Hologram multiplexing in acrylamide hydrophilic photopolymers

Unslanted diffraction gratings are recorded in a 900 μm thick acrylamide photopolymer by means of peristrophic multiplexing. A solid state Nd:YAG (λ = 532 nm) laser is used as the recording beam, with a total incident intensity of 5 mW/cm², and a He-Ne laser as the reconstruction beam. The dye concentration in the photopolymer is optimized so that it does not limit the dynamic range. Nine holograms are recorded using constant exposure time scheduling and variable exposure time scheduling. From the results obtained it may be deduced that optimization of the dye allows us to work in the linear response region of the photopolymer and at the same time obtain high values of diffraction efficiency for each hologram. An exponential increase in exposure time as the number of holograms increases enables the values of diffraction efficiency to be homogenized with regard to the case of constant exposure scheduling. In this way, better use is made of the dynamic range of acrylamide hydrophilic photopolymer.     

Recording multiple holographic gratings in silver-doped photopolymer using peristrophic multiplexing

Plane-wave transmission gratings were stored in the same location of silverdoped photopolymer film using peristrophic multiplexing techniques. Constant and variable exposure scheduling methods were adopted for storing gratings in the film using He-Ne laser (632.8 nm). The role of recording geometry on the dynamic range of the material was studied by comparing the results obtained from both techniques. Peristrophic multiplexing with rotation of the film in a plane normal to the bisector of the incident beams resulted in better homogenization of diffraction efficiencies and larger M/# value.     

Electric field selectivity and multiplexing of volume holograms in LiNbO3

Theoretical and experimental investigations of electric field multiplexing and selectivity of reflection volume holograms in LiNbO₃ are reported. Recording of at least five holograms is demonstrated. Equivalent spectral selectivity (5Ƽ.5 pm for the case of three electrically tunable holograms and (5ǁ pm for the case of five electrically tunable holograms are estimated.     

多路角度复用体全息三维显示技术

为满足高分辨率真三维大数据显示的空间带宽积要求,提出一种基于多通道角度复用模式的体全息三维显示技术。通过对三维场景进行波前编码,获得相位计算全息图,并将计算全息图依次按照不同角度复用记录到掺杂金纳米颗粒体全息光致聚合物材料的同一区域,获得复用体全息图,再现时可以在不同角度观察三维场景。在体全息三维显示实验系统中,实现体全息材料记录区域的单点像素总数为120×1 920×1 080,显示的空间带宽积达到了2.5×108,相对于空间光调制器显示提升了120倍。     

Large enhancement of Faraday rotation by localized surface plasmon resonance in Au nanoparticles embedded in Bi:YIG film

A large enhancement of the Faraday rotation, which is associated with localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), was obtained in a sample with Au nanoparticles embedded in a Bi-substituted yttrium iron garnet (Bi:YIG) film. On a quartz substrate, Au nanoparticles were formed by heating an Au thin film, and a Bi:YIG film was then deposited on them. A sample containing the Au nanoparticles produced by 1000 °C heating showed a resonant attenuation with narrower bandwidth in the transmission spectrum than nanoparticles of other samples formed by low-temperature heating. The sharp resonant Faraday rotation angle was 4.4 times larger than the estimated intrinsic Bi:YIG film at the LSPR wavelength; the angular difference was 0.14°. A discrepancy in the bandwidth between the transmission attenuation and the resonant Faraday rotation is discussed.     

Polytopic multiplexing

Polytopic multiplexing is a new method of overlapping holograms that, when combined with other multiplexing techniques, can increase the capacity of a volume holographic data storage system by more than a factor of 10. This is because the method makes possible the effective utilization of thick media. An experimental demonstration of this technique is also presented.     

