Influence of boric acid on the electrochemical deposition of Ni

The electrolytic deposition of Ni onto a paraffin-impregnated graphite electrode from supporting chloride electrolyte (0.5 mol dm⁻³ NaCl) adjusted to the required pH using dilute HCl is investigated. The effect of electrolyte composition on the Ni electrodeposition is studied using linear sweep voltammetry in the cathodic region. An elimination voltammetry procedure was applied to evaluate the polarization curves. The aim of this work was to deduce the mechanism of Ni reduction in the chloride bath as well as the influence of boric acid on this. Positively-charged NiCl⁺ ions were found to be the electroactive particles in the Ni reduction mechanism. The strong competition between the NiCl⁺, Cl⁻ and H⁺ ions for active sites at the electrode is discussed. Kinetically-controlled adsorption/desorption processes of various species were also confirmed using elimination voltammetry with a linear scan. The evolution of gaseous hydrogen, catalyzed by the freshly-deposited Ni, accompanies the electrodeposition process. The presence of boric acid at a sufficiently high concentration inhibits the deposition of Ni and, at the same time, improves the morphology and brightness, as well as the adhesion of the deposited Ni. Elimination voltammetry with a linear scan is an efficient way to evaluate current–potential curves that reflect the electrodeposition of one-component Ni coatings. By eliminating selected currents, additional interesting and useful information can be obtained from voltammetric data.     

Poly(neutral red) on passivated nickel films. New insights through EQCM measurements

Poly(Neutral Red) (PNR) has been electrogenerated on a passivated Ni surface. PNR was chosen due to the fact that its electroactivity region overlaps with the Ni dissolution/deposition process. Therefore, both electrochemical processes can compete and by this way, there are evidences about the formation of a Ni(OH)₂/PNR composite. It was investigated by classical EQCM and the instantaneous mass/charge ratio (F(dm/dQ)) analysis shed light on the active/passive transition and nickel trans-passive dissolution mechanisms.     

Mechanistic study on the effect of PEG molecules in a trivalent chromium electrodeposition process

The mechanism of chromium metal deposition from a trivalent chromium bath containing formic acid and polyethylene glycol 1000 (PEG) was studied on an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM), electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and a technique for measuring pH on the cathode surface. Reactions of PEG molecules with trivalent chromium ions and their influence on the plating process of trivalent chromium were investigated. EQCM studies at low trivalent chromium ion concentrations show that chromium electrodeposition occurs via the formation of an adsorption layer on the electrode surface, which is called a cathodic film. Cathodic films hinder the penetration of ions from bulk solution to the cathode surface. In the inner portion of the cathodic film and at the cathode surface, intermediate complexes were formed during the deposition process. ESI-MS revealed that the PEG molecules were stable in a trivalent chromium bath containing potassium formate. During electroplating, the PEG molecules decreased the reductive current of hydrogen compared with solutions without PEG; an effect that was also observed due to the pH on the electrode surface. PEG plays a decisive role in the formation of intermediate compounds during electrodeposition.     

有机蒙脱土负载镍催化剂上乙醇重整制氢

采用浸渍法制备了有机改性蒙脱土(OMt)负载的Ni/有机蒙脱土(Ni/OMt)催化剂,用于乙醇重整制氢;通过XRD、FT-IR、H₂-TPR、SEM、XPS和氮吸附等手段对催化剂进行了表征分析。结果表明,与未改性的蒙脱土负载的Ni催化剂(Ni/MMT)相比,有机改性可显著提高其比表面积、孔容和金属Ni的分散度,降低碳沉积量,改善Ni/MMT催化剂的稳定性。Ni/OMt催化剂表现出较高的乙醇重整制氢催化性能,在773K下反应30 h,乙醇转化率保持在100%,氢气选择性为70%;而Ni/MMT催化剂在反应10 h即开始失活,碳沉积严重,同时产生副产物乙烯和乙醛。使用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)改性可促进Ni高分散在MMT层板上,抑制积炭对活性金属Ni包裹,提高其乙醇重整氢气选择性、降低乙烯和乙醛的选择性。     

Deposition precipitation for the preparation of carbon nanofiber supported nickel catalysts

