乙烯、苯与Li+、Na+、K+形成的阳离子-π复合物结构的理论研究

系统地研究了乙烯、苯与Li+、Na+、K+形成的阳离子-π复合物的结构.发现在乙烯与Li+、Na+、K+阳离子形成的复合物中,乙烯分子的C-H键与形成复合物前相比伸长了,然而,在苯的阳离子-π复合物中,苯分子的C-H键却出乎意料地变短了(特别是在锂离子-π复合物中).这种现象可能与最近由Hobza等人发现的蓝移氢键现象有相同的机理.     

Pd催化的配体导向C—H键乙酰化反应的理论研究

Pd催化的配体导向C-H键官能化反应已经成为有机化学中一种重要的合成手段. 我们用B3PW91密度泛函方法研究了Pd催化的配体导向C-H键乙酰化反应中催化剂和底物配合步骤以及C-H键活化步骤中的热力学性质. 研究发现, 具有不同导向基团的反应物之间竞争反应的选择性取决于导向基团与Pd(OAc)₂的配合步骤, 配合反应稳定常数大的较容易生成乙酰化的产物. 另一方面, 反应的选择性与C-H键的活化步骤无关, 并且与导向基团的配位原子的气相碱性、原子上的电荷密度以及最高占据轨道能量都没有相关性.     

C-H键选择性直接电氧化研究

C-H键是有机化合物中最基本的化学键,C-H键的活化和直接转化避免了反应物的预先官能化,是最终实现烷烃类化合物转化为不同种类有机化合物最直接、高效的转换方式,通过C-H键构建C-X键（X=O、C、N）是非常重要和具有挑战性的研究. C-H键直接电氧化活化过程中以“电子”参与反应,不需要加入额外的催化剂,并可通过选择合适的电极材料、支持电解质、溶剂和反应温度,通过恒电流或者恒电位电解,进行具有特定的反应选择性和区域选择性的C-H键电氧化活化,从而获得含其他活性基团的目标产物.     

光催化苯制苯酚的研究进展（英文）

苯酚作为一种重要的有机化学品,广泛用于制造树脂、合成橡胶、染料和药品等行业.然而,传统的苯酚生产方法——联苯法存在着许多问题,如反应条件苛刻和产物纯度低等,这些问题严重制约了苯酚的工业化生产应用.因此,开发一种高效、绿色的苯酚制备方法十分必要.目前,苯一步法制苯酚反应备受关注,然而,实现该反应难度很大.首先,苯分子的C(sp²)-H键活化在化学反应中比较稳定,难以高效活化.其次,相比惰性反应物苯,产物苯酚分子本身更易氧化,使反应的选择性调控成为挑战.光催化选择性氧化苯制苯酚具有反应条件温和、选择性高和产物纯度高等优点,是一种很有工业应用前景的苯酚制备方法.本文系统总结了近年来多相光催化氧化苯制苯酚的研究进展,包括从光催化剂设计原则、改性策略、反应机理分析、影响反应动力学的因素、反应器设计和光催化剂失活机制等方面.首先,单原子、层状双氢氧化物和金属簇构成的光催化剂具有高效催化作用和良好的反应选择性.其次,在光催化反应过程中,光催化剂的设计和合成是非常关键的,可以通过调节光催化剂的组成和结构来提高反应效率和选择性.此外,基于原位表征和密度泛函理论计算的机理研究也为光催...     

高价钯参与C-H键卤化反应的还原消除机理研究

运用密度泛函理论方法系统研究了氧化条件下钯催化C-H键卤(氯)化反应的还原消除机理.计算结果表明,C-X(C1)键的形成过程无Pd(IV)型中间体的参与,还原消除倾向于直接发生在双金属中心的Pd(Ⅲ)-Pd(Ⅲ)型中间体上.作为首例研究Pd(Ⅲ)配合物上还原消除能量需求的研究工作,很好地重现了Ritter等观测的实验现象.理论与实验间良好的相关性不仅证实了该理论方法的可靠性,也为我们未来研究更多钯催化的C-H活化反应提供了良好的理论指导.     

