Exact solutions for buckling of non-uniform columns under axial concentrated and distributed loading

In this paper, the buckling problem of non-uniform columns subjected to axial concentrated and distributed loading is studied. The expression for describing the distribution of flexural stiffness of a non-uniform column is arbitrary, and the distribution of axial forces acting on the column is expressed as a functional relation with the distribution of flexural stiffness and vice versa. The governing equation for buckling of a non-uniform column with arbitrary distribution of flexural stiffness or axial forces is reduced to a second-order differential equation without the first-order derivative by means of functional transformations. Then, this kind of differential equation is reduced to Bessel equations and other solvable equations for 12 cases, several of which are important in engineering practice. The exact solutions that represent a class of exact functional solutions for the buckling problem of non-uniform columns subjected to axial concentrated and distributed loading are obtained. In order to illustrate the proposed method, a numerical example is given in the last part of this paper.     

Post-divergence and post-flutter analysis of sub-tangentially loaded and damped Beck column using a nonlinear FE procedure

Both post-divergence and post-flutter behaviors of damped Beck columns subjected to a sub-tangentially follower force are rigorously explored using an exact co-rotational frame element. First a linear stability theory of the damped Beck column is summarized using a stability map. A geometrically nonlinear frame element based on the co-rotational formulation is then formulated including mass matrix, Rayleigh damping matrix, and load-correction stiffness matrix due to circulatory forces. The dynamic FE analysis is performed using Newmark integration method. Finally a Beck column model is parametrically analyzed in order to investigate non-linear stability characteristics of the internally and externally damped non-conservative system. In particular, interesting nonlinear behaviors of Beck column quite different from those predicted by the linear theory are reported through static and dynamic nonlinear analysis with variation of sub-tangentiality of the follower force.     

非匀质地基上正交异性矩形厚板的动态稳定

本文把伽辽金法和富里哀级数相结合,用以分析非匀质地基上的自由边正交异性矩形厚板的动态稳定。在板的自由边上作用着均匀分布的非保守跟随力,力的方向受到控制,使其与加载边的转角成定比。分析基于理论,因此包括了剪切变形的影响。力是非保守的,会有颤振和发散两种形式的失稳,力是保守的,只会有发散形式的失稳。     

Stability of viscoelastic rectangular plate with a piezoelectric layer subjected to follower force

The effects of a piezoelectric layer on the stability of viscoelastic plates subjected to the follower forces are evaluated. The differential equation of motion of the viscoelastic plate with the piezoelectric layer is formulated using the two-dimensional viscoelastic differential constitutive relation and the thin plate theory. The weak integral form of the differential equations and the force boundary conditions are obtained. Using the element-free Galerkin method, the governing equation of the viscoelastic rectangular plate with elastic dilatation and Kelvin–Voigt distortion is derived, subjected to the follower forces coupled with the piezoelectric effect. A generalized complex eigenvalue problem is solved, and the force excited by the piezoelectric layer due to external voltage is modeled as the follower tensile force; this force is used to improve the stability of the non-conservative viscoelastic plate. For the viscoelastic plate with various boundary conditions, the results for the instability type and the critical loads are presented to show the variations in these factors with respect to the location of the piezoelectric layers and the applied voltages. The stability of the viscoelastic plates can be effectively improved by the determination of the optimal location for the piezoelectric layers and the most favorable voltage assignment.     

随从力作用下热弹耦合轴向运动梁的稳定性

研究了切向均布随从力作用下热弹耦合轴向运动梁的稳定性问题。建立了热弹耦合轴向运动梁 在随从力作用下的运动微分方程,采用归一化幂级数法,推导出了2种边界条件下热弹耦合轴向运动梁在随 从力作用下的特征方程。计算了系统的前3阶量纲一复频率,分析了量纲一运动速度、量纲一热弹耦合系数 和量纲一随从力等参数对梁的稳定性的影响。     

Direct method for analysis of flexible cantilever beam subjected to two follower forces

The static analysis of the flexible non-uniform cantilever beams under a tip-concentrated and intermediate follower forces is considered. The angles of inclination of the concentrated forces with respect to the deformed axis of the beam remain unchanged during deformation. The governing non-linear boundary-value problem is reduced to an initial-value problem by change of variables. The resulting problem can be solved without iterations. It is shown that there are no critical loads in the Euler sense (divergence) for any flexural-stiffness distribution and angles of inclination of the follower forces. In particular, if the follower forces are tangential, the rectilinear shape of the non-uniform cantilever beam is the only possible equilibrium configuration. In this paper some equilibrium configurations of the uniform cantilever under normal or tangential follower forces are presented using direct method.     

