基于相对论超短电子束的THz源

THz波的产生有多种途径,清华大学加速器实验室正致力于发展基于相对论电子束的高峰值功率的THz辐射源。本文分别从高峰值流强的单束团与基于激光整形的多脉冲束团序列出发,介绍实验室在宽谱高电场梯度和准单频可调谐THz辐射等方面的研究进展。高亮度电子束团由新一代光阴极电子枪产生,经3 m行波加速管加速,能量可达~50 MeV,采用速度压缩机制可使束团长度达到百飞秒量级。该超短相对论束团可通过多种机制产生高峰值功率的THz辐射,目前,实验室已通过相干渡越辐射(CTR)获得单脉冲能量18μJ的THz辐射输出。同时,提出了一种结合欠压缩工作模式和漂移压缩方法的新束团压缩方案,可进一步将束团压缩至几十飞秒,有望获得频率范围为0.1 THz~30 THz的超宽谱THz辐射。本文同时介绍了多脉冲超短电子束序列的束团测量实验结果,通过模拟研究验证了基于该束团序列CTR产生高功率、可调谐准单频THz辐射的可行性,并进行了相应的实验方案设计。     

波前像差对超短飞秒激光脉冲聚焦特性的影响

为了研究波前像差对超短飞秒激光脉冲聚焦特性的影响, 基于瑞利-索末菲标量衍射理论, 对比研究了在散焦、像散、慧差、三叶形像差以及球差等各类波前像差下, 均匀强度分布和高斯强度分布的超短飞秒激光脉冲的聚焦特性。结果表明, 波前像差对均匀强度分布的飞秒脉冲在焦平面处的光强分布具有明显的不利影响, 从而降低飞秒脉冲的聚焦峰值功率, 而对高斯强度分布的飞秒脉冲影响相对较小, 即在高斯强度分布下, 在焦平面处仍然有可能获得较好的、近衍射极限的聚焦光斑; 在非焦平面处, 即使初始脉冲具有高斯强度分布, 非焦平面处的光强分布受各类波前像差的影响也较为明显; 对于所研究的30fs(1/e2半宽度)超短脉冲, 波前像差对脉冲持续时间的影响几乎可以忽略。此研究结果对超短飞秒激光束的光束质量评估及聚焦特性分析具有实际的指导意义。     

Laser ablation and micromachining with ultrashort laser pulses

The mechanisms of ultrashort-pulse laser ablation of materials are discussed, and the differences to that of long laser pulses are emphasized. Ultrashort laser pulses offer both high laser intensity and precise laser-induced breakdown threshold with reduced laser fluence. The ablation of materials with ultrashort pulses has a very limited heat-affected volume. The advantages of ultrashort laser pulses are applied in precision micromachining of various materials. Some femtosecond laser pulse micromachining results, including comparison with long pulses, are presented. Ultrashort-pulse laser micromachining may have a wide range of applications where micrometer and submicrometer feature sizes are required     

一种由强光担任摇摆器的新型自由电子激光器及其增益分析

提出了一种由超短脉冲双光束担任摇摆器的自由电子激光器的原理及设计方案,并在单电子近似的基础上给出了计算其增益的联立方程组,以用于数值模拟.指出了实现一种紧凑、廉价的可调谐光源的可能性.     

Electrodynamics of rotating relativistic electron beams

On the basis of the Minkowski formulation, this paper discusses the basic laws governing the small-signal fields propagated along an electron beam which is rotating around its axis with constant angular frequency of rotation and drifting in the axial direction at constant relativistic velocity. In the first preliminary section are described the dc conditions for getting a stable relativistic electron beam in the presence of neutralizing ions with arbitrary number density and externally applied static magnetic field. Then, after a brief discussion of the ac-field equations, the constitutive relations for small-signal fields are obtained in both the laboratory frame, which is assumed to be an inertial frame, and the rest frame of the electron beam, which is not an inertial but a rotating frame. The rotating relativistic electron beam is found to be a nonuniformly moving dispersive medium or, more specifically, an inhomogeneous bianisotropic medium with space and time dispersion. With the use of the constitutive relations derived above, the following sections consider the energy and momentum for the small-signal fields, and their conservation relations, together with their transformation laws between the laboratory frame and the rest frame of the electron beam. Our discussion includes, as the special cases, all the important cases of an ion-neutralized or axially confined beam and the Brillouin beam.     

