考虑损伤的内变量黏弹-黏塑性本构方程

基于Rice 不可逆内变量热力学框架,在约束构型空间中讨论材料的蠕变损伤问题. 通过给定具体的余能密度函数和内变量演化方程推导出考虑损伤的内变量黏弹-黏塑性本构方程. 通过模型相似材料单轴蠕变加卸载试验对一维情况下的本构方程进行参数辨识和模型验证,本构方程能很好地描述黏弹性变形和各蠕变阶段.不同的蠕变阶段具有不同的能量耗散特点. 受应力扰动后,不考虑损伤的材料系统能自发趋于热力学平衡态或稳定态. 在考虑损伤的整个蠕变过程中,材料系统先趋于平衡态再背离平衡态发展. 能量耗散率可作为材料系统热力学状态偏离平衡态的测度;能量耗散率的时间导数可用于表征系统的演化趋势;两者的域内积分值可作为结构长期稳定性的评价指标.      

气泡在液体中运动过程的数值模拟

本文用数值方法预测气泡在液体中的百定常运动。运用位标函数进行界面的隐含跟踪并且与有限体积法相结合构成一种可行的计算方法。本文方法允许在界面处存在很大的物性差，而且较容易将表面张力引入控制方程。我们对气液两相流中单个气泡的运动进行了计算，得到了与实验结果符合很好的数值结果。     

Finite viscoelasticity, plasticity and damage of a class of filled elastomers: Constitutive model

A constitutive model is proposed for a class of filled elastomers exhibiting permanent strain at zero stress, in which hyper-visco-elasticity, plasticity and damage are only weakly coupled. The free energy is expressed as the sum of three terms: a hyperelastic term, a positive hardening function, and a negative damage function. The state relations are then established by postulating a dissipation potential and assuming Norton-Hoff type variations of plasticity and damage. An illustrative example of the model potentialities is given, concerning the Mullins' effect.     

Rate theory of nonlocal gradient damage-gradient viscoinelasticity

A general concept for the analysis of damage evolution in heterogeneous media is proposed. Since macroscopic failure is governed by physical mechanisms on two different length-scale levels, the macro- and mesolevel, we introduce a 6-dimensional kinematical model with manifold structure accounting for discontinuous fields of microcracks, microvoids and microshear bands. As point of departure a variational functional is introduced with a Lagrangian density depending on macro- and microdeformation gradients and of a damage variable representing scalar-, vector- and/or tensor-type quantities. To derive the equations of motion for viscoinelastic damage evolution on macro- and mesolevel, we introduce into the Lagrangian the macro- and microdeformation gradients, damage variable and also their gradients and time rates. The equations of motion on macro- and mesolevel are derived for non-equilibrium states. We assume that the Lagrangian can be split into two contributions, a time-independent and a time-dependent one which can be identified with the Helmholtz free energy and a dissipation potential. This split of the Lagrangian can be used to decompose the stresses and forces into reversible and irreversible ones. The latter can be considered as dissipative driving stresses and driving forces, respectively, on defects. The model presented in this paper can be considered as a framework, which enables to derive various nonlocal and gradient, respectively, damage theories by introducing simplifying assumptions. As special cases a scalar damage and a solid-void model are considered.     

On the coupling of anisotropic damage and plasticity models for ductile materials

In this contribution various aspects of an anisotropic damage model coupled to plasticity are considered. The model is formulated within the thermodynamic framework and implements a strong coupling between plasticity and damage. The constitutive equations for the damaged material are written according to the principle of strain energy equivalence between the virgin material and the damaged material. The damaged material is modeled using the constitutive laws of the effective undamaged material in which the nominal stresses are replaced by the effective stresses. The model considers different interaction mechanisms between damage and plasticity defects in such a way that two-isotropic and two-kinematic hardening evolution equations are derived, one of each for the plasticity and the other for the damage. An additive decomposition of the total strain into elastic and inelastic parts is adopted in this work. The elastic part is further decomposed into two portions, one is due to the elastic distortion of the material grains and the other is due to the crack closure and void contraction. The inelastic part is also decomposed into two portions, one is due to nucleation and propagation of dislocations and the other is due to the lack of crack closure and void contraction. Uniaxial tension tests with unloadings have been used to investigate the damage growth in high strength steel. A good agreement between the experimental results and the model is obtained.     

Shakedown theorems for some classes of nonassociative hardening elastic-plastic material models

Criteria for quasistatic (elastic) shakedown are established by a static approach and discussed in the light of illustrative examples. Reference is made to elastoplastic solids either with nonassociative plastic flow rules or nonlinear hardening (governed by internal variables), or both. Nonassociativity, that is, lack of normality, is known to occur in the superposed spaces of stresses and strains for the constitutive models of materials with internal friction (like most geomaterials); it is shown also to manifest in the augmented space (of both measurable and internal variables) for realistically modelling a hardening behaviour of metals subjected to cyclic stressing processes. Lower and upper bounds on the shakedown limit derived for these materials from sufficient and necessary shakedown criteria, respectively, are distinct due to the nonassociativity. They suggest recourse to the notion of the reduced yield domain different from the conventional yield domain defined in the augmented space of static variables.     