Pt/ZnO 在室温水相无碱条件下绿色催化苯甲醇选择性氧化

醇类化合物选择性氧化是有机合成中一个非常重要的反应, 在精细化工领域具有重要应用. 而以水为绿色溶剂, 分子氧为绿色氧化剂实现醇类化合物选择性氧化是绿色化学领域的一大挑战. Pt 催化剂由于其优异的活化氧气和 C-H 键的能力在该反应中得到了广泛应用. 但是, 常规的 Pt 催化剂通常需要在较高温度和较高氧气压力以及加碱的条件下才能发挥作用, 从而引起了催化剂腐蚀等一系列问题. 从绿色化学角度出发, 进一步优化 Pt 催化剂, 让其能够在室温无碱条件下以空气为氧化剂选择性氧化醇类合成羰基化合物具有重要的研究价值和应用前景.本文通过化学还原法制备了 Pt/ZnO 催化剂, 系统研究了该催化剂在水相无碱条件下选择性氧化苯甲醇生成苯甲醛反应中的催化性能. X 射线电子衍射和透射电镜等结果表明, Pt 颗粒较小(3.2 ± 0.3 nm), 均匀分散在 ZnO 载体上; X 射线光电子能谱表明 ZnO 载体能够稳定 Pt 纳米颗粒表面的 Pt0物种. 上述催化剂在水相苯甲醇选择性氧化反应中, 在室温下即可催化空气高选择性氧化苯甲醇到苯甲醛 (选择性>99%), 并表现出比 Pt/SiO2, Pt/Al2O3, Pt/TiO2, Pt/Ca(Mg)-ZSM-5 等催化剂更为优异的催化活性. 这可归结于 Pt 和 ZnO 之间的协同作用. 该协同作用通过动力学实验和密度泛函理论计算 (DFT)得到了证实. 氧分压实验表明, 在以空气为氧化剂时, O2的活化并不是限制 Pt/ZnO 催化活性的关键因素, 而动力学同位素效应实验则证实了苯甲醇的 C-H 键活化是整个反应的决速步骤. 通过构建不同的理论模型, 分别计算了 Pt/ZnO 界面处以及纯 Pt 位点上苯甲醇选择性氧化的反应过程. 结果表明, 苯甲醇和氧气分子倾向于分别在 ZnO 和 Pt 上进行吸附, 随后由吸附的氧气分子来活化苯甲醇中的 C-H 键, 进而生成苯甲醛和水. 而当 ZnO 不参与苯甲醇的吸附活化时, 整个反应的活化能会大大提高, 表明 ZnO 和 Pt 之间的协同作用对于整个反应至关重要. 此外, Pt/ZnO 表现出非常优异的稳定性, 循环使用 4 次后, 催化剂结构以及催化活性没有显著变化.进一步向 Pt/ZnO 催化剂中引入少量 Bi 元素对 Pt 的电子结构进行修饰, 可以将 Pt/ZnO 的催化活性提高 3 倍. 所制备的 Pt/Bi-ZnO 复合物是目前报道的相同条件下催化苯甲醇选择性氧化反应转化频率 (45.1 h-1)最高的催化剂.     