缓慢上升快速下降的飞秒激光脉冲与气体等离子体作用的太赫兹辐射产生研究

飞秒激光脉冲与气体等离子体作用可以产生宽带、强的太赫兹脉冲辐射。采用一种缓慢上升、快速下降的飞秒激光脉冲与气体等离子体作用产生太赫兹辐射,并基于等离子体电流模型计算了这种太赫兹辐射的特性。由于这种特殊整形的激光脉冲能够对电子的加速产生较大的速度,从而可以产生较大的等离子体电流和较强的太赫兹辐射。计算结果显示:尽管这种特殊整形的飞秒激光脉冲能量有所损失,它能够比普通双色飞秒激光脉冲产生更强、更宽的太赫兹脉冲辐射。该项研究为基于激光等离子体作用的太赫兹辐射源提供了新的思路。     

超短脉冲激光的高效三倍频实验研究

我们采用KDP(Ⅱ)/KDP(Ⅱ)偏振失配装置,在ps Nd:YAG锁模激光器上进行三倍频实验,能量转换效率达到52%.模拟实验条件计算的理论,效率曲线与实验结果符合得很好.     

透明材料飞秒激光三维微制备

利用飞秒激光对透明材料进行改性和加工，制备三维微结构和器件受到极大的关注。本文介绍了在透明材料内部或表面进行微制备的方法和应用，包括利用飞秒激光诱导的折射率变化来制作光波导、光栅和耦合器等；利用材料内部的微爆炸实现三维点存储和其它三维点阵结构等；通过界面的烧蚀过程进行打孔、切割和刻蚀等；利用双光子聚合制备微透镜、光子晶体和衍射光学元件等等。     

超短光脉冲产生和传输问题的时空类比

运用时空类比的方法讨论了超短光脉冲的产生和传输的问题。将光栅衍射类比超短脉冲的形成,讨论了脉冲形状和伴脉冲的出现;用光束横截面在自由空间传播的衍射扩散类比超短脉冲在群速度色散介质的传输效应,分析了脉冲加宽、啁啾以及用位相共轭镜进行补偿的可能性。     

New method for generation of coherent ultrashort optical pulses

A new method for generating coherent ultrashort optical pulses from semiconductor lasers with GRIN short external coupled cavity (GSCCL) by means of sinusoidal direct modulation is proposed. 20 ps coherent ultrashort optical pulses have been obtained; the repetition rate is 730 MHz, and the side mode suppression ratio is more than 35 dB.<>     

A theory of narrow relativistic electron beams

Various models describing narrow electron beams are analyzed. The models are based on the theory proposed by Danilov, the theory developed from Ovcharov’s ideas, and the recent results obtained with the use of the geometrized theory of dense beams. The possibilities provided by different approaches are assessed and compared.     

圆偏振周期量级激光脉冲作用下电子辐射的空间分布

在电子汤普孙散射的经典理论的基础上,通过理论分析和计算机模拟,研究圆偏振周期量级激光脉冲作用下电子辐射的空间分布特性,提出可能的应用方向。研究发现,在相对论光强下,随着激光强度的增强,电子辐射逐渐增强,能量不断的向辐射中心集中,辐射能量分布的方向性逐渐突出;当改变激光的初相位时,电子辐射的总体方向发生偏移,表现为辐射分布图形的对称平面发生旋转,且旋转角度与激光初相位角改变大小相同。本文所进行的相关探讨基于电子辐射的三维空间立体图,所得到的有关电子谐波辐射的结论,可以为实验和工程上对电子辐射和激光参数测量的相关应用提供参考。     

超短脉冲激光特性的三阶相关测量研究

在飞秒激光放大系统研制以及激光与物质相互作用研究过程中,良好的脉冲对比度是十分重要的一个指标,为了准确地测定激光对比度,我们利用非线性晶体对激光强度变化十分敏感的特性,研制了一台三阶相关仪,并对一台飞秒激光器进行了脉冲对比度的测量研究,所得结果揭示出了二阶相关仪所无法得到的信息,为测量飞秒激光脉冲的对比度提供了一种简便的方法.     

