Anisotropic Phantoms for Quantitative Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Fiber-Tracking Validation

Different fiber materials (hemp, linen, viscose rayon, polyamide and dyneema twine) were tested for their suitability as fiber phantoms for diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) calibration on clinical magnetic resonance imaging systems with common diffusion-weighted echo planar imaging sequences. Additionally, the potential for fiber tracking validation of these fiber phantoms was investigated. For phantom manufacturing the fibers were wound up into a bundle of parallel fibers enwrapped by plastic ribbon. The most homogenously distributed fractional anisotropy (FA) values (0.63 ± 0.10) were determined in the dyneema and polyamide (0.3 ± 0.1) fiber phantom. FA values in the viscose, linen and hemp bundles were at high variations (about 0.2 ± 0.10). The dispersion of the direction of the principal eigenvector in the polyamide and dyneema phantom was less than 7°, for the other fiber phantoms it was over 30°. Thus, the presented results may indicate that polyamide- and dyneema-based fiber phantoms provide the opportunity for verification and validation of DTI sequences on clinical scanner. Additionally, they can be applicable for testing the accuracy of fiber tracking algorithms. A strong parallel alignment of the fibers with a constant compression grade of the fiber bundles could be achieved by machine-made production. This could also provide highly reproducible diffusion properties within the anisotropic fiber phantoms. Authors' address: Kamil A. Il'yasov, Physics Department, Kazan State University, Kremlevskaya ulitsa 18, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation     

用CCD测量生物组织的漫反射率和透射率

介绍CCD实验装置和用C语言开发的CCD图像分析系统 ,测量和分析了新鲜猪脂肪和猪肌肉空间分辨的漫反射率和透射率 ,将测量结果与MonteCarlo模拟结果以及基于漫射理论的两个模型的结果相比较 ,结果表明在距离光束中心 12mm的范围内理论结果与实验结果符合得较好。结论是用CCD测量装置以及作者所开发的图像分析系统可以用于测定生物组织的漫反射率和透射率 ,这项测量为生物组织光学参数的无损和快速测量提供了实验依据。     

基于数字全息干涉术的液相扩散过程可视化

提出了利用数字全息干涉术可视化观测液相扩散过程.实验中,采用马赫-曾德干涉仪光路记录乙醇与水之间两相扩散过程的多幅数字全息图;再通过数值再现不同扩散状态的波前相位分布,获得液体中的摩尔浓度分布;最后,根据菲克定律获得两相流扩散系数.结果表明:利用数字全息干涉术可实现对液相扩散传质过程的快速、实时及高精度测量;该方法还具有可实现远程监控、拥有大量微观数据的优点;此外,采用文中全息干涉光路结合波分与角分复用技术可实现多相流扩散系数的测量,为获得溶液中非线性变化特征参量提供了有效技术手段.     

Non-invasive Measurement of Simulated Burn Depth Using Intensity Fluctuations of Diffusion Light

The determination of burn depth is an important problem for surgeons to remedy severe skin burns. The burn can be simplified as a two-layer media model: a static layer and a dynamic layer. In this paper, the relative fluctuation of backscattering light intensity was used to determine the simulated burn depth. The experimental results show that the relative fluctuation of light intensity increases with the simulated burn depth and the depth less than 0.1 mm can be resolved. This new method may be useful for burn diagnosis.     

Non-invasive Measurement of Simulated Burn Depth Using Intensity Fluctuations of Diffusion Light

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Single-Shot Diffusion Measurement in Laser-Polarized Gas

A single-shot pulsed gradient stimulated echo sequence is introduced to address the challenges of diffusion measurements of laser polarized 3He and 129Xe gas. Laser polarization enhances the NMR sensitivity of these noble gases by >10(3), but creates an unstable, nonthermal polarization that is not readily renewable. A new method is presented which permits parallel acquisition of the several measurements required to determine a diffusive attenuation curve. The NMR characterization of a sample's diffusion behavior can be accomplished in a single measurement, using only a single polarization step. As a demonstration, the diffusion coefficient of a sample of laser-polarized 129Xe gas is measured via this method.     

Comparing Diffusion Approximation with Radiation Transfer Analysis for Light Transport in Tissues

The diffusion model that is an approximation of the equation of radiation transfer is typically used to describe photon migration in scattering-dominant media. In general biological tissue is highly scattering and very weakly absorbing against near-infrared light, yet it is heterogeneous and may contain relatively highly absorbing or low-scattering regions. Here applicability of the diffusion approximation over the radiative transfer theory for describing ultrafast laser transport in biological tissues is numerically studied and investigated over different kinds of tissue conditions and geometries. Tissues having tumors of different sizes, locations and nature as well as dual-tumor and low-scattering conditions are considered. Radiation transfer analysis is taken as a comparison objective and it is initially proved to be accurate in benchmark comparisons with Monte Carlo simulation. The results predict systematically about the compatible conditions where and when we can use the diffusion approximation and the conditions in which the diffusion approximation may provide misleading results.     