Pt/ZnO在室温水相无碱条件下绿色催化苯甲醇选择性氧化（英文）

醇类化合物选择性氧化是有机合成中一个非常重要的反应,在精细化工领域具有重要应用.而以水为绿色溶剂,分子氧为绿色氧化剂实现醇类化合物选择性氧化是绿色化学领域的一大挑战.Pt催化剂由于其优异的活化氧气和C-H键的能力在该反应中得到了广泛应用.但是,常规的Pt催化剂通常需要在较高温度和较高氧气压力以及加碱的条件下才能发挥作用,从而引起了催化剂腐蚀等一系列问题.从绿色化学角度出发,进一步优化Pt催化剂,让其能够在室温无碱条件下以空气为氧化剂选择性氧化醇类合成羰基化合物具有重要的研究价值和应用前景.本文通过化学还原法制备了Pt/ZnO催化剂,系统研究了该催化剂在水相无碱条件下选择性氧化苯甲醇生成苯甲醛反应中的催化性能.X射线电子衍射和透射电镜等结果表明,Pt颗粒较小(3.2±0.3 nm),均匀分散在ZnO载体上;X射线光电子能谱表明ZnO载体能够稳定Pt纳米颗粒表面的Pt~0物种.上述催化剂在水相苯甲醇选择性氧化反应中,在室温下即可催化空气高选择性氧化苯甲醇到苯甲醛(选择性99%),并表现出比Pt/SiO_2,Pt/Al_2O_3,Pt/TiO_2,Pt/Ca(Mg)-ZSM-5等催化剂更为优异的催化活性.这可归结于Pt和ZnO之间的协同作用.该协同作用通过动力学实验和密度泛函理论计算(DFT)得到了证实.氧分压实验表明,在以空气为氧化剂时,O_2的活化并不是限制Pt/ZnO催化活性的关键因素,而动力学同位素效应实验则证实了苯甲醇的C-H键活化是整个反应的决速步骤.通过构建不同的理论模型,分别计算了Pt/ZnO界面处以及纯Pt位点上苯甲醇选择性氧化的反应过程.结果表明,苯甲醇和氧气分子倾向于分别在ZnO和Pt上进行吸附,随后由吸附的氧气分子来活化苯甲醇中的C-H键,进而生成苯甲醛和水.而当ZnO不参与苯甲醇的吸附活化时,整个反应的活化能会大大提高,表明ZnO和Pt之间的协同作用对于整个反应至关重要.此外,Pt/ZnO表现出非常优异的稳定性,循环使用4次后,催化剂结构以及催化活性没有显著变化.进一步向Pt/ZnO催化剂中引入少量Bi元素对Pt的电子结构进行修饰,可以将Pt/ZnO的催化活性提高3倍.所制备的Pt/Bi-ZnO复合物是目前报道的相同条件下催化苯甲醇选择性氧化反应转化频率(45.1 h~(-1))最高的催化剂.     

共轭双烯辅助下的烯丙基碳氢键活化:Rh(I)催化的多取代的四氢吡咯、四氢呋喃及环戊烷衍生物的合成

<正>J.Am.Chem.Soc.2010,132,4542～4543选择性C-H键官能团化是一种非常经济、高效地利用碳氢化合物的方法.在诸多C-H键活化/C-C键形成的反应中,将C-H键进行活化后直接加     

基于铁催化的C-H键活化构建C-C键的研究进展

过渡金属催化的C-H键活化及在此基础上的C-C键形成的反应因其高原子经济性和高效的合成效率而备受人们的关注.铁元素具有含量丰富、廉价、易得、环境友好等优点,在催化反应中得到了越来越广泛的应用.近几年来,人们关于Fe催化的C-H键活化构建C-C键反应的研究也取得了一定的进展.本文对铁催化的C-H键活化构建C-C键的最新研究进展作了综述,并且按照铁催化剂的不同价态进行了分类归纳,也对催化机理进行了阐述与总结.     

铂钌团簇活化甲醇C―H和O―H键的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论研究了Pt_nRu_m (n+m=3, n≠0)团簇活化甲醇C―H和O―H键的反应活性和机理. 分别给出以O―H和C―H键活化为初始步骤的势能曲线. 计算结果表明反应是以C―H键的活化为初始步骤; 三种团簇与甲醇反应的活性顺序为Pt₂Ru>Pt₃>PtRu₂. 前线轨道分析表明Pt_nRu_m团簇活化初始的C―H和O―H键的活化过程是质子转移(PT). 此外还讨论了溶剂化对反应的影响. 本研究可为C―H键和O―H键的活化提供更深入的理解, 为甲醇活化反应催化剂选择以及其使用条件的优化提供新思路.     