基于数字全息及复用技术的全场偏振态测试方法

提出了一种在数字全息记录系统中利用偏振和角分复用技术对光场进行偏振态检测的方法. 将全息系统中的一束参考光分为偏振方向相互正交、初相位相同的两束光, 并分别与物光相同偏振方向的两个分量干涉, 形成两幅子全息图, 同时记录在一帧画面中. 为了分开记录到的物光两个分量, 系统中利用了角分复用技术, 即在两束参考光中引入不同载频, 使物光两分量的频谱位于全息图频谱面的不同区域. 通过滤波、逆傅里叶变换和衍射计算, 获取距离全息图不同位置处物光两正交分量复振幅信息. 利用复振幅信息, 可以构建被测物光的斯托克斯参量和琼斯矢量, 从而表征物光的偏振态. 实验中, 通过对一束椭圆偏振光进行偏振态测量以及对该光束在不同空间位置处的偏振态进行表征, 表明该方法可以实现光束偏振态全场测试, 并且具有较高的可靠性. 关键词： 数字全息 偏振态 琼斯矢量 斯托克斯参量     

Orthogonal-reference-pattern-modulated shift multiplexing for collinear holographic data storage

A novel hybrid shift multiplexing method for collinear holographic data storage (CHDS) by using orthogonal reference patterns (RPs) is proposed, analyzed, and demonstrated. For this method, holograms are multiplexed by not only shifting the media but also using different RPs. Compared with the traditional method, the shift pitch for the hybrid method is substantially reduced because of the selectivity introduced by different RPs. The interpage cross talk due to Bragg mismatch and degeneracy for multiplexing holograms in the same volume by using orthogonal RPs is also attenuated by utilizing the shift selectivity of the hologram. A 1.5 μm shift pitch is experimentally achieved by using three amplitude RPs in a system that would be 4.5 μm with only one RP. This new method offers an alternative to significantly increase the data density and transfer rate of the CHDS system given that the media has ideal properties.     

Remote multiplexing of holograms with random patterns from multimode fiber bundles

We propose the remote multiplexing of holograms with random patterns from a multimode fiber bundle used as the reference beams. The random pattern reference beam is characterized by the superposition and concatenation of propagation modes of multimode fiber and free space. For angle, shift, and wavelength remote multiplexing we compare two methods of laser coupling to the fiber bundle, i.e., direct coupling and lens coupling. A theoretical discussion that uses mode orthogonality is provided to describe multiplexing characteristics, and the theory is verified by experimental results. These remote-multiplexing methods can be applied to general multimode waveguide arrays for construction of compact and integrated optical systems in which multiplexing can be controlled remotely.     

Diffraction from angular multiplexing slanted volume hologram gratings

The diffraction characteristics of the volume holographic gratings made by multiexposures with angular multiplexing during its construction is investigated. Because of the reflection by the interface between the emulsion and the substrate or the air there is an extra unslanted periodic structure inside a slanted grating, it will affect properties of the slanted volume holographic gratings. When the angle between the surface of the substrate and the grating plane of the slanted grating is less than a certain value, an extra peak accompanying the main peak will appear in the diffraction spectrum. But, when the angle is larger than the certain value, one designed and expected main peak will disappeared while the extra peak is kept and observed. This phenomenon limits the capacity of the volume hologram for the application in wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM).     

Shift multiplexing with a two-dimensional lens array

We propose a new shift multiplexing method to reduce the cross-talk noise and increase the holographic storage density. We use spherical waves emerging from a two-dimensional lens array as reference beams to multiple holograms. The theoretical results indicate that the sidelobes of the diffraction intensity can sharply be reduced to near-zero and the spatial separation of adjacent holograms can also be reduced, resulting in higher holographic storage density than conventional shift multiplexing methods.     

Random phase-coded multiplexing of hologram volumes using ground glass

We apply an encoding method, random phase-coded multiplexing, to volume hologram multiplexing and demonstrate the recording of 100 holograms in LiNbO₃: 0.01% Fe. A theory is developed to interpret the noise generated by this method, and a computer simulation is provided for direct comparison.     

Volume hologram scheme using optical fiber for spatial multiplexing

Speckle patterns from optical fibers are used for reference beams in writing and reading volume holograms. The photorefractive volume hologram with the scheme shows good spatial selectivity for spatial (shift) multiplexing. Experimental results are presented and compared with numerical analysis.     

