长脉冲X波段多注相对论速调管放大器的初步实验研究

设计了工作在长脉冲的X波段同轴强流多注相对论速调管放大器, 对长脉冲强流多注电子束在多注器件结构中的传输、电子束经过输入腔和中间腔后的束流调制以及经过输出腔的微波提取等过程进行了实验研究, 采用了相应的设计措施以减轻实验中出现的脉冲缩短现象, 得到了初步的长脉冲实验结果. 在输入微波功率60 kW、频率9.378 GHz、电子束电压700 kV、束流4.2 kA、轴向引导磁感应强度1 T的条件下, 重频5Hz输出微波功率为670 MW, 脉宽89 ns, 效率为23%, 增益为40 dB, 输出微波频率与输入微波一致. 从实验上验证了几十千瓦级输入微波驱动X波段同轴多注RKA输出几百兆瓦长脉冲高功率微波的可行性, 为后续更高功率研究打下了基础.     

X波段高功率高增益多注相对论速调管放大器设计

针对器件工程应用中的高功率高增益需求,设计了工作在X波段的高功率高增益多注相对论速调管放大器,建立了带输入、输出波导结构的三维整管模型。设计双边对称耦合孔输入腔结构,降低了输入波导对输入腔间隙电场均匀性的影响以抑制非均匀干扰模式;设计采用多腔多间隙群聚结构,降低了输入微波功率的需求,提高了器件放大增益;并且分析设计了多间隙扩展互作用微波提取结构,提高了器件的功率转换效率以及降低输出结构表面电场强度。通过优化设计,粒子模拟仿真实现X波段多注相对论速调管放大器输出微波功率达到3.2 GW,器件放大增益约为60 dB,功率转换效率约为40%。器件验证实验在电子束电压550 kV,电流5.1 kA的情况下,输出功率为0.99 GW,放大增益约为53 dB,转换效率约为35%。     

X波段高重频长脉冲高功率多注相对论速调管放大器的设计与实验研究

多注相对论速调管放大器向工程化和实用化方向发展,需要进一步提高其工作重频和使用寿命.针对高功率多注相对论速调管放大器在输出腔间隙电子束换能后,会出现电子返流轰击输出腔表面,以及输出腔间隙电场过高产生射频击穿导致输出腔表面出现烧蚀的问题,本文分析了强流相对论电子束在器件中的返流过程,在此基础上设计了四间隙扩展互作用提取结构以避免电子返流和降低间隙电场,并提高器件工作寿命.同时针对高工作频段高过模器件中常规水冷却通道会影响输出微波模式的问题,设计了同轴TEM模-扇形TE₁₀模-同轴TEM模-圆波导TM₀₁模的模式变换结构,模式转换效率大于99.9%,避免了收集极水冷却通道对输出微波模式的影响,以提高器件工作重频.在重频45 Hz工作条件下,实验实现X波段长脉冲GW级高功率微波稳定输出,器件累计运行约10000次,输出微波参数无明显下降.     

锁频锁相的高功率微波器件技术研究

综述了中国工程物理研究院应用电子学研究所锁频锁相的高功率微波器件最新研究成果,主要包括稳频稳相的相对论速调管放大器和注入锁相的相对论返波管振荡器.针对高功率长脉冲相对论速调管研究中遇到的问题,介绍了该放大器的束波互作用特点、杂频振荡抑制、脉冲缩短、高频段高功率运行、高增益等物理、设计与实验中的关键技术研究概况,使其功率、相位稳定性、增益等性能有了显著提高,S波段环形单注相对论速调管实现了高功率稳相输出,重频25 Hz运行时输出功率大于1 GW,脉宽大于150 ns、相位波动18°,高增益运行时在注入微波功率数kW条件下也实现类似功率和相位水平;采用同轴多注器件结构,突破了速调管高频段运行条件下高效率电子束引入和高功率束波转换技术等难题,使X波段相对论速调管在注入功率30 kW条件下实现了功率大于1 GW的放大输出,效率为34%,相位波动为15°.在掌握相对论返波管技术的基础上,利用返波管的高效率和结构紧凑的优点,开展了注入调制电子束锁相的相对论返波管研究,采用百kW级的种子微波实现了对GW量级输出微波的相位锁定.该研究结果对功率合成、粒子加速和多功能雷达等技术具有重要的推动作用.     

X波段长脉冲同轴多注相对论速调管放大器的分析与设计

为了提高相对论速调管放大器的工作频率、输出功率以及转换效率, 结合三重轴相对论速调管和多注速调管的特点, 采用三维电磁粒子模拟软件分析与设计了工作在X波段的长脉冲同轴多注相对论速调管放大器, 通过优化设计有效地抑制了X波段长脉冲相对论速调管放大器的自激振荡, 避免了脉冲缩短现象的产生, 使X波段相对论速调管放大器在长脉冲状态下能够稳定工作, 在注入微波功率为70 kW、束压为600 kV、束流为5 kA、轴向引导磁感应强度为0.8 T的条件下, 输出微波功率达到了1.23 GW, 效率为41%, 增益为42 dB.     

