CO吸附原位红外光谱结合分子模拟计算研究FCC汽油加氢脱硫催化剂的选择性

以脱硫选择性不同的2组催化裂化汽油加氢脱硫催化剂为研究对象, 采用CO吸附原位红外光谱表征了2组催化剂的活性相特征, 并通过分子模拟计算方法比较了助剂Co加入前后噻吩和1-己烯在催化剂表面的电荷分布、吸附能及其加氢反应的活化能等, 探讨了助剂Co的加入对选择性加氢脱硫催化剂脱硫选择性的作用机理. 结果表明, 加氢脱硫催化剂CoMoS活性相的增加有利于提高催化剂的加氢脱硫/加氢降烯烃(HDS/HYD)选择性. 与1-己烯加氢位相比, Co的加入显著提高了噻吩分子加氢位的缺电子性, 噻吩在催化剂表面的吸附度增强, 显著降低噻吩加氢反应的能垒, 从而使噻吩加氢反应更易进行. 这也表明CoMoS为高HDS活性、高HDS/HYD选择性的活性相.     

NiW/γ-Al2O3加氢催化剂化学吸附性质的研究

采用脉冲色谱法测定了噻吩在硫化态NiW/γ-Al2O3催化剂上化学吸附过程中热力学函数的变化,并与噻吩加氢脱硫(HDS)反应活性进行了关联.结果表明,噻吩在硫化态NiW/γ-Al2O3催化剂上的吸附不能太强,催化剂中的Ni可以降低噻吩在催化剂表面上的吸附强度,增加HDS反应活性中心的数目.从H2在硫化态NiW/γ-Al2O3催化剂上吸附后的程序升温脱附实验结果发现,H2在硫化态催化剂上有两种吸附态,高温脱附所对应的吸附态与HDS反应有关.     

氮气热处理对硫代硫酸铵预硫化的Mo／Al2O3催化剂的影响

考察了氮气预处理温度对硫代硫酸铵预硫化的Mo/Al2O3催化剂噻吩加氢脱硫(HDS)活性的影响. 采用X射线衍射、高分辨电镜、光电子能谱、热重质谱和硫分析等方法对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明,预硫化催化剂经80 ℃低温处理并于200 ℃氢气原位活化后噻吩转化率达到最高. 对于氮气低温预处理或常温干燥的预硫化催化剂,载体氧化铝被硫酸根修饰,减少了Mo与载体的相互作用,使得催化剂活化后硫化程度高, MoS2活性相呈多层的Ⅱ型结构,因而HDS活性高. 高于200 ℃的氮气热处理造成硫代硫酸铵的分解,并有少量的多层MoS2活性相生成,但高温热处理造成硫的流失使得活性金属活化后硫化程度偏低,而且MoS2活性相呈现单层的Ⅰ型结构,因而HDS活性较低.     

硫代硫酸铵预硫化的Mo/AC催化剂加氢脱硫性能的研究

采用等体积浸渍法将硫代硫酸铵(ATS)负载在Mo/AC催化剂上,制备了器外预硫化的Mo/AC-ATS催化剂;以噻吩加氢脱硫(HDS)为探针反应,考察了活化温度和活化时间对预硫化催化剂加氢脱硫活性的影响。研究发现,300 ℃下活化0.5 h所得到的预硫化催化剂具有最好的加氢脱硫活性。与传统硫化剂CS₂和DMDS硫化的催化剂相比,采用Mo/AC-ATS催化剂,在最佳活化条件下,噻吩转化率分别提高了34%和42%。XPS、TPR-MS和TEM等表征结果显示,预硫化的Mo/AC-ATS催化剂中Mo⁴⁺含量较高,这是其具有较高加氢脱硫活性的主要原因。     

噻吩在γ-Mo_2N(100)表面上加氢脱硫反应的密度泛函理论研究

利用密度泛函理论研究了γ-Mo2N(100)表面上的噻吩加氢脱硫(HDS)过程.噻吩在γ-Mo2N(100)表面上不同作用形式的结构优化结果显示,η5-Mo2N吸附构型最稳定,具有最大的吸附能(-0.56 eV),此时噻吩通过S原子与Mo2原子相连平行表面吸附在四重空位(hcp位).H原子和噻吩在hcp位发生稳定共吸附,hcp位是噻吩HDS的活性位点.噻吩在γ-Mo2N(100)表面进行直接脱硫反应,HDS过程分为S原子脱除和C4产物加氢饱和两部分.过渡态搜索确定了HDS最可能的反应机理及中间产物,首个H原子的反应需要最大的活化能(1.69 eV),是噻吩加氢脱硫的控速步骤.伴随H原子的不断加入,噻吩在γ-Mo2N(100)表面上优先生成―SH和丁二烯,随后―SH加氢生成H2S,丁二烯加氢饱和生成2-丁烯和丁烷.由于较弱的吸附,H2S、2-丁烯和丁烷很容易在γ-Mo2N(100)表面脱附成为产物.     