Deposition precipitation of nickel hydroxide onto modified carbon nanofibers has been studied and compared to deposition onto silica. The carbon nanofiber support materials consisted of graphite-like material of the fishbone-type with a diameter of 20-50 nm and a specific surface area of 150 m2/g. Modification involved surface oxidation (CNF-O) optionally followed by partial reduction (CNF-OR) or thermal treatment (CNF-OT). Titration of the support materials showed the presence of 0.17 and 0.03 mmol/g carboxylic acid groups for CNF-O and CNF-OR, respectively. For the CNF-OT only basic groups were present. The deposition precipitation of 20 wt % nickel onto these supports has been studied by time dependent pH and nickel loading studies. With silica, nickel ion adsorption did not occur prior to nucleation of the nickel hydroxide phase at pH = 5.6. With CNF-O, nickel ion adsorption took place right from the start of the deposition process at pH = 3.5, and at pH = 5.6 already 4 wt % nickel was adsorbed. Nucleation of nickel hydroxide onto adsorbed nickel ion clusters proceeded subsequently. Characterization of the dried Ni/CNF-O samples with TEM and XRD showed well dispersed and thin (5 nm) platelets of nickel hydroxide adhering to the carbon nanofibers. After reduction at 773 K in hydrogen the Ni/CNF-O contained metallic nickel particles of 8 nm homogeneously distributed over the fibers. With CNF-OR and CNF-OT, precipitation of large platelets (> 500 nm) separate from the support took place. Clearly, the presence of carboxylic acid groups is essential to successfully deposit nickel hydroxide onto modified carbon nanofibers.     

Complexation of Nickel Ions by Boric Acid or (Poly)borates

An experiment based on electrochemical reactions and pH monitoring was performed in which nickel ions were gradually formed by oxidation of a nickel metal electrode in a solution of boric acid. Based on the experimental results and aqueous speciation modeling, the evolution of pH showed the existence of significant nickel–boron complexation. A triborate nickel complex was postulated at high boric acid concentrations when polyborates are present, and the equilibrium constants were determined at 25, 50 and 70 °C. The calculated enthalpy and entropy at 25 °C for the formation of the complex from boric acid and Ni²⁺ ions are respectively equal to (65.6 ± 3.1) kJ·mol^?1 and (0.5 ± 11.1) J·K^?1·mol^?1. The results of this study suggest that complexation of nickel ions by borates can significantly enhance the solubility of nickel metal and nickel oxide depending on the concentration of boric acid and pH. First principles calculations were investigated and tend to show that the complex is thermodynamically stable and the nickel cation in solution should interact more strongly with the \( {\text{B}}_{3} {\text{O}}_{3} \left( {\text{OH}} \right)_{4}^{ - } \) than with boric acid.     

制备条件对用于甘油蒸汽重整反应Ni基催化剂性能的影响

研究了制备参数对用于甘油蒸汽重整反应的Ni基催化剂性能的影响。采用过量浸渍法、等体积浸渍法和改进的平衡沉积过滤(EDF)法制备了一系列Al2O3负载的8 wt%Ni催化剂,运用X射线衍射(XRD)、电感耦合等离子体光谱仪、N2吸附-脱附、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜和H2程序升温还原(TPR)表征了催化剂的表面和体相性质;采用CHN分析仪和SEM表征了使用后催化剂以测定其表面沉积的碳及其形貌。结果表明,制备方法对所制催化剂的织构、结构和表面性质影响很大,导致氧化铝表面Ni物种的分散和种类的不同。即使XRD和TPR结果证实形成了铝酸镍晶相,但Ni/Al-edf催化剂中β峰的贡献大于其它两个催化剂的,表明在这种情况下铝酸镍更容易还原。在550 oC以上CO2选择性增加和CO选择性不变,表明Ni/Al-wet和Ni/Al-edf催化剂可成功催化水汽变换反应。另外,650oC时Ni/Al-edf催化剂上甘油生成气相产物的转化率、氢气产率以及烯丙醇、乙醛和乙酸选择性最高,且它在所有催化剂中的积炭量也最低。将催化剂结构性质、分散度和还原性与其催化性能相关联,发现EDF法制得的催化剂比表面积和活性相分散度更高,更易被还原,因而其活性和生成H2的选择性更高,也更抗积碳。     

59Ni and 63Ni separation from boric acid concentrates produced at NPP

Procedure for direct separation of radionickel from boric acid concentrate was developed. Quantitative separation from 100 mL of real concentrate on the column filled with 3 mL of PAN-DMG composite material was achieved. PAN-DMG material (dimethylglyoxime in porous beads of polyacrylonitrile) was compared with Ni Resin and DMG-PAN material exhibited higher sorption capacity for nickel than Ni Resin.     

