles was determined in the ranges of 347-5007 pg/g of soil and 137-1238 fg/m3, respectively.     

Development of a selective sample clean-up method based on immuno-ultrafiltration for the determination of deoxynivalenol in maize

This paper describes the development of a highly selective analytical method for the determination of deoxynivalenol (DON) in maize. The developed method is based on immuno-ultrafiltration (IUF) and is the first application of IUF as a clean-up strategy in food analysis. Quantification of DON was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. In contrast to immunoaffinity chromatography, in IUF the antibodies are not bound to a solid support material but used in free form, thus making it possible to avoid the critical immobilisation step. Sample clean-up by IUF proved to be as selective as clean-up using commercially available immunoaffinity columns. The limit of detection (S/N=3) of the analytical method was found to be 74 ng DON/g maize. Repeated analysis of a certified maize reference material on four different days resulted in a mean recovery of 93% with a standard deviation of 10%.     

Advances in sol-gel based columns for capillary electrochromatography: sol-gel open-tubular columns

The development of sol-gel open-tubular column technology in capillary electrochromatography (CEC) is reviewed. Sol-gel column technology offers a versatile means of creating organic-inorganic hybrid stationary phases. Sol-gel column technology provides a general approach to column fabrication for microseparation techniques including CEC, and is amenable to both open-tubular and monolithic columns. Direct chemical bonding of the stationary phase to the capillary inner walls provides enhanced thermal and solvent stability to sol-gel columns. Sol-gel stationary phases inherently possess higher surface area, and thus provide an effective one-step alternative to conventional open-tubular column technology. Sol-gel column technology is applicable to both silica-based and transition metal oxide-based hybrid stationary phases, and thus, provides a great opportunity to utilize advanced material properties of a wide range of nontraditional stationary phases to achieve enhanced selectivity in analytical microseparations. A wide variety of stationary phase ligands can be chemically immobilized on the capillary inner surface using a single-step sol-gel procedure. Sol-gel chemistry can be applied to design stationary phases with desired chromatographic characteristics, including the possibility of creating columns with either a positive or a negative charge on the stationary phase surface. This provides a new tool to control electroosmotic flow (EOF) in the column. Column efficiencies on the order of half a million theoretical plates per meter have been reported for sol-gel open-tubular CEC columns. The selectivity of sol-gel stationary phases can be easily fine-tuned by adjusting the composition of the coating sol solution. Open-tubular columns have significant advantages over their packed counterparts because of the simplicity in column making and hassle-free fritless operation. Open-tubular CEC columns possess low sample capacity and low detection sensitivity. Full utilization of the analytical potential of sol-gel open-tubular columns will require a concomitant development in the area of high-sensitivity detection technology.