Distortion and stability of the fixed point property for non-expansive mappings

Let X be a Banach space. We say that X satisfies the fixed point property (weak fixed point property) if every non-expansive mapping defined from a convex closed bounded (convex weakly compact) subset of X into itself has a fixed point. We say that X satisfies the stable fixed point property (stable weak fixed point property) if the same is true for every equivalent norm which is close enough to the original one. Denote by P(X) the set formed by all equivalent norms with the topology of the uniform convergence on the unit ball of X. We prove that the subset of P(X) formed by the norms failing the fixed point property is dense in P(X) when X is a non-distortable space which fails the fixed point property. In particular, no renorming of ?₁ can satisfy the stable fixed point property. Furthermore, we show some examples of distortable spaces failing the weak fixed point property, which can be renormed to satisfy the stable weak fixed point property. As a consequence we prove that every separable Banach space can be renormed to satisfy the stable weak fixed point property.     

Lipschitz Quotients from Metric Trees and from Banach Spaces Containing ?1

If X is any separable Banach space containing l₁, then there is a Lipschitz quotient map from X onto any separable Banach space Y.     

Bidual renormings of Banach spaces

Given a separable Banach space X with no isomorphic copies of ℓ₁ and a separable subspace Y of its bidual, we provide a sufficient condition on Y to ensure that X admits an equivalent norm such that the restriction to Y of the corresponding bidual norm is midpoint locally uniformly rotund. This result applies to the separable subspaces of the bidual of a Banach space with a shrinking unconditional Schauder basis and to the bidual of the James space.     

On a generalized Mazur-Ulam question: Extension of isometries between unit spheres of Banach spaces

We call a Banach space X admitting the Mazur-Ulam property (MUP) provided that for any Banach space Y, if f is an onto isometry between the two unit spheres of X and Y, then it is the restriction of a linear isometry between the two spaces. A generalized Mazur-Ulam question is whether every Banach space admits the MUP. In this paper, we show first that the question has an affirmative answer for a general class of Banach spaces, namely, somewhere-flat spaces. As their immediate consequences, we obtain on the one hand that the question has an approximately positive answer: Given ε>0, every Banach space X admits a (1+ε)-equivalent norm such that X has the MUP; on the other hand, polyhedral spaces, CL-spaces admitting a smooth point (in particular, separable CL-spaces) have the MUP.     

Isometric embeddings of compact spaces into Banach spaces

We show the existence of a compact metric space K such that whenever K embeds isometrically into a Banach space Y, then any separable Banach space is linearly isometric to a subspace of Y. We also address the following related question: if a Banach space Y contains an isometric copy of the unit ball or of some special compact subset of a separable Banach space X, does it necessarily contain a subspace isometric to X? We answer positively this question when X is a polyhedral finite-dimensional space, c₀ or ?₁.     

Birkhoff integral for multi-valued functions

The aim of this paper is to study Birkhoff integrability for multi-valued maps , where (Ω,Σ,μ) is a complete finite measure space, X is a Banach space and cwk(X) is the family of all non-empty convex weakly compact subsets of X. It is shown that the Birkhoff integral of F can be computed as the limit for the Hausdorff distance in cwk(X) of a net of Riemann sums ∑_nμ(A_n)F(t_n). We link Birkhoff integrability with Debreu integrability, a notion introduced to replace sums associated to correspondences when studying certain models in Mathematical Economics. We show that each Debreu integrable multi-valued function is Birkhoff integrable and that each Birkhoff integrable multi-valued function is Pettis integrable. The three previous notions coincide for finite dimensional Banach spaces and they are different even for bounded multi-valued functions when X is infinite dimensional and X∗ is assumed to be separable. We show that when F takes values in the family of all non-empty convex norm compact sets of a separable Banach space X, then F is Pettis integrable if, and only if, F is Birkhoff integrable; in particular, these Pettis integrable F's can be seen as single-valued Pettis integrable functions with values in some other adequate Banach space. Incidentally, to handle some of the constructions needed we prove that if X is an Asplund Banach space, then cwk(X) is separable for the Hausdorff distance if, and only if, X is finite dimensional.     