Prediction of a family of cage-shaped boric acid clusters

Equilibrium geometries, energies, and vibrational frequencies of cage-shaped boric acid clusters including the onion-like structure have been calculated at the HF/6-31G and B3LYP/6-31G(d) levels of theory. A family of cage-shaped boric acid clusters becomes evident according to our calculations. Each member of the family is formed by strong O-H...O hydrogen bonds. Higher cage-shaped boric acid clusters are more stable. The calculated stabilization energies for the cage-shaped boric acid clusters appear to steadily increase with the number of boric acid molecules (n) and are nearly linear in n. Similarities between cage-shaped boric acid clusters and fullerenes are also discussed.     

Determination of <Superscript>59</Superscript>Ni in radioactive waste

Composite material PAN-DMG, containing chelating agent dimethylglyoxime (DMG) immobilized in porous matrix of binding polymer polyacrylonitrile (PAN), was used for nickel separation and concentration. Method for preparation of ⁵⁹Ni source for low energy photon spectrometry was developed using homogeneous precipitation of nickel with DMG. The proposed method was tested with two types of real radioactive waste (boric acid concentrate from nuclear power plant (NPP) evaporator and spent ion exchanger from NPP).     

化学镀镍过程中丙酸作用的机理研究

利用循环伏安法和红外漫反射光谱法研究化学镀镍过程中丙酸的作用机理. 不同丙酸浓度下的循环伏安曲线表明,丙酸能同时促进Ni^2＋的还原和H₂PO^-₂的氧化.根据丙酸分别与NaH₂PO₂和NiSO₄共存时镍基体上吸附物的红外漫反射光谱变化,推断丙酸是通过与NaH₂PO₂和Ni^2＋形成表面络合物来促进化学沉积的. 丙酸能与NaH₂PO₂形成分子间氢键,促使P-H键断裂并生成·PHO^-₂中间物,从而提高H₂PO^-₂的氧化速度; 同时,丙酸以其-OCO-官能团与Ni^2＋生成桥式配合物,有利于加速Ni^2＋的沉积. H₂PO^-₂氧化速度的提高有助于磷的沉积,从而增大了化学镀层中的磷含量.     

Investigation of Electrosorption of Organic Molecules onto Gold and Nickel Electrodes Using an Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance

The adsorption behaviors of two organic molecules, benzoic acid (BA) and 2-butyne-1,4-diol (BD), on metal electrodes have been studied using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) combined with the cyclic voltammetry technique. In the range of potentials studied, BA molecules were adsorbed onto an electrodeposited gold electrode with a saturation concentration of 5.0 × 10¹⁴ molecules/cm². It was found that the Frumkin isotherm model was most suitable to depict the electrosorption behavior. The isotherm parameters by nonlinear fitting, which agreed with the literature values, implied BA was chemisorbed on the gold surface. For BD on an electrodeposited nickel electrode, the equivalent molar mass of the reaction species was calculated on the basis of the voltammetry curve and mass curve, which were obtained simultaneously during the potential scan. The analysis of EQCM data for the electrosorption of BD on gold and nickel electrodes showed an irreversible characteristic; the latter effectively inhibited the hydrogen evolution reaction.     

Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance determination of nickel formal partial charge number during nickel-underpotential deposition on platinum in sulphate media

We studied nickel-underpotential deposition (UPD) on polycrystalline platinum in sodium sulphate media using Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance (EQCM). EQCM enables to separate hydrogen and nickel adsorption/desorption contributions, which was impossible solely with electrochemistry. Thus, nickel coverage can be determined: nearly 0.8 Ni_UPD monolayer over platinum is deposited above nickel Nernst potential for pH 5.5. Coupling the gravimetric signal with nickel stripping peak coulometry yields the nickel formal partial charge number: ι_Ni,EQCM = 1.3 ± 0.13. Electrochemical measurements using Swathirajan and Bruckenstein’s method give: ι_Ni = 1.5 ± 0.17. Within the errors bars, both methods give similar results and ι_Ni lower than ${\mathrm{z}}_{{\text{Ni}}^{2+}}$: nickel adatoms apparently remain partially charged upon UPD on platinum following anion and nickel co-adsorption.     