Electrically controlled diffraction of light by reflection holograms in an LiNbO3 crystal

A theoretical and experimental investigation is made of the electrical selectivity of reflection volume holograms recorded in a LiNbO₃ crystal using a near-optimum geometry. An analysis is made of the factors limiting electrical multiplexing. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 40, 1038–1041 (June 1998)     

Optical holographic memory using angular-rotationally phase-coded multiplexing in a LiNbO3:Fe crystal

We propose a new holographic memory scheme based on random-phase-coded multiplexing in a photorefractive LiNbO₃:Fe crystal. Experimental results show that rotating a diffuser placed as a random-phase modulator in the path of the reference beam provides a simple yet effective method of increasing the holographic storage capabilities of the crystal. Combining this rotational multiplexing with angular multiplexing offers further data-storage possibilities. The advantage of using post-image versus pre-image phase modulation of the object beam is demonstrated. Received: 15 August 2000 / Published online: 10 January 2001     

基于复用体全息光栅的光学相控阵放大级串扰优化

提高各通道输出光信噪比,进行了复用体全息光栅的优化设计研究。推导了适用于角度放大器的多路复用体光栅耦合波理论,并与单路耦合波理论进行了比较。针对复用体光栅中的串扰问题,研究了调整光栅结构参数优化串扰的规律,并进行了实验验证。研究结果表明:当相邻两路体光栅的布拉格角间隔小于二者角度选择半宽之和时,相互间串扰较强,必须使用多路耦合波理论描述复用体光栅中波的衍射行为。调整相邻路体光栅的矢量倾斜角间隔、减小光栅周期和增加光栅厚度都可以降低串扰,其中调整矢量倾斜角和光栅周期优化效果明显但会降低角放大率,增加介质厚度不影响角放大率但需要厚度增加数倍才有效。     

基于复用体全息光栅的光学相控阵放大级串扰优化

提高各通道输出光信噪比,进行了复用体全息光栅的优化设计研究。推导了适用于角度放大器的多路复用体光栅耦合波理论,并与单路耦合波理论进行了比较。针对复用体光栅中的串扰问题,研究了调整光栅结构参数优化串扰的规律,并进行了实验验证。研究结果表明：当相邻两路体光栅的布拉格角间隔小于二者角度选择半宽之和时,相互间串扰较强,必须使用多路耦合波理论描述复用体光栅中波的衍射行为。调整相邻路体光栅的矢量倾斜角间隔、减小光栅周期和增加光栅厚度都可以降低串扰,其中调整矢量倾斜角和光栅周期优化效果明显但会降低角放大率,增加介质厚度不影响角放大率但需要厚度增加数倍才有效。     

Cross talk between holograms of finite contrast in a phase-code multiplexing system

The cross talk between holograms recorded in a phase-code multiplexing system is analyzed. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is derived for the original image of a finite contrast ratio in the presence of a phase-shift error of the reference beam. It is shown that one particular code in the Walsh-Hadamard code set can be the dominant cross-talk noise source. We experimentally measured the SNR of the holograms recorded in an 8-bit phase-code multiplexing system by varying the contrast ratio of the original image. We show good agreement between experiment and theory. The existence of one bad code is also shown experimentally.     

Simulation of diffraction from volume holograms

Coupled wave equations that consider two-dimensional distribution and phases of gratings are derived by using weak grating and slow varying approximation. The result of angular selectivity on rand binary data page shows that each minimum is nonzero and each maximum that is not the middle maximum is a little bit smaller than that on plane wave volume hologram. Angular multiplexing is also modeled using the same method, and the middle page is read out in two different angular spacings. The relationship about PSNR versus angular spacing at different multiplexing pages is analyzed to reflect crosstalk between pages. All simulative results show this method is effective for volume holograms simulation.     

The application of a rotating-wave-plate stokes polarimeter for measurement of the optical rotation angle

An optical scheme based on Stokes-Mueller formalism and rotating-wave-plate Stokes polarimeter is successfully developed to measure the optical rotation angle in a chiral medium. The average relative error in the measured rotation angle of a half-wave plate is determined to be 1.16%. The average relative error in the measured rotation angles of glucose solutions with concentrations ranging from 0 to 1.2 g/dl is determined to be 3.78%. The correlation coefficient between the measured rotation angle and the glucose concentration is found to be 0.99950, while the standard deviation is just 0.00376°. From the inspection of measured rotation angle in the sol-gel materials containing C₁₇H₁₇ClO₆ with concentrations ranging from 0 to 0.0665 g/ml, the average relative error in the measured rotation angles is determined to be 3.63%. Consequently, the derived algorithm for measuring the rotation angle of a chiral medium is feasible, and the developed system is evaluated with a precision of 5.4% approximately in rotation angle measurement.