Measurement of Transverse Relaxation Times and Content Ratio ofNa in Phantoms Simulating Biological Systems by Use of Multiple-Quantum Filtering

Sodium in most biological systems relaxes biexponentially and generates a multiple-quantum signal. In a multiple-quantum filtering sequence, the sodium contributing to the multiple-quantum signal is in single-quantum coherences during the preparation and acquisition times, while it is in multiple-quantum coherences during the evolution time. In contrast to the biexponential relaxation of single-quantum coherences, double- and triple-quantum coherences relax monoexponentially during the evolution time with fast and slow transverse relaxation rates, respectively. This unique feature of multiple-quantum filtering is exploited to measure the transverse relaxation rates of phantoms simulating intracellular and extracellular sodium by analyzing the double- and triple-quantum signals acquired at various evolution times. As a byproduct, the relative ratio of multiple-quantum signals derived from intracellular and extracellular sodium can also be simultaneously determined. This technique may enable the distinction between intracellular and extracellular sodium content in biological systems without using potentially toxic shift reagents.     

Bi-Exponential T2 Decay in Dairy Cream Phantoms

MRI phantoms are an important part of any experiment because they provide a reference of known parameters. There are many choices of mono-exponential T₂ phantoms, but few choices for bi-exponential T₂ phantoms. We have found that dairy cream provides an excellent bi-exponential T₂ model with similar relaxation times to those found in white matter. Five cream phantoms of different milk fat percentages (2, 6, 10, 18 and 35%) were imaged with an optimized Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill sequence. The decay curves for each of the phantoms were fit using Non-Negative Least Squares. We found that the short T₂ component fraction relative to the total energy in the distribution correlated linearly (r = 0.9973) with the milk fat percentage. The short T₂ time was 38 ± 4 ms and the long T₂ time was 135 ± 4 ms.     

Tunable Visible Cloaking Using Liquid Diffusion

A method is introduced for the design of invisibility cloaks inspired by fluid dynamics that is different from traditional transformation optics. The inhomogeneous refractive index of the liquid cloak controlled by the natural liquid diffusion is analogous to its counterpart designed by transformation optics. Here, a tunable liquid visible cloak is experimentally presented by the natural diffusion of miscible flows. This method avoids the use of complex nanostructures in its solid counterpart, and provides a simple and low‐cost approach. This implies that optofluidics can be used as a technology to make real‐time reconfigurable transformation optic devices.     

Atom Localization Using a Rydberg State

A theoretical study is presented for two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) atom localization in a four-level atomic system involving a Rydberg state. The scheme is based on a mixture of two well-known V- and ladder-type systems illuminated by a weak probe field as well as control and switching laser beams of larger intensity, which could be standing waves. As a result of space-dependent atom? light interaction and due to the effect of Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency or Rydberg electromagnetically induced absorption, various 2D and 3D localization structures appear. Specifically, the detecting probability and precision of 2D and 3D atom localization can be remarkably enhanced through suitable adjusting the controlling parameters of the system. The proposed scheme may provide a promising approach to achieve high precision and perfect resolution 2D and 3D atom localization.     

Negative Magneto-Resistance Beyond Weak Localization in Three-Dimensional Billiards:Effect of Arnold Diffusion

We investigate a semiclassical conductance for ballistic open three-dimensional (3-d) billiards. For partially or completely broken-ergodic 3-d billiards such as SO(2) symmetric billiards, the dependence of the conductance on the Fermi wavenumber is dramatically changed by the lead orientation. Application of a symmetry-breaking weak magnetic field brings about mixed phase-space structures of 3-d billiards which ensures a novel Arnold diffusion that cannot be seen in 2-d billiards. In contrast to the 2-d case, the anomalous increment of the conductance should inevitably include a contribution arising from Arnold diffusion as well as a weak localization correction. Discussions are devoted to the physical condition for observing this phenomenon.     

Polystyrene Microspheres in Tissue-Simulating Phantoms Can Collisionally Quench Fluorescence

Tissue-simulating phantoms that replicate intrinsic optical properties in a controlled manner are useful for quantitative studies of photon transport in turbid biological media. In such phantoms, polystyrene microspheres are often used to simulate tissue optical scattering. Here, we report that using polystyrene microspheres in fluorescent tissue-simulating phantoms can reduce fluorophore quantum yield via collisional quenching. Fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy was employed to characterize quenching in phantoms consisting of a fluorescein dye and polystyrene microspheres (scattering coefficients _s 100-600cm^–1). For this range of tissue-simulating phantoms, analysis using the Stern-Volmer equation revealed that collisional quenching by polystyrene microspheres accounted for a decrease in fluorescence intensity of 6-17% relative to the intrinsic intensity value when no microspheres (quenchers) were present. The intensity decrease from quenching is independent of additional, anticipated losses arising from optical scattering associated with the microspheres. These results suggest that quantitative fluorescence measurements in studies employing such phantoms may be influenced by collisional quenching.     