Damage of ductile materials deforming under multiple plastic or viscoplastic mechanisms

This work presents a model to represent ductile failure (i.e. failure controlled by nucleation, growth and coalescence) of materials whose irreversible deformation is controlled by several plastic or viscoplastic deformation mechanisms. In addition work hardening may result from both isotropic and kinematic hardening. Damage is represented by a single variable representing void volume fraction. The model uses an additive decomposition of the plastic strain rate tensor. The model is developed based on the definition of damage dependant effective scalar stresses. The model is first developed within the generalized standard material framework and expressions for Helmholtz free energy, yield potential and dissipation potential are proposed. In absence of void nucleation, the evolution of the void volume fraction is governed by mass conservation and damage does not need to be represented by state variables. The model is extended to account for void nucleation. It is implemented in a finite element software to perform structural computations. The model is applied to three case studies: (i) failure by void growth and coalescence by internal necking (pipeline steel) where plastic flow is either governed by the Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman model or the Thomason model, (ii) creep failure (Grade 91 creep resistant steel) where viscoplastic flow is controlled by dislocation creep or diffusional creep and (iii) ductile rupture after pre-compression (aluminum alloy) where kinematic hardening plays an important role.     

花岗岩破坏过程能量演化机制与能量屈服准则

为了明确岩石破坏的能量演化特性，结合单轴实验和颗粒流程序获得花岗岩的细观力学参数，进行不同应力状态的花岗岩实验，研究不同围压下花岗岩破坏过程的能量演化机理并推导能量屈服准则。获得以下主要结论:花岗岩破坏过程中低围压下内部损伤出现较早而高围压较晚，表明低围压花岗岩内部损伤是渐进发展过程，而高围压下内部损伤一旦出现便快速发展破坏；高围压花岗岩峰值前一定应变范围弹性应变能基本保持不变，吸收的能量全部转化为耗散能，表明高围压破坏时花岗岩内部损伤程度严重；弹性应变能经历不断积累并达到弹性储能极限而后减小的变化过程，而弹性储能极限与围压之间存在线性变化规律，因此高围压下岩体开挖卸荷时极易诱发大量弹性应变能的急剧释放，引起围岩失稳甚至发生岩爆；花岗岩峰值破坏时的能量比与围压无关，为一定值；基于能量原理导出了能量屈服准则，该准则包含岩性参数和所有主应力，能够综合反映岩石破坏影响因素。     

准脆性材料的弹塑性各向异性损伤耦合本构模型研究

针对准脆性材料的非线性特征：强度软化和刚度退化、单边效应、侧限强化和拉压软化、不可恢复变形、剪胀及非弹性体胀,在热动力学框架内,建立了准脆性材料的弹塑性与各向异性损伤耦合的本构关系。对准脆性材料的变形机理和损伤诱发的各向异性进行了诠释,并给出了损伤构形和有效构形中各物理量之间的关系。在有效应力空间内,建立了塑性屈服准则、拉压不同的塑性随动强化法则和各向同性强化法则。在损伤构形中,采用应变能释放率,建立了拉压损伤准则、拉压不同的损伤随动强化法则和各向同性强化法则。基于塑性屈服准则和损伤准则,构建了塑性势泛函和损伤势泛函,并由正交性法则,给出了塑性和损伤强化效应内变量的演化规律,同时,联立塑性屈服面和损伤加载面,给出了塑性流动和损伤演化内变量的演化法则。将损伤力学和塑性力学结合起来,建立了应变驱动的应力-应变增量本构关系,给出了本构数值积分的要点。以单轴加载-卸载往复试验识别和校准了本构材料常数,并对单轴单调试验、单轴加载-卸载往复试验、二轴受压、二轴拉压试验和三轴受压试验进行了预测,并与试验结果作了比较,结果表明,所建本构模型对准脆性材料的非线性材料性能有良好的预测能力。     

Change of Accumulation Mechanisms of Irreversible Deformations of Materials in an Example of Viscometric Deformation

Within the framework of the model of large deformations, the deformation of a material exhibiting elastic, viscous, and plastic properties and placed between two rigid cylinders is investigated when turning the internal cylinder. The accumulation of irreversible deformations prior to the onset of plastic flow and upon its termination is associated with creep. Reversible and irreversible deformations according to the model in question are determined by differential transport equations. To calculate the displacement fields, stresses, and reversible, irreversible, and complete deformations, a system of partial differential equations is obtained, for which a finite-difference scheme is constructed.     

Coupled viscoplasticity damage constitutive model for concrete materials

A coupled viscoplasticity damage constitutive model for concrete materials is developed within the framework of irreversible thermodynamics.Simultaneously the Helmholtz free energy function and a non-associated flow potential function are given, which include the internal variables of kinematic hardening,isotropic hardening and dam- age.Results from the numerical simulation show that the model presented can describe the deformation properties of the concrete without the formal hypotheses of yield criterion and failure criteria,such as the volume dilatancy under the compression,strain-rate sen- sitivity,stiffness degradation and stress-softening behavior beyond the peak stress which are brought by damages and fractures.Moreover,we could benefit from the application of the finite element method based on this model under complex loading because of not having to choose different constitutive models based on the deformation level.     