超声波-微波法制备NiW/Al2O3加氢脱硫催化剂

 采用一次浸渍技术制备了NiW/Al2O3加氢脱硫(HDS)催化剂,在制备过程中采用超声波处理浸渍液,采用微波进行样品干燥. 以噻吩为模型化合物,在微反装置上评价了该催化剂的加氢脱硫活性. 使用X射线光电子能谱和透射电镜等表征手段研究了催化剂的表面状态和物化性. 结果表明,使用超声波及微波技术制备的NiW/Al2O3催化剂具有较高的加氢脱硫活性,催化剂的活性组分较易硫化,可生成更多的硫化物种参与反应. 催化剂中硫化态钨的表面原子浓度较高,从而使硫化态钨物种保持较高的表面分散度,有利于增加活性中心的数目. 该催化剂的活性中心结构具有较多配位不饱和的边缘位和棱边位,因而具有较高的加氢脱硫活性.     

碳纳米管负载的Co-Mo催化剂的HDS性能研究

应用X射线衍射(XRD)、程序升温还原(TPR)技术对等体积浸渍法制备的Co—Mo／CNT催化剂进行了表征，采用高压微反装置、以二苯并噻吩为模型化合物，对催化剂进行了HDS活性评价，XRD结果表明：260℃条件下处理催化剂，催化剂的表面物种主要是MoO3，表面物种高度分散；500℃焙烧处理的催化剂的表面物种主要是MoO2，同时在Co—Mo／CNT催化体系中出现了CoMoO3和Co2Mo3O03物种的强衍射峰，高温焙烧时催化剂活性组分在碳纳米管的表面容易聚集形成MoO2等晶体，TPR结果表明：在Co-Mo／CNT催化剂中，表面物种的还原温度低于Co—Mo／γ—Al2O3中物种的还原温度，活性评价表明：催化剂的TPR特性和加氢脱硫活性有很好的对应关系，Co—Mo／CNT具有很高的加氢脱硫选择性，并且活性明显高于Co—Mo／γ—Al2O3催化剂。     

硫代硫酸铵预硫化的MoO3／Al2O3催化剂的活化和加氢脱硫活性

以硫代硫酸铵为硫化剂对MoO3/Al2O3催化剂进行预硫化,考察了制备方法和活化条件对预硫化催化剂噻吩加氢脱硫活性的影响. 结果表明,硫代硫酸铵预硫化的催化剂活化后,加氢脱硫活性好,噻吩的转化率达到99%以上,而二甲基二硫硫化的MoO3/Al2O3催化剂在相同条件下,噻吩转化率只有92%. 合适的活化温度为200～300 ℃, 活化压力增加有利于预硫化催化剂的还原硫化和加氢脱硫活性的提高. 硫代硫酸铵预硫化催化剂的高脱硫活性主要归因于多层的Ⅱ型MoS2活性相的形成,其次是硫化程度的提高. 硫代硫酸铵预硫化催化剂经过氢气活化和补充硫化两个阶段,其硫化程度高于传统方法硫化的催化剂.     