三束飞秒激光辐照下铜膜内电子非平衡热输运

首先采用有限元法数值计算了铜膜内的电子温度和晶格温度分布变化,揭示了铜膜内电子非平衡热输运时间随飞秒激光光束参量的变化情况。仿真结果表明,铜膜内的电子非平衡热输运时间会随着泵浦光束数量及脉冲能量密度的增加而增加,并且使用三束飞秒泵浦激光作用时,电子非平衡热输运时间比单脉冲作用时的电子非平衡热输运时间增加了3倍。其次使用三束飞秒激光泵浦的泵浦-探测实验系统进行验证。实验结果表明:通过用具有一定延时的三束飞秒泵浦激光作用铜膜时,铜膜表面的瞬态反射率出现三次突变,使电子非平衡热输运时间得到极大延长,从而大幅度消除激光加工热障,并提高加工的质量、精度和效率。     

Conservation principles for plasmas and relativistic electron beams

Many useful conservation theorems are derived for relativistic electron beams and anisotropic plasmas. All these theorems are valid for confined-flow and irrotational-flow devices, and cold, collisionless plasmas. All the theorems are derived in a similar way, and a generalization of this method, using linear operators, is given. Among the power theorems discussed are: Tonks' theorem, the instantaneous and sinusoidal small-signal theorems, the energy theorem, a large-disturbance theorem, the Manley-Rowe formulas, an ac power theorem, and a cross-correlation theorem. Contributions to power and energy from surface waves are included. Allowing for relativistic flow and writing all equations in the laboratory frame does not significantly complicate the theorems, and in fact clarifies them somewhat. Many simple applications are discussed, although not in detail. Among these are: small-signal energy, power, and passivity; energy velocity in electron beam and plasma wave-guides; and a conservation theorem for multiple electron beams and electron beam-plasma interactions.     

超短光脉冲的频率分辨光学开关法测量研究

为了对二次谐波型和偏振开关型频率分辨光学开关法测量超短光脉冲的研究,利用矩阵的方法对实验系统中几种常见超短光脉冲的二次谐波-频率分辨光学开关和偏振开关-频率分辨光学开关光谱图进行了数值模拟,并采用基于矩阵的主元素广义投影算法从数值模拟的二次谐波-频率分辨光学开关光谱图中恢复了脉冲的振幅和相位,误差达到收敛的标准(G-4)。结果表明,频率分辨光学开关能够精确地测量超短光脉冲。     

利用飞秒激光和纳秒激光脉冲加工金刚石

分别利用脉宽在40 fs 和5 ns 的飞秒及纳秒激光脉冲加工了钎焊在不锈钢底板上的金刚石阵列.通过测量加工区域面积和入射激光功率的关系推断出了飞秒和纳秒激光脉冲加工金刚石材料的阈值.实验结果表明,相比于纳秒激光加工,利用飞秒激光加工金刚石的阈值更低.也利用显微镜比较了利用不同种类光源加工金刚石后加工区域的形貌.研究结果证明了利用飞秒激光加工金刚石相比于纳秒激光更为有效.     

超强飞秒激光脉冲在空气中的传输研究

对超强飞秒激光在空气中传输形成等离子体通道进行了系统研究.空气中长等离子体通道的形成主要是由于光学克尔自聚焦效应,等离子体散焦作用和光束衍射之间达到了动态平衡,使超强飞秒激光脉冲在空气中形成数百米长甚至千米量级长度的等离子体通道.我们发展了通道的四种主要诊断方法:声学诊断、荧光探测、电阻率测量和横截面成像方法,这几种方法各有优势,可以互为补充.研究了通道同时伴随的三次谐波辐射,三次谐波具有与基频激光相似的变化规律.从应用角度出发,我们对通道内细丝进行了优化控制,对通道寿命的延长进行了研究,使通道寿命达到了微秒量级.改变激光脉冲的初始啁啾,得到了更远距离处的稳定成丝分布,和最优化的超连续光谱产生,此外,还介绍了激光诱导高压放电的应用研究.     

一种产生相干超短光脉冲的简易方法

利用短耦合腔半导体激光器的直接调制,产生脉宽为17.8ps,边模抑制比达38dB的相干超短光脉冲,脉冲峰值功率达130mW。     

Analysis of mode locking and ultrashort laser pulses with a nonlinear refractive index

A new method for locking the longitudinal modes of a laser resonator and generating ultrashort pulses of light is described. The cavity modes are coupled together when a medium with a refractive index nonlinearity is placed in the cavity. A theoretical study is presented which analyzes the mode structure of a laser resonator containing a cell filled with an anisotropic molecular liquid. It is found that under certain conditions the energy exchange between the modes gives rise to a mode-locked spectrum and to the attendant generation of ultrashort pulses of light (sim 10^{-11}second for a ruby laser, 10^-12second for a Nd³⁺: glass laser).