A nonlinear constitutive model of unidirectional natural fiber reinforced composites considering moisture absorption

Moisture absorption in natural fiber reinforced composites causes remarkable degradation of mechanical properties. A nonlinear constitutive model is proposed to study the effect of the water uptake on the mechanical properties of unidirectional natural fiber reinforced composites. Accompanying the water absorption in the composites, there are several irreversible thermodynamic processes such as fiber degradation and interface damage. The energy dissipation induced by these processes is described by an internal variable, and two degradation parameters representing interface damage and fiber degradation are introduced to reflect the modulus reduction of the composite. Particularly, the model is used to derive the evolution of elastic moduli influenced by the moisture absorption. The predictions from the present model show a good agreement with experiment results of sisal fiber unidirectional reinforced composites.     

基于五参数统一强度理论的刚构桥地震损伤分析

混凝土五参数统一强度理论在主应力空间偏平面上的边界线为十二边形,可通过调整中间主应力的影响系数消除角点的奇异性,以单位体积材料当前塑性耗能及其断裂能的比值定义损伤变量,根据相关流动准则推导混凝土的弹塑性损伤本构关系。该模型可同时考虑混凝土材料中间主应力的影响、高应力状态下的静水应力效应、拉压异性和随动强化效应等,不考虑循环荷载下的刚度折减。由图形回归法给出应力更新的数值方法,编写了相应的Fortran语言程序,并将其用于大跨度连续刚构桥地震损伤的模拟,计算结果验证了所用模型的预测能力。     

Pseudo-potential of elastoplastic damage constitutive model and its application

Damage pseudo-potentials, from which the damage evolution equations can be acquired, are usually expressed as scalar functions of irreversible thermodynamic variables. A lower potential for an action with the dissipation property corresponds to a Helmholtz free energy function in classical mechanics; therefore, pseudo-potential acts as a cornerstone of the damage constitutive relationship. According to the analysis on state and process of a damage system, the authors study the connection between damage action, pseudo-potential and free energy function. Next a general method to define the pseudo-potential of damage process is discussed. The discrete elementary equations of continuum damage mechanics are derived from the action functional. Subsequently, the numerical implementation of the aforementioned damage model is given. Comparison between experimental evidences and numerical results verifies the soundness of the theoretical model and the numerical framework.     

Fundamentals of viscoelastoplasticity and hardening theory revisited

Thermodynamic and statistical methods for setting up the constitutive equations describing the viscoelastoplastic deformation and hardening of materials are proposed. The thermodynamic method is based on the law of conservation of energy, the equations of entropy balance and entropy production in the presence of self-balanced internal microstresses characterized by conjugate hardening parameters. The general constitutive equations include the relationships between the thermodynamic flows and forces, which follow from nonnegative entropy production and satisfy the generalized Onsager’s principle, and the thermoelastic relations and the expression for entropy, which follow from the law of conservation of energy. Specific constitutive equations are derived by representing the dissipation rate as a sum of two terms responsible for kinematic and isotropic hardening and approximated by power and hyperbolic-sinus functions. The constitutive equations describing viscoelastoplastic deformation and hardening are derived based on stochastic microstructural concepts and on the linear thermoelasticity model and nonlinear Maxwell model for the spherical and deviatoric components of microstresses and microstrains, respectively. The problem of determining the effective properties and stress-strain state of a three-component material found using the Voigt-Reuss scheme leads to constitutive equations similar in form to those produced by the thermodynamic method __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 3–18, February 2008.     

On the thermodynamic framework of generalized coupled thermoelastic-viscoplastic-damage modeling

A complete potential based framework utilizing internal state variables is put forth for the derivation of reversible and irreversible constitutive equations. In this framework, the existence of the total (integrated) form of either the (Helmholtz) free energy or the (Gibbs) complementary free energy are assumed a priori. Two options for describing the flow and evolutionary equations are described, wherein option one (the fully coupled form) is shown to be over restrictive and the second option (the decoupled form) provides significant flexibility. As a consequence of the decoupled form, a new operator, that is, the compliance operator, is defined, which provides a link between the assumed Gibb's and complementary dissipation potential and ensures a number of desirable numerical features, for example, the symmetry of the resulting consistent tangent stiffness matrix. An important conclusion reached is that although many theories in the literature do not conform to the general potential framework outlined, it is still possible in some cases, by slight modifications of the employed forms, to restore the complete potential structure.     

MICROMECHANICAL DAMAGE MODEL FOR ROCKS AND CONCRETES SUBJECTED TO COUPLED TENSILE AND SHEAR STRESSES

Based on the analysis of the deformation in an infinite isotropic elastic matrix with an embedded elliptic crack under far field coupled tensile and shear stresses, the energy release rate and a mixed fracture criterion are obtained using an energy balance approach. The additional compliance tensor induced by a single opening elliptic microcrack in a representative volume element is derived, and the effect of microcracks with random orientations is analyzed with the Taylor＇s scheme by introducing an appropriate probability density function. A micromechanical damage model for rocks and concretes is obtained and is verified with experimental results.