对硝基邻苯二乙醚合成技术研究

以邻苯二酚与溴乙烷为原料、聚乙二醇为相转移催化剂合成邻苯二乙醚,再经过冰醋酸和硝酸硝化得到对硝基邻苯二乙醚。研究了反应温度、反应时间、原料摩尔比和催化剂用量等对反应收率的影响,获得了合成邻苯二乙醚的优化工艺条件:n(C6H4(OH)2)∶n(NaO H)∶n(C2H5Br)=1∶2.6∶2.4,反应温度80℃,反应时间4h,催化剂用量2g,该反应条件下邻苯二乙醚平均收率88%。混酸硝化条件下合成对硝基邻苯二乙醚的较佳工艺条件为n(C10H14O2)∶n(HNO3)=1∶1.2,乙酸25mL,反应时间30min,反应温度20℃,该反应条件下对硝基邻苯二乙醚平均收率为99%。     

绿色氧化合成苯乙酮的研究

研究了以氧气为氧化剂、液相氧化乙苯合成苯乙酮反应的各种影响因素,在优化的反应条件(冰乙酸20mL、乙苯5mL、醋酸钴用量为乙苯的4.2%(物质的量)、Br/Co=2.5(物质的量)、氧气流速为100mL/min、常压、温度80℃和反应时间4h)下,乙苯转化率达到99.94%,苯乙酮收率达到98.49%.     

Dawson型磷钨酸催化合成乳酸月桂醇酯

用Dawson型磷钨酸催化合成乳酸月桂醇酯。实验结果表明:Dawson型磷钨酸有较高的催化活性,反应时间短,酯收率高,工艺简单。最佳工艺条件为:醇/酸摩尔比为1.5:1,催化剂用量为0.3%,带水剂甲苯体积(mL)与反应物质量(g)之比为0.4:1~0.5:1,反应温度为115~140℃,反应时间30~50min。在此条件下,酯收率可超过93% 。     

一类新型受阻酚抗氧剂的合成与表征

以3,5-丙酰氯和1.0代以氨为核的星型聚酰胺-胺为原料,通过缩合反应合成一类结构新颖的受阻酚抗氧剂,通过正交实验确定新型抗氧剂的最佳合成工艺条件为:n(3,5-丙酰氯):n(1.0代PAMAM)=5:1,溶剂三氯甲烷用量为40mL,反应时间为12 h,分段升温.此条件下,产品收率在65％以上,熔点为204.5℃～20...     

顺-5-降冰片烷-外-2,3-二甲酰亚胺的合成

以顺-5-降冰片烯-外-2,3-二甲酸酐（2）为原料,氨气为氨源,经氨化反应制得顺-5-降冰片烯-外-2,3-二甲酰亚胺（3）; 3经钯炭催化氢化合成了盐酸鲁拉西酮关键中间体顺-5-降冰片烷-外-2,3-二甲酰亚胺（1）,其结构经¹ H NMR和MS（ESI）确证。研究了2与氨气的投料比[r=n（2）/n（氨气）]、反应时间、析晶时间对3外观和收率的影响,以及氢化反应温度和反应时间对1外观和收率的影响。结果表明：合成3的最佳反应条件为：r=1.0/2.5,反应时间25~30 h,析晶时间6~8 h, 3收率93.2%。合成1的最佳反应条件为：氢化反应温度20~30 ℃,反应时间6~10 h, 1收率98.2%。 1的中试极限条件为：于40~50 ℃浓缩6 h,湿品于45~55 ℃干燥8 h,总收率91.5%。     

醚化剂GTA的合成及在制备阳离子聚乙烯醇中的应用

以三甲胺(TMA)和环氧氯丙烷(EPIC)为原料,超声条件下合成了醚化剂失水甘油基三甲基氯化铵(GTA),研究了物料配比、反应温度、反应时间对产物收率的影响,确定GTA最优合成工艺条件:n(TMA)∶n(EPIC)=2∶1,反应温度20℃,反应时间4 h,此条件下产物收率72%。用该中间体在碱性条件下对聚乙烯醇进行改性,可制得季铵盐型阳离子聚乙烯醇膜材料,通过正交实验确定季铵盐型阳离子聚乙烯醇最优合成工艺条件:n(GTA)∶n(PVA)=2∶1,反应温度60~70℃,反应时间5 h,p H为10,终产物收率88%。     

一锅法有效合成氨基甲酸酯类化合物

以四甲基胍(TMG)为催化剂, 乙腈(ACT)为溶剂, 利用CO₂、胺和烷基氯三组分在0.10 MPa, 70～80 ℃条件下, 一锅法有效合成氨基甲酸酯类化合物, 并研究了收率和产率的影响. 结果表明, 最优反应条件为n(胺)∶n(烷基氯)＝3～4、反应温度70～80 ℃、反应时间2～3 h、酯分离收率达68.7%～81.3%, 酯纯度达到99.9%     

光热法制备氯代碳酸乙烯酯的工艺条件和反应动力学

氯代碳酸乙烯酯(CEC)主要用于锂电池电解液添加剂和有机合成中间体,其工业化生产一直是合成化学中研究的课题。本文利用碳酸乙烯酯(EC)为原料,在紫外光和加热条件下,通入氯气,生成氯代碳酸乙烯酯。通过改变反应时间、反应温度和氯气流量,用气相色谱方法测量EC转化率和CEC收率,系统地研究了工艺条件对光热法制备CEC过程的影响。结果表明：反应时间、反应温度和氯气流量对CEC的合成过程都有十分重要的影响。综合考虑CEC收率和副产物收率,选择最佳工艺条件为：反应时间4 h,反应温度85℃,氯气流量80 mL/min。通过加入自由基抑制剂,确定了制备CEC的过程为自由基反应。通过研究不同时间原料的转化率,确定了该反应为一级动力学反应,该反应的活化能为37.65 kJ/mol。     

Mg(ClO4)2催化2-取代-4-甲酰基-1,2,3-三唑与β-环己二酮的缩合反应

在Mg(ClO4):催化下,2-取代-4-甲酰基-1,2,3-三唑代替传统的芳香醛与β-环己二酮在乙腈介质中进行缩合反应生成氧杂葸,反应时间为5～6 h,产率75%～86%.该方法具有操作简便、反应时间短及产率高等优点,为此类化合物的合成提供了一种有效的新方法.在没有催化剂的体系中,反应生成的是氧杂蒽开环产物.     

La(OTf)_3催化合成1,3-二噁烷-4,6-二酮化合物的研究

研究了在La(OTf)3的催化条件下,以丙二酸和酮为原料,缩合反应合成了3种1,3-二噁烷-4,6-二酮化合物.考察了酸酮物质的量之比、反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量及催化剂的稳定性等因素对反应的影响.确定了其最佳反应条件为:取0.1mol丙二酸,n(丙二酸)∶n(酮)=1.0∶1.1,催化剂用量为0.3mol%,反应温度30℃,反应时间为3.0h,在上述反应条件下,产品收率可达62.3%～77.5%.     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。