非保守力作用下FGM矩形板的稳定性分析

对受均布随从力作用的功能梯度材料(FGM)矩形板,引入应力函数,得到了以应力函数和挠度函数表示的耦合运动微分方程组。用Fourier级数法研究了四边简支FGM非保守矩形板的稳定性,给出了不同边长比和不同梯度指标下频率和发散载荷的变化曲线,以及梯度指标变化对频率和发散载荷的影响。     

Post-critical behavior of damped beam columns with variable cross section subjected to distributed follower forces

In this paper the post-critical behavior of beam columns with variable mass and stiffness properties subjected to follower forces arbitrarily distributed along their length in the presence of damping (both internal and external) is investigated using a complete nonlinear dynamic analysis. Although the static nonlinear analysis is more economical in computational cost, it is associated only with the loss of local stability via flutter or divergence. Thus, the nonlinear dynamic analysis is adopted in order to examine the global stability of the system. The governing equations of hyperbolic type are derived in terms of the displacements by considering (a) nonlinear response including the axial deformation, (b) nonlinear response excluding the axial deformation and (c) linear response. Moreover, as the cross-sectional properties of the beam vary along its axis, the resulting coupled nonlinear differential equations have variable coefficients. Their solution is achieved using the analog equation method (AEM) of Katsikadelis. Besides its accuracy and effectiveness, this method overcomes the shortcoming of a possible FEM solution which may experience a lack of convergence. The problems treated in this investigation include beam columns with various load distributions, such as constant, linear and parabolic. Some of the conclusions detected in studying the nonlinear dynamic stability of Beck’s column with variable cross section (Katsikadelis and Tsiatas, Nonlinear dynamic stability of damped Beck’s column with variable cross section. Int. J. Non-linear Mech. 42, 164–171, 2007), are also valid for the case of distributed loads. The important, however, finding is that the post-critical response under distributed loads depends on the law of distribution of mass and stiffness properties, which may lead also to explosive flutter (unbounded amplitude), in contrast to Beck’s column (end-tip load) where the motion is always bounded.     

FREE VIBRATION OF A SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM UNDER A NON-CONSERVATIVE DISTRIBUTED LOAD

对受非保守载荷的简支梁在后屈曲附近的自由振动进行了研究. 基于可伸长梁的大变形理论,建立了受沿轴线分布切向非保守力作用的简支梁后屈曲附近自由振动的几何非线性模型. 在小振幅和谐振动假设下,简化得到后屈曲梁线性振动的控制方程. 采用打靶法求解振动问题的控制方程,给出了前三阶固有频率与载荷之间的特征关系曲线. 结果表明：非保守载荷作用下梁的振动响应与保守载荷作用下梁的振动响应有着明显不同.     

多阶变截面杆的弹性稳定计算

本文研究单阶和多阶截面杆在集中和分布轴向荷载作用下的弹性稳定计算方法,首次给出了其整体稳定和局部稳定的解析解.     

非保守力下温度场中FGM圆板的非线性力学行为

研究了温度场中非保守功能梯度材料(FGM)圆板的非线性力学行为.基于经典板理论,推导了受非保守力作用的FGM圆板在温度场中的控制微分方程.采用打靶法分析了由陶瓷二氧化锆和金属钛合金两相材料组成的非保守FGM圆板在均匀和非均匀升温场中的非线性力学行为.给出了不同均匀升温和非均匀升温场下,FGM圆板在非保守载荷作用下的平衡...     