镍负载量对乙醇水蒸气重整制氢催化性能和催化剂的影响

采用稳态实验对镍负载量对Ni/MgO催化剂在乙醇水蒸气重整反应的影响进行了研究。结果表明，在101.3kPa下，镍负载量越高，催化剂的活性越高。对于催化剂的选择性，存在一个最佳镍负载量为10%Ni/MgO。按选择性从大到小排序，不同镍负载量的催化剂为：10Ni/MgO>15Ni/MgO>12.5Ni/MgO>7.5Ni/MgO≈5Ni/MgO。热分析表明，焙烧过程中不同镍负载量的催化剂镍前体与载体前体之间发生的相互作用不同。XRD和TPR 表征结果显示，催化剂的晶体结构和还原特性也与催化剂上镍的负载量有关。焙烧过程中样品10Ni/MgO上镍前体与载体前体发生了两种相互作用, 并且其氧化态与其他催化剂相比具有特殊的结构和还原性。说明催化剂的选择性不仅受活性相Ni的影响而且受Ni活性相周围环境的影响。     

Biogas as a fuel for solid oxide fuel cells and synthesis gas production: effects of ceria-doping and hydrogen sulfide on the performance of nickel-based anode materials

Numerous investigations have been carried out into the conversion of biogas into synthesis gas (a mixture of H(2) + CO) over Ni/YSZ anode cermet catalysts. Biogas is a variable mixture of gases consisting predominantly of methane and carbon dioxide (usually in a 2 : 1 ratio, but variable with source), with other constituents including sulfur-containing gases such as hydrogen sulfide, which can cause sulfur poisoning of nickel catalysts. The effect of temperature on carbon deposition and sulfur poisoning of 90 : 10 mol% Ni/YSZ under biogas conversion conditions has been investigated by carrying out a series of catalytic reactions of methane-rich (2 : 1) CH(4)/CO(2) mixtures in the absence and presence of H(2)S over the temperature range 750-1000 °C. The effect of ceria-doping on carbon dioxide reforming, carbon deposition and sulfur tolerance has also been investigated by carrying out a similar series of reactions over ceria-doped Ni/YSZ. Ceria was doped at 5 mol% of the nickel content to give an anode catalyst composition of 85.5 : 4.5 : 10 mol% Ni/CeO(2)/YSZ. Reactions were followed using quadrupolar mass spectrometry (QMS) and the amount of carbon deposition was analysed by subjecting the reacted catalyst samples to a post-reaction temperature programmed oxidation (TPO). On undoped Ni/YSZ, carbon deposition occurred predominantly through thermal decomposition of methane. Ceria-doping significantly suppressed methane decomposition and at high temperatures simultaneously promoted the reverse Boudouard reaction, significantly lowering carbon deposition. Sulfur poisoning of Ni/YSZ occurred in two phases, the first of which caused the most activity loss and was accelerated on increasing the reaction temperature, while the second phase had greater stability and became more favourable with increasing reaction temperature. Adding H(2)S significantly inhibited methane decomposition, resulting in much less carbon deposition. Ceria-doping significantly increased the sulfur tolerance of Ni/YSZ, however, in the presence of H(2)S ceria did not promote the reverse Boudouard reaction and at high temperatures carbon deposition was greater over ceria-doped Ni/YSZ. In order to further study the effects of ceria-doping, a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) was constructed with a ceria-doped anode cermet and its electrical performance on simulated biogas compared to hydrogen was tested. This fuel cell was subsequently ran for 1000 h on simulated biogas with no degradation in its overall electrical performance.     

Ni/HZSM-5催化剂的结构及其催化山梨醇水相加氢合成烷烃性能

采用浸渍法制备了Ni/HZSM-5双功能催化剂,考察了焙烧温度对催化剂结构及其催化山梨醇水相加氢合成C5～C6烷烃性能的影响.结果表明,在金属中心和酸性载体的协同作用下,通过山梨醇中C-O键加氢和异构化高选择性合成了C5～C6烷烃.经500°C焙烧的Ni/HZSM-5催化剂上山梨醇水相加氢的活性最高,山梨醇转化率为62.0%,戊烷和己烷的总选择性为76.4%,其中异己烷选择性达45.4%.对催化剂进行N2物理吸附、X射线衍射、NH3程序升温脱附和H2程序升温还原等表征后发现,经500°C焙烧催化剂的有效比表面积和孔体积均明显增大,HZSM-5负载的硝酸镍分解成较小晶粒的NiO,表面酸量适中,且Ni物种与载体相互作用较强,较易被H2还原,Ni还原度达100%.这是其催化活性最高的原因.     