Copies of c 0 in the space of Pettis integrable functions with integrals of finite variation

Let (Ω,Σ,μ) be a complete finite measure space and X a Banach space. If all X-valued Pettis integrals defined on (Ω,Σ,μ) have separable ranges we show that the space of all weakly μ-measurable (classes of scalarly equivalent) X-valued Pettis integrable functions with integrals of finite variation, equipped with the variation norm, contains a copy of?c ₀ if and only if X does.     

On Peano's theorem in Banach spaces

We show that if X is an infinite-dimensional separable Banach space (or more generally a Banach space with an infinite-dimensional separable quotient) then there is a continuous mapping f:X→X such that the autonomous differential equation x^′=f(x) has no solution at any point.     

On distribution of the norm for normal random elements in the space of continuous functions

We consider distributions of norms for normal random elements X in separable Banach spaces, in particular, in the space C(S) of continuous functions on a compact space S. We prove that, under some nondegeneracy condition, the functions $ {{\mathcal{F}}_X}=\left\{ {\mathrm{P}\left( {\left\| {X-z} \right\|\leqslant r} \right):\;z\in C(S)} \right\},\;r\geqslant 0 $ , are uniformly Lipschitz and that every separable Banach space B can be ε-renormed so that the family $ {{\mathcal{F}}_X} $ becomes uniformly Lipschitz in the new norm for any B-valued nondegenerate normal random element X.     

Geometry of Banach spaces with property β

We prove that every Banach space can be isometrically and 1-complementably embedded into a Banach space which satisfies property β and has the same character of density. Then we show that, nevertheless, property β satisfies a hereditary property. We study strong subdifferentiability of norms with property β to characterize separable polyhedral Banach spaces as those admitting a strongly subdifferentiable β norm. In general, a Banach space with such a norm is polyhedral. Finally, we provide examples of non-reflexive spaces whose usual norm fails property β and yet it can be approximated by norms with this property, namely (L ₁[0,1], ‖·‖1) and (C(K), ‖·‖∗) whereK is a separable Hausdorff compact space To the memory of A. Plans Supported in part by DGICYT grant PB 94-0243 and DGICYT PB 96-0607.     

A renorming in some Banach spaces with applications to fixed point theory

We consider a Banach space X endowed with a linear topology τ and a family of seminorms {Rk(⋅)} which satisfy some special conditions. We define an equivalent norm ?⋅? on X such that if C is a convex bounded closed subset of (X,?⋅?) which is τ-relatively sequentially compact, then every nonexpansive mapping T:C→C has a fixed point. As a consequence, we prove that, if G is a separable compact group, its Fourier-Stieltjes algebra B(G) can be renormed to satisfy the FPP. In case that G=T, we recover P.K. Lin's renorming in the sequence space ?₁. Moreover, we give new norms in ?₁ with the FPP, we find new classes of nonreflexive Banach spaces with the FPP and we give a sufficient condition so that a nonreflexive subspace of L₁(μ) can be renormed to have the FPP.     

On smooth norms and analytic sets

LetX be a Banach space which isn’t reflexive but has a separable dual. ThenX admits a smooth norm so that the set of norm-attaining functionals is a complete analytic set. A variant of Asplund’s average norms is used.     

Factoring weakly compact operators

The main result is that every weakly compact operator between Banach spaces factors through a reflexive Banach space. Applications of the result and technique of proof include new results (e.g., separable conjugate spaces embed isomorphically in spaces with boundedly complete bases; convex weakly compact sets are affinely homeomorphic to sets in a reflexive space) and simple proofs of known results (e.g., there is a reflexive space failing the Banach-Saks property; if X is separable, then $\text{X =}\text{Z}{}^7\text{Z}$ for some Z; there is a separable space which does not contain l₁ whose dual is nonseparable).     

The problem of envelopes for Banach spaces

LetX be a Banach space. A Banach spaceY is an envelope ofX if (1)Y is finitely representable inX; (2) any Banach spaceZ finitely representable inX and of density character not exceeding that ofY is isometric to a subspace ofY. Lindenstrauss and Pelczynski have asked whether any separable Banach space has a separable envelope. We give a negative answer to this question by showing the existence of a Banach space isomorphic tol ₂, which has no separable envelope. A weaker positive result holds: any separable Banach space has an envelope of density character ≦ℵ₁ (assuming the continuum hypothesis).     