On generalized Kelvin solutions in a multilayered elastic medium

This paper presents fundamental singular solutions for the generalized Kelvin problems of a multilayered elastic medium of infinite extent subjected to concentrated body force vectors. Classical integral transforms and a backward transfer matrix method are utilized in the analytical formulation of solutions in both Cartesian and cylindrical coordinates. The solution in the transform domain has no functions of exponential growth and is invariant with respect to the applied forces. The convergence of the solutions in the physical domain is rigorously and analytically verified. The solutions satisfy all required constraints including the basic equations and the interfacial conditions as well as the boundary conditions. In particular, singular terms of the generalized Kelvin solutions associated with the point and ring types of concentrated body force vectors are obtained in exact closed-forms via an asymptotic analysis. Numerical results presented in the paper illustrate that numerical evaluation of the solutions can be easily achieved with very high accuracy and efficiency and that the layering material inhomogeneity has a significant effect on the elastic field.The Canadian Government right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free licence in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

Non-conservative stability of intermediate spring supported columns with an elastically restrained end support

The non-conservative stability of an intermediate spring supported uniform column clastically restrained at one end and subjected to a follower force at the other unsupported end is studied. It is found that when the intermediate spring support is far from the unsupported end, the instability mechanism is flutter. As the intermediate spring support approaches the unsupported end, the instability mechanism is changed from flutter to divergence with the increase of intermediate spring stiffness. For the hinged-intermediate and guided-intermediatc spring supported columns, the critical buckling load of flutter instability will first decrease, then increase as the intermediate spring stiffness is increased. Nevertheless, when the instability mechanism is divergence, the critical buckling load depends on the location of the intermediate spring support only, whereas for the clamped-intermediate spring supported column the critical buckling load of divergence instability decreases monotonically to a fixed value as the intermediate spring stiffness is increased. Finally, the influence of elastic end restraints on the stability of the column is also investigated.     

Post-buckling of a hinged-fixed beam under uniformly distributed follower forces

Based on geometrically non-linear theory for extensible elastic beams, governing equations of statically post-buckling of a beam with one end hinged and the other fixed, subjected to a uniformly distributed, tangentially compressing follower forces are established. They consist of a boundary-value problem of ordinary differential equations with a strong non-linearity, in which seven unknown functions are contained and the arc length of the deformed axis is considered as one of the basic unknown functions. By using shooting method and in conjunction with analytical continuation, the non-linear governing equations are solved numerically and the equilibrium paths as well as the post-buckled configurations of the deformed beam are presented. A comparison between the results of conservative system and that of the non-conservative systems are given. The results show that the features of the equilibrium paths of the beams under follower loads are evidently different from that under conservative ones.     

Investigation of the Effect of Axial Loads on the Transverse Vibrations of a Vertical Cantilever with Variable Parameters

The method of influence function is applied to the solution of the boundary-value problem on the free transverse vibrations of a vertical cantilever and a bar subjected to axial loads. To demonstrate the capabilities of the method, a cantilever with the free end under two types of loading — point forces (conservative and follower) and a load distributed along the length (dead load) — is analyzed. A characteristic equation in the general form, which does not depend on the cantilever shape and on the type of axial load, is given. The Cauchy influence function depends on the cantilever shape and the type of axial load. As an example, a tapered cantilever subjected to conservative and follower forces and an elastically supported bar under the dead load are considered in detail. The characteristic equation derived allows one to evaluate the natural frequencies and the Euler critical loads. It is shown that the calculated natural frequencies and critical forces are in a good agreement with the exact values when several terms are retained in the characteristic series. The high accuracy of the method is also confirmed     

Physical mechanism of the destabilizing effect of damping in continuous non-conservative dissipative systems

The paper attempts to give a physical explanation of the mechanism behind the so-called destabilizing effect of small internal damping in the dynamic stability of Beck's column. Both internal (material) and external (viscous fluid) damping are considered. An energy equation is derived for the balance between the work done by the non-conservative ‘follower force’ and the energy dissipated by the internal and external damping forces. Evaluated at the critical load, where a flutter instability is initiated, this equation explicitly shows the influence of damping upon flutter frequency, phase angle, and vibration amplitude. The gradient of the phase angle, evaluated at the free end of the column, is found to be the ‘valve’, which controls how much work the follower force can do on the column during each period of oscillation. And a large change in this gradient with increasing—but still small—internal damping is found to be responsible for the destabilizing effect.     