具有在线形貌矫正能力的组织体光学参数测量系统

针对具有复杂形貌的大面积组织体,基于空间频率域方法,提出并搭建了一种具有在线形貌矫正能力的绝对光学参数测量系统.首先利用相位轮廓术获取组织体三维表面轮廓,用余弦辐射公式法矫正由组织体表面复杂形貌引起的光照度的差异.然后,采用漫反射板代替传统方法中的参考仿体,基于空间频率域测量模式进行绝对光学参数测量,并利用提出的光学参数反演方法实现组织体吸收系数的重建.组织仿体实验结果表明,对于表面高度小于29mm的仿体,经矫正后,吸收系数的测量相对误差从60%下降到13%.     

直肠组织的高分辨魔角旋转核磁共振波谱研究

文章对6例直肠癌变及正常组织进行高分辨魔角旋转核磁共振波谱研究,结果显示直肠癌变和正常组织的核磁共振氢谱存在明显差异。这可以通过特征峰面积与0.88处峰积分面积的比值上的差异看出：（1）在化学位移0.75～1.55之间,癌组织各种氨基酸[缬氨酸,异亮氨酸,亮氨酸]与脂肪酸甲基的比值（I₂/I₁）,癌组织乳酸盐与脂肪酸甲基的比值(I₄/I₁)都明显增大。（2）在化学位移1.55～2.90之间,癌变组织中亮氨酸、赖氨酸、异亮氨酸与脂肪酸甲基的比值（I₇/I₁）, 谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺、缬氨酸、琥珀酸与脂肪酸甲基的比值((I₉+I₁₁)/I₁)、天冬氨酸与脂肪酸甲基的比值((I₁₂+I₁₄)/I₁)都较正常组织明显增大。（3）在化学位移2.90～3.49之间,癌变组织氨基酸与脂肪酸甲基的比值（I₁₅/I₁）、胆碱类与脂肪酸甲基的比值((I₁₆+I₁₇)/I₁)、牛磺酸与脂肪酸甲基的比值((I₁₈+I₁₉)/I₁)都较正常组织明显增大。（4）在化学位移3.49～4.50之间,其他代谢物与脂肪酸甲基的比值（I₂₀/I₁）,以及甘油基与脂肪酸甲基的比值（I₂₂/I₁）在癌变组织中都有增大的趋势。（5）化学位移4.5～10之间,癌变组织的核苷酸发生了变化,癌变组织的不饱和脂肪酸与脂肪酸甲基的比值（I₂₄/I₁）明显减小。（6）在化学位移-8～0.75之间,癌变组织的谱峰有减少的趋势。通过上述分析可知,通过癌变与正常组织代谢物NMR谱峰的差异,可以区分癌变和正常组织。说明核磁共振波谱技术可能发展成为一种诊断直肠癌的新方法。     

High Probe Intensity Photobleaching Measurement of Lateral Diffusion in Cell Membranes

Lateral diffusion measurements, most commonly accomplished through Fluorescence Photobleaching Recovery (FPR or FRAP), provide important information on cell membrane molecules' size, environment and participation in intermolecular interactions. However, serious difficulties arise when these techniques are applied to weakly expressed proteins of either of two types: fusions of membrane receptors with visible fluorescent proteins or membrane molecules on autofluorescent cells. To achieve adequate sensitivity in these cases, techniques such as interference fringe FPR are needed. However, in such measurements, cytoplasmic species contribute to the fluorescence recovery signal and thus yield diffusion parameters not properly representing the small number of surface molecules. A new method helps eliminate these difficulties. High Probe Intensity (HPI)-FPR measurements retain the intrinsic confocality of spot measurements to eliminate interference from fluorescent cytoplasmic species. However, HPI-FPR methods lift the previous requirement that FPR procedures be performed at probe beam intensities low enough to not induce bleaching in samples during measurements. The high probe intensities now employed provide much larger fluorescence signals and thus more information on molecular diffusion from each measurement. We report successful measurement of membrane dynamics by this technique.     

Numerical Simulation of Photon Migration in Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Cylindrical Phantoms

Optics and Spectroscopy - Features of the propagation of low-coherent pulse radiation in phantoms of soft biological tissues (blood-perfused tissues of brain, breast, etc.) are described. Results...     

Decoherence Suppression in Phase Decoherence Environment Using Weak Measurement and Quantum Measurement Reversal

Decoherence suppression from disturbance of the environment is an essential task in quantum information processing. We investigate decoherence suppression of a qubit system interacting with a heat bath with phase decoherence by employing the weak measurement (WM) and quantum measurement reversal (QMR) operation. We show explicitly that the qubit decoherence can be efficiently completely suppressed by means of the combination WM and QMR, which is independent of the form of the spectral density of the reservoir and the form of initial input state.