Theoretical study of the oxidation reactions of methylacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate by triplet O2

The oxidations of organic compounds and polymers by triplet O2 were called "dark oxidation" or "auto-oxidation", in contrast to their "photo-oxidation" by singlet O2. To study the relevant dark oxidation mechanism we take methylacrylic acid (MAA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) as prototypes to study their reactions with triplet O2 by performing density functional theory calculations. Two reaction channels, the C-H bond oxidation and C=C bond oxidation, have been characterized in detail. The structures of the initial contact charge-transfer complexes, intermediates, transition states, and final oxides involved in the reactions have been localized at the UB3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level. It is found that the C-H bond in the methyl group connected to the C=C bond presents relatively higher reactivity toward triplet O2 than the C=C bond itself. Thus, the reactions are expected to proceed via the C-H bond oxidation branch at room temperature and also via C=C bond oxidation at elevated temperature. In this sense, an effective method for preventing or retarding the dark oxidations of MAA and MMA in a natural environment is to chemically decorate or protect the C-H bond in the methyl connected to the C=C bond. The present results are expected to provide a general guide for understanding the dark oxidation mechanism of organic compounds and polymers.     

Mechanism of benzene hydroxylation by high-valent bare Fe(IV)=O2+: explicit electronic structure analysis

The conversion of benzene to phenol by high-valent bare FeO(2+) was comprehensively explored using a density functional theory method. The conductor-like screen model (COSMO) was used to mimic the role of solvent effect with acetonitrile chosen as the solvent. Two radical mechanisms and one oxygen insertion mechanism were tested for this conversion. The first radical mechanism can also be named as the concerted mechanism in which the hydrogen-atom abstraction process is accomplished via a four-centered transition state. The second radical mechanism is initiated by a direct hydrogen-atom abstraction with a collinear C-H-O transition structure. It is actually the same as the well-accepted rebound mechanism for the C-H bond activation by heme and nonheme iron-oxo catalysts. The third is an oxygen insertion mechanism which is essentially an aromatic electrophilic attack leading to an arenium σ-complex intermediate. The formation of a precomplex with an η(4) coordinate environment in the first radical mechanism is energetically more favorable. However, the relatively lower activation energy barrier of the oxygen insertion mechanism compared to the radical ones makes it highly competitive if the Fe=O(2+) collides with benzene in the proper orientation. The detailed potential energy surfaces also indicate that the second radical mechanism, i.e., the benzene C-H bond activation through the rebound mechanism, is less favorable. This thorough theoretical study, especially the electronic structure analysis, may offer very important clues for understanding and studying C-H bond activation by iron-based catalysts and enzymatic reactions in protein active pockets.     

Theoretical study of the reaction of Cu with OCS

The reactivity of Cu⁺ with OCS on both singlet and triplet potential energy surfaces (PES) has been investigated at the UB3LYP/6-311+G(d) level. The object of this investigation was the elucidation of the reaction mechanism. The calculated results indicated that both the C–S and C–O bond activations proceed via an insertion–elimination mechanism. Intersystem crossing between the singlet and triplet surfaces may occur along both the C–S and C–O bond activation branches. The ground states of CuS⁺ and CuO⁺ were found to be triplets, whereas CuCO⁺ and CuCS⁺ have singlet ground states. The C–S bond activation is energetically much more favorable than the C–O bond activation. All theoretical results are in line with early experiments.     

Br＋活化甲烷C—H键反应机理的理论研究

化甲烷催化剂的可能性. 在B3LYP/6-311＋＋G(3df,3p)和MP2/6-311＋＋G(3df,3p)水平下优化了反应通道上各驻点(反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物)的几何构型. 在G2M(＋)水平下计算了各物种的能量. 研究结果表明: CH4与Br＋(3P)反应存在三条不同的吸热反应途径, 与Br＋(1D)反应存在二条不同的放热反应通道. 反应更易于通过单重态反应通道进行. 理论结果不仅较好地解释了实验事实, 还说明Br＋有可能成为一种活化甲烷的催化剂.     

Model studies of hydrogen atom addition and abstraction processes involving ortho-, meta-, and para-benzynes.