大型飞机气动载荷向有限元节点等效分配的方法

将气动载荷分配到有限元节点上是工程实际中的一项重要而繁琐的工作.对于二维的翼面气动载荷,根据原始的气动压力点的压力值,采用样条曲面拟合的方法,拟合得到翼面压力分布曲面,由该曲面得到有限元节点上的压力值,再在有限元模型单元上积分得到有限元节点载荷供强度设计使用.大型飞机具有复杂的增升装置,增升装置的气动载荷可能是三维的,对于三维的翼面载荷,直接在气动网格上积分得到气动载荷的小块集中力,然后按照沿某一方向投影的方法,找到该集中力作用的单元,最后按照二次规划的方法,将其分配到有限元节点上.     

Nonlinear Dynamics and Stability of a Two D.O.F. Elastic/Elasto-Plastic Model System

The local and global nonlinear dynamics of a two-degree-of-freedom model system is studied. The undeflected model consists of an inverted T formed by three rigid bars, with the tips of the two horizontal bars supported on springs. The springs exhibit an elasto-plastic response, including the Bauschinger effect. The vertical rigid bar is subjected to a conservative (dead) or non-conservative (follower) force having static and periodic components. First, the method of multiple scales is used for the analysis of the local dynamics of the system with elastic springs. The attention is focused at modal interaction phenomena in weak excitation at primary resonance and in hard sub-harmonic excitation. Three different asymptotic expansions are utilised to get a structural response for typical ranges of excitation parameters. Numerical integration of the governing equations is then performed to validate results of asymptotic analysis in each case. A full global nonlinear dynamics analysis of the elasto-plastic system is performed to reveal the role of plastic deformations in the stability of this system. Static 'force-displacement' curves are plotted and the role of plastic deformations in the destabilisation of the system is discussed. Large-amplitude non-linear oscillations of the elasto-plastic system are studied, including the influence of material hardening and of static and sinusoidal components of the applied force. A practical method is proposed for the study of a non-conservative elasto-plastic system as a non-conservative elastic system with an 'equivalent' viscous damping. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Exact solutions for the stability of viscoelastic rectangular plate subjected to tangential follower force

An exact solution procedure is formulated for the stability analysis of viscoelastic rectangular plate with two opposite edges simply supported and other two edges clamped as well as the viscoelastic rectangular plate with one edge clamped and other three edges simply supported under the action of tangential follower force. Firstly, by assuming the transverse displacement (W) as independent functions which automatically satisfies the simply supported boundary conditions, the governing partial differential equation is reduced to an ordinary differential equation with variable coefficients. Then, by the normalized power series method and applying the boundary conditions yield the eigenvalue problem of finding the roots of a fourth-order characteristic determinant. The results show that the aspect ratio λ and the dimensionless delay time H have great effects on the types of instability and the critical loads of the viscoelastic plates.     

Three-dimensional equilibria of nonlinear pre-curved beams using an intrinsic formulation and shooting

This article describes a shooting method for computing three-dimensional equilibria of pre-curved nonlinear beams with axial and shear flexibility using the intrinsic beam formulation. For distributed and concentrated follower loads acting on a cantilevered beam, the method amounts to a direct solution approach requiring only a single shot (zero iterations) to compute the equilibria. This is possible since the system equations are defined in a local coordinate system that rotates and translates with the beam, akin to the follower loads themselves. A general procedure employing nonconservative follower loads, which invokes the Picard–Lindelöf theorem on uniqueness and existence of solutions, is also introduced for finding all solutions for three-dimensional pre-curved beam problems with conservative loading. This is particularly useful in beam buckling problems where multiple stable and unstable solutions exist. Three-dimensional equilibrium solutions are generated for many loading cases and boundary conditions, including three-dimensional helical beams, and are compared to similar solutions where available in the literature. Excellent agreement is documented in all comparison cases. For buckling examples, the stability of the computed solutions is assessed using a dynamic finite element code based on the same intrinsic beam equations. Due to the ability to avoid iteration, the presented approach may find application in model-based control for practical three-dimensional problems such as the control of manipulators utilized in endoscopic surgeries and the control of spacecraft with robotic arms and long cables.