On spaces admitting no ℓ p or c 0 spreading model

It is shown that for each separable Banach space X not admitting ? ₁ as a spreading model there is a space Y having X as a quotient and not admitting any ? _p for 1 ≤ p < ∞ or c ₀ as a spreading model. We also include the solution to a question of Johnson and Rosenthal (Studia Math 43:77–92, 1972) on the existence of a separable space not admitting as a quotient any space with separable dual.     

Polynomial numerical indices of Banach spaces with absolute norm

We study when a Banach space with absolute norm may have polynomial numerical indices equal to one. In the real case, we show that a Banach space X with absolute norm, which has the Radon-Nikodým property or is Asplund, satisfies n⁽²⁾(X)<1 unless it is one-dimensional. In the complex case, we show that the only Banach spaces X with absolute norm and the Radon-Nikodým property which satisfy n⁽²⁾(X)=1 are the spaces . Also, the only Asplund complex space X with absolute norm which satisfies n⁽²⁾(X)=1 is c₀(Λ).     

Banach spaces in various positions

We formulate a general theory of positions for subspaces of a Banach space: we define equivalent and isomorphic positions, study the automorphy index a(Y,X) that measures how many non-equivalent positions Y admits in X, and obtain estimates of a(Y,X) for X a classical Banach space such as ?p,Lp,L₁,C(ωω) or C[0,1]. Then, we study different aspects of the automorphic space problem posed by Lindenstrauss and Rosenthal; namely, does there exist a separable automorphic space different from c₀ or ?₂? Recall that a Banach space X is said to be automorphic if every subspace Y admits only one position in X; i.e., a(Y,X)=1 for every subspace Y of X. We study the notion of extensible space and uniformly finitely extensible space (UFO), which are relevant since every automorphic space is extensible and every extensible space is UFO. We obtain a dichotomy theorem: Every UFO must be either an L_∞-space or a weak type 2 near-Hilbert space with the Maurey projection property. We show that a Banach space all of whose subspaces are UFO (called hereditarily UFO spaces) must be asymptotically Hilbertian; while a Banach space for which both X and X^∗ are UFO must be weak Hilbert. We then refine the dichotomy theorem for Banach spaces with some additional structure. In particular, we show that an UFO with unconditional basis must be either c₀ or a superreflexive weak type 2 space; that a hereditarily UFO Köthe function space must be Hilbert; and that a rearrangement invariant space UFO must be either L_∞ or a superreflexive type 2 Banach lattice.     

Dual problems for weak and quasi approximation properties

It is shown that for the separable dual X^∗ of a Banach space X if X^∗ has the weak approximation property, then X has the metric quasi approximation property. Using this it is shown that for the separable dual X^∗ of a Banach space X the quasi approximation property and metric quasi approximation property are inherited from X^∗ to X and for a separable and reflexive Banach space X, X having the weak approximation property, bounded weak approximation property, quasi approximation property, metric weak approximation property, and metric quasi approximation property are equivalent. Also it is shown that the weak approximation property, bounded weak approximation property, and quasi approximation property are not inherited from a Banach space X to X^∗.     

Banach spaces whose duals are isomorphic to l1(Γ)

Banach spaces X whose duals are isomorphic or isometric to l₁(Γ) are characterized by certain classes of operators on X. It is proved that a separable, conjugate space isomorphic to a complemented subspace of an L₁(S, Σ, μ) space is isomorphic to l₁; a $\text{L}$₁ space contained in a separable, conjugate space is isomorphic to a subspace of l₁.     

Complementably universal Banach spaces, II

The two main results are:

A.

If a Banach space X is complementably universal for all subspaces of c₀ which have the bounded approximation property, then X^∗ is non-separable (and hence X does not embed into c₀).

B.

There is no separable Banach space X such that every compact operator (between Banach spaces) factors through X.

Theorem B solves a problem that dates from the 1970s.