H-atom addition and abstraction processes involving ortho-, meta-, and para-benzyne have been investigated by multiconfigurational self-consistent field methods. The H(A) + H(B)...H(C) reaction (where r(BC) is adjusted to mimic the appropriate singlet-triplet energy gap) is shown to effectively model H-atom addition to benzyne. The doublet multiconfiguration wave functions are shown to mix the "singlet" and "triplet" valence bond structures of H(B)...H(C) along the reaction coordinate; however, the extent of mixing is dependent on the singlet-triplet energy gap (DeltaE(ST)) of the H(B)...H(C) diradical. Early in the reaction, the ground-state wave function is essentially the "singlet" VB function, yet it gains significant "triplet" VB character along the reaction coordinate that allows H(A)-H(B) bond formation. Conversely, the wave function of the first excited state is predominantly the "triplet" VB configuration early in the reaction coordinate, but gains "singlet" VB character when the H-atom is close to a radical center. As a result, the potential energy surface (PES) for H-atom addition to triplet H(B)...H(C) diradical is repulsive! The H3 model predicts, in agreement with the actual calculations on benzyne, that the singlet diradical electrons are not coupled strongly enough to give rise to an activation barrier associated with C-H bond formation. Moreover, this model predicts that the PES for H-atom addition to triplet benzyne will be characterized by a repulsive curve early in the reaction coordinate, followed by a potential avoided crossing with the (pi)1(sigma*)1 state of the phenyl radical. In contrast to H-atom addition, large activation barriers characterize the abstraction process in both the singlet ground state and first triplet state. In the ground state, this barrier results from the weakly avoided crossing of the dominant VB configurations in the ground-state singlet (S0) and first excited singlet (S1) because of the large energy gap between S0 and S1 early in the reaction coordinate. Because the S1 state is best described as the combination of the triplet X-H bond and the triplet H(B)...H(C) spin couplings, the activation barrier along the S0 abstraction PES will have much less dependence on the DeltaE(ST) of H(B)...H(C) than previously speculated. For similar reasons, the T1 potential surface is quite comparable to the S0 PES.     

Theoretical reinvestigation of the O(3P) + C6H6 reaction: quantum chemical and statistical rate calculations

The lowest-lying triplet and singlet potential energy surfaces for the O(3P) + C6H6 reaction were theoretically characterized using the "complete basis set" CBS-QB3 model chemistry. The primary product distributions for the multistate multiwell reactions on the individual surfaces were then determined by RRKM statistical rate theory and weak-collision master equation analysis using the exact stochastic simulation method. It is newly found that electrophilic O-addition onto a carbon atom in benzene can occur in parallel on two triplet surfaces, 3A' and 3A' '; the results predict O-addition to be dominant up to combustion temperatures. Major expected end-products of the addition routes include phenoxy radical + H*, phenol and/or benzene oxide/oxepin, in agreement with the experimental evidence. While c-C6H5O* + H* are nearly exclusively formed via a spin-conservation mechanism on the lowest-lying triplet surface, phenol and/or benzene oxide/oxepin are mainly generated from the lowest-lying singlet surface after inter-system crossing from the initial triplet surface. CO + c-C5H6 are predicted to be minor products in flame conditions, with a yield < or = 5%. The O + C6H6 --> c-C5H5* + *CHO channel is found to be unimportant under all relevant combustion conditions, in contrast with previous theoretical conclusions (J. Phys. Chem. A 2001, 105, 4316). Efficient H-abstraction pathways are newly identified, occurring on two different electronic state surfaces, 3B1 and 3B2, resulting in hydroxyl plus phenyl radicals; they are predicted to play an important role at higher temperatures in hydrocarbon combustion, with estimated contributions of ca. 50% at 2000 K. The overall thermal rate coefficient k(O + C6H6) at 300-800 K was computed using multistate transition state theory: k(T) = 3.7 x 10-16 x T 1.66 x exp(-1830 K/T) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), in good agreement with the experimental data available.     