二苯并噻吩在 CoMo/CNT催化剂表面上的吸附行为研究

用等体积浸渍法分别制备了碳纳米管(CNT)、活性炭(AC)、γ-Al2O3负载的CoMo加氢脱硫催化剂.用器外预硫化的方法制备了相应的硫化态的CoMo催化剂.采用程序升温脱附(TPD)技术表征了载体、负载的氧化态CoMo催化剂和硫化态CoMo催化剂的表面酸性.采用热重(TG)和XRD等分析手段研究了二苯并噻吩(DBT)在碳纳米管载体、碳纳米管负载的氧化态CoMo催化剂以及硫化态CoMo催化剂上的吸附行为.对DBT在样品表面的吸附行为与表面酸性进行了关联.研究发现DBT分子在载体、负载的催化剂表面的吸附行为遵循如下的规律硫化态CoMo催化剂对DBT的吸附能力＞相应氧化态CoMo催化剂对DBT的吸附能力≥相应载体对DBT分子的吸附能力.研究表明载体的比表面积的大小不是决定DBT吸附量的主要因素.DBT分子的吸附量与载体或催化剂的表面酸性以及其他表面性质有一定的内在联系,随着表面酸性的增强,吸附量也相应增大.加氢脱硫产物分布结果表明,DBT分子在硫化态CoMo/CNT催化剂的表面可能以端点吸附为主;而在硫化态CoMo/AC和CoMo/γ-Al2O3催化剂上存在两种竞争的吸附态,部分DBT分子端点吸附,而另一部分DBT分子倾向于平躺吸附.     

加氢脱硫催化剂的研究 ——Ⅲ.TiO_2对Mo-Co系加氢脱硫催化剂的助催化效应

通过采用动态氧吸附法(DOC)和常压下噻吩加氢脱硫反应(HDS)研究了TiO_2对Mo-Co/γ-A(?)_2O_3系催化剂的助催化效应. 结表表明TiO_2的加入使催化剂的活性中心数目增加,内在活性提高.在没有Co存在时,TiO_2既不能增加MoO_3/γ-Al_2O_3的活性中心数目,也不能提高其催化活性.可见Ti-Co之间存在协同效应,即TiO_2的助催化效应只有在Co存在下才能表现出来.Ti-Co协同效应的结果可能使催化剂中形成更多的内在活性高的类型ⅡCo-Mo-S活性相.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion

The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative.     

Copper catalyzed/mediated synthetic methodology for ebselen and related isoselenazolones

Scope of the copper catalyzed/mediated selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been studied for the synthesis of isoselenazolones. It is noticed that the 2-chloro, 2-bromo-, and 2-iodo-aryl amides substrates can be exploited in the selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction by employing 25-100 mol % of CuI/1,10-phenanthroline (L) and potassium carbonate as a base in DMF. Furthermore, electron rich 2-chloro-arylamides also underwent selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction to give biologically important selenium-nitrogen heterocycles. Also, copper-catalyzed selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been meticulously applied for the synthesis of diaryl diselenides having methoxy, amine, and amide functionality from respective aryl iodides in the presence of stoichiometric amount of succinimide as an external Se-N coupling partner.     

Knoevenagel condensation catalyzed by novel Nmm-based ionic liquids in water

A series of novel N-methyl morpholine (Nmm) based ionic liquids with 1,2-propanediol group were synthesized and used as catalysts for Knoevenagel condensation at room temperature in water. Under the effect of the catalyst, various aldehydes or aliphatic ketones could react with a wide range of activated methylene compounds well, including malononitrile, alkyl cyanoacetate, cyanoacetamide, β-diketone, barbituric acid, 2-arylacetonitrile and thiazolidinedione. Furthermore, most of the products could be separated just by filtrating and washing with water. Additionally, the catalyst is recyclable and applicable for the large-scale synthesis.     

Construction of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives via sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction

A series of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives were obtained in moderate to excellent yields via a catalyst-free sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 under mild conditions. We also present the first asymmetric sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 with moderate to good enantioselectivities catalyzed by readily available chiral phase-transfer catalysts (PTCs).     

Suzuki-Miyaura reactions of the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor NS2028: a non-product specific route to C-8 substituted analogues

Both soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibitors ODQ 1 and NS2028 2 are synthesized via improved protocols. In the former case treating 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one oxime 8, which can be prepared in two steps from 1,2-benzenediamine, with 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) gives the dihydro-ODQ 10 that in the presence of KMnO₄ oxidises to give ODQ 1 in an overall yield of 46% starting from 1,2-benzenediamine. In the latter case, the synthesis affords NS2028 2 from 2-amino-4-bromophenol 3 in three steps with an overall yield of 85% and avoids the need for chromatography. Furthermore, Suzuki-Miyaura reaction conditions are described that enable the preparation of 8-aryl and 8-heteroaryl derivatives of NS2028 directly from NS2028 2. Finally, demethylation of the 8-(methoxyphenyl) substituted analogues afforded the 8-(hydroxyphenyl) derivatives 40-42. All new products are fully characterised.