RESEARCH ON CATALYSTS OF ANTI-CARBON DEPOSITION FOR CH_4 REFORMING WITH CO_2

IntroductionMethaneandcarbondioxidearetWomaincompositionsforthegreenhouseeffectandtheworldglobewanningll].ItisbeneficialtoourlivingenviroIUnenttocontrolthereleaseofthesetwogases.Theconversionofmethanetothecommonfeedstocksynthesisgas(carbonmonoxideandhydro…     

Preparation of a palladium alloy composite membrane supported in a porous stainless steel by vacuum electrodeposition

Pinhole-free palladium/nickel (Pd/Ni) alloy membranes deposited on a porous stainless steel (SUS) support have been fabricated. The deposition was made by vacuum electrodeposition technique which could produce the alloy film less than 1 μm thick. This technique allows for the Pd/Ni alloy by employing Pd/Ni complex reagent, and typical Pd/Ni plating had compositions of 78% Pd and 22% Ni. In order to make the surface smooth and enhance the adhesive bond between the top layer and the substrate, a nascent porous SUS disk was treated sequently with submicron nickel powder and CuCN solution. The important parameters that can affect deposition were pore size, defects, and surface roughness of substrate. The membranes were characterized by permeation experiments with hydrogen and nitrogen at temperatures ranging from 623 to 823 K and pressures from 10.3 to 51.7 cmHg. The composite membranes prepared in this technique yielded excellent separation performance for hydrogen: hydrogen permeance of 5.79×10⁻² cm³/cm² cmHg s and hydrogen/nitrogen (H₂/N₂) selectivity was 4700 at 823 K.     

天然气和二氧化碳转化制合成气的研究 Ⅴ．甲烷脱氢积炭反应特征

采用ＴＧ、ＸＲＤ、ＳＥＭ、ＥＤＡＸ和脉冲色谱技术，研究了Ｎｉ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３和Ｎｉ／ＡＲＭ催化剂的甲烷脱氢积炭反应特征。结果指出，甲烷脱氢反应的积炭行为与催化剂上镍的分散状态有关。Ｎｉ－２催化剂上Ｎｉ的分散度小，晶粒大，甲烷脱氢形成的炭丝较长，主要以石墨型炭游离存在：而Ｎｉ／ＡＲＭ催化剂上Ｎｉ的分散度大，镍晶粒小，甲烷脱氢形成的炭丝较短，主要覆盖在催化剂活性中心表面。甲烷脱氢主要产生无定型炭和石墨型炭，其中无定型炭可以被ＣＯ２部分消除。在催化剂制备时，通过提高镍在催化剂表面的分散度，减小镍的晶粒大小，不仅可以提高催化剂的活性，而且可以提高ＣＯ２对积炭的消炭性能。     

Enhancement of the electrochemical reduction of oxygen at platinum by nickel underpotential deposition

Polycrystalline Pt electrode was modified by underpotential deposition (upd) of nickel. The modification was performed by potential cycling in phosphate buffer pH 7. 0 containing NiSO₄, in which hydrogen and nickel upd processes were well separated. The maximum Ni upd coverage was found to be 0.3. Oxygen reduction was studied at bare and nickel upd-modified Pt. It was found that the reaction rate increased with increasing Ni upd coverage. At θ(Ni)=0.3, the current density was a factor of 2 higher compared to bare Pt (at the potential of 0.85 V). The capacitance of the electrode interface was determined in potential-relaxation experiments following interruption of the polarization current. It was found that the pseudocapacitance owing to a coverage by the adsorbed reaction intermediates was higher on the Ni-modified Pt surface than on bare Pt, which resulted in higher reaction rate. The influence of Ni adatoms on the surface coverage by the reaction intermediates was attributed to the inhibition of OH adsorption on Pt by OH ligands attached on neighboring Ni atoms.