Theoretical study of the reaction of Sc with SCO in gas phase

In order to elucidate the mechanism of reaction M⁺ + SCO, both triplet and singlet potential energy surfaces (PESs) for the reaction of Sc⁺ + SCO have been theoretically investigated using the DFT (B3LYP/6-311+G*) level of theory. The geometries for reactants, intermediates, transition states and products were completely optimized. All the transition states were verified by the vibrational analysis and the intrinsic reaction coordinate calculations. The involving potential energy curve-crossing dramatically affects reaction mechanism, reaction rate has been discussed, and the crossing points (CPs) have been localized by the approach suggested by Yoshizawa et al. The present results show that the reaction mechanism are insertion–elimination mechanism both along the C–S and C–O bond activation branches, but the C–S bond activation is much more favorable in energy than the C–O bond activation. All theoretical results not only support the existing conclusions inferred from early experiment, but also complement the pathway and mechanism for this reaction.     

La+活化NH3的自旋禁阻反应机理

采用密度泛函理论的UB3LYP方法,计算研究了气相中La+活化NH3的两态反应机理。为了理解由La+活化NH3过程中自旋翻转行为,对自旋态分别为单重态和三重态两个反应势能面进行了计算研究,其结果表明,La+活化NH3的过程是通过自旋态势能面交叉产生的自旋禁阻反应,单、三重态势能面最低能量交叉点(MECP)附近的系间窜越导致H向La+转移和脱H2反应能垒的降低。此外,运用自然键轨道(NBO)布居分析,研究了反应中各个物种的成键特性。所确定的最低能量反应路径为:3La++NH3→3IM1→MECP→1TS12→1IM2→1TS23→1IM3→1LaNH++H2。     

Theoretical study on the gas‐phase reaction mechanism between nickel monoxide and methane for syngas production

The comprehensive mechanism survey on the gas‐phase reaction between nickel monoxide and methane for the formation of syngas, formaldehyde, methanol, water, and methyl radical has been investigated on the triplet and singlet state potential energy surfaces at the B3LYP/6‐311++G(3df, 3pd)//B3LYP/6‐311+G(2d, 2p) levels. The computation reveals that the singlet intermediate HNiOCH₃ is crucial for the syngas formation, whereas two kinds of important reaction intermediates, CH₃NiOH and HNiOCH₃, locate on the deep well, while CH₃NiOH is more energetically favorable than HNiOCH₃ on both the triplet and singlet states. The main products shall be syngas once HNiOCH₃ is created on the singlet state, whereas the main products shall be methyl radical if CH₃NiOH is formed on both singlet and triplet states. For the formation of syngas, the minimal energy reaction pathway (MERP) is more energetically preferable to start on the lowest excited singlet state other than on the ground triplet state. Among the MERP for the formation of syngas, the rate‐determining step (RDS) is the reaction step for the singlet intermediate HNiOCH₃ formation involving an oxidative addition of NiO molecule into the C? H bond of methane, with an energy barrier of 120.3 kJ mol^?1. The syngas formation would be more effective under higher temperature and photolysis reaction condition. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2009     

Investigation of spin-flip reactions of Zr + CH3CN by relativistic density functional theory

To explore the details of the reaction mechanisms of Zr atoms with acetonitrile molecules, the triplet and singlet spin-state potential energy surfaces have been investigated. Density functional theory (DFT) with the relativistic zero-order regular approximation at the PW91/TZ2P level has been applied. The complicated minimum energy reaction path involves four transition states (TS), stationary states 1-5 and one spin inversion (indicated by ?): (3)Zr + NCCH(3) → (3)Zr-η(1)-NCCH(3) ((3)1) → (3)TS(1/2) → (3)Zr-η(2)-(NC)CH(3) ((3)2) → (3)TS(2/3) → (3)ZrH-η(3)-(NCCH(2)) ((3)3) → (3)TS(3/4) → CNZrCH(3) ((3)4) ? (1)TS(4/5) → CN(ZrH)CH(2) ((1)5). The minimum energy crossing point was determined with the help of the DFT fractional-occupation-number approach. The spin inversion leading from the triplet to the singlet state facilitates the activation of a C-H bond, lowering the rearrangement-barrier by 78 kJ/mol. The overall reaction is calculated to be exothermic by about 296 kJ/mol. All intermediate and product species were frequency and NBO analyzed. The species can be rationalized with the help of Lewis type formulas.