相对论速调管三轴提取腔的分析与设计

分析了同轴漂移管中电子束的空间电荷限制流和能量分布，为了降低S波段相对论速调管放大器(RKA)中电子束空间电荷效应及势能，提高RKA的束波转换效率，提出了三轴结构的输出腔，理论分析RKA的束波转换效率达到36%，比同轴提取腔的束波转换效率提高了9个百分点. 采用数值计算程序设计了三轴提取腔，粒子模拟了S波段RKA的微波提取，取得了与理论分析一致的结果. 采用590kV/5kA的空心电子束，经过预调制腔和群聚腔等两个腔的调制后，采用三轴提取腔提取微波，得到了约1.0GW的微波功率，效率35%. 理论研究结果与实验结果吻合得较好. 关键词： 相对论速调管放大器 三轴提取腔 空间电荷限制流     

长脉冲相对论速调管中束流脉冲缩短的研究

介绍L波段长脉冲相对论速调管放大器研究中，长脉冲强流相对论电子束(IREB)经过输入腔和中间腔间隙后的脉冲缩短问题.分析了造成束流脉冲缩短的主要机理之一是高频系统的角向非均匀模式与电子束相互作用而使得束流扩散形成的，并经过实验参数的调节，减轻了长脉冲IREB的脉冲缩短问题，得到了较强的基波调制电流.从长脉冲加速器引出500 kV，3.5 kA，1.3 μs的电子束，经过输入腔和两个群聚腔的调制后，得到了2.0 kA的基波调制电流，束流脉冲宽度由0.3 μs增加到1 μs，束流脉冲缩短问题得到明显减轻. 关键词： 相对论速调管放大器 脉冲缩短 高功率微波 长脉冲强流相对论电子束     

强流脉冲驱动的X波段多注相对论速调管相位特性

相位特性是目前制约多注相对论速调管放大器进一步拓展应用的关键参数之一,为了有效提高器件输出微波相位的稳定性,利用一维非线性理论对X波段强流多注速调管放大器开展了理论研究,得到由强流脉冲特性引起的腔体杂频以及电子束运动速度变化率是造成输出微波相位波动的部分主要原因,同时基于18注实心电子束构成的X波段多注相对论速调管放大器开展了强流脉冲特性对输出微波频率和相位影响的数值计算,最后利用粒子模拟手段对理论结果进行验证。理论和模拟结果一致表明:强流脉冲的前沿和波动都将导致器件内实际工作频率的偏移,并引起相位波动;在脉冲前沿段,脉冲前沿长度越短,器件内实际工作频率偏移越大,相位波动幅度越大;在脉冲平顶段,脉冲波动导致的频率偏移与电压变化率相关,与电压的幅值无关,而脉冲电压波动导致的输出微波相位波动由电压变化率及其变化幅度两者共同决定。     

强流脉冲驱动的X波段多注相对论速调管相位特性

相位特性是目前制约多注相对论速调管放大器进一步拓展应用的关键参数之一,为了有效提高器件输出微波相位的稳定性,利用一维非线性理论对X波段强流多注速调管放大器开展了理论研究,得到由强流脉冲特性引起的腔体杂频以及电子束运动速度变化率是造成输出微波相位波动的部分主要原因,同时基于18注实心电子束构成的X波段多注相对论速调管放大器开展了强流脉冲特性对输出微波频率和相位影响的数值计算,最后利用粒子模拟手段对理论结果进行验证。理论和模拟结果一致表明：强流脉冲的前沿和波动都将导致器件内实际工作频率的偏移,并引起相位波动;在脉冲前沿段,脉冲前沿长度越短,器件内实际工作频率偏移越大,相位波动幅度越大;在脉冲平顶段,脉冲波动导致的频率偏移与电压变化率相关,与电压的幅值无关,而脉冲电压波动导致的输出微波相位波动由电压变化率及其变化幅度两者共同决定。     

S波段速调管双间隙输出腔的设计和实验研究

介绍了S波段强流相对论速调管放大器(RKA)双间隙输出腔高频系统的设计,并利用3维粒子模拟程序模拟和优化了短脉冲强流相对论调制电子束经过双间隙输出腔后的微波提取。在束压640 kV、束流6 kA、基波调制深度80%的条件下,模拟得到功率为1.1 GW的微波,频率约为2.85 GHz,效率28%。在高频分析和粒子模拟的基础上进行了实验研究,实验中采用束压640 kV、束流6 kA的环行电子束,经过优化调节RKA参数,在中间腔后得到了约4.6 kA的基波调制电流,加上双间隙提取腔后从该RKA获得了频率为2.9 GHz、功率为1 GW、脉宽22 ns的输出微波,束波转换效率26%。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.