二维调制传递函数及其在波前差检测方面的应用

光学系统像质分析在光学系统设计、加工和装调过程中具有重要意义.像质分析常用的方法有调制传递函数法和波前差法.对于高分辨率光学系统,传统的一维调制传递函数由于只提供了一维空间频率信息,因此在像质检测时有一定的局限性.本文基于随机数图像的傅里叶功率谱密度理论,提出了一种利用随机数图像作为目标物来测量成像光学系统二维调制传递函数的方法;通过利用NewtonCotes求积公式,对有像差系统的光学传递函数计算公式做进一步推导,提出了利用实际成像光学系统的二维调制传递函数值直接计算系统波前差的算法.实验结果表明,二维调制传递函数较之一维调制传递函数更能真实地反应成像光学系统的成像性能;利用二维调制传递函数计算得到的波前差与理论波前差在轮廓上有较好的一致性,可以作为实际系统波前差分析的一条新途径.     

利用相位差异技术校准非共光路静态像差

提出了一种用相位差异(PD)技术对自适应光学(AO)系统的非共光路静态像差进行校准的方法。相位差异技术通过采集焦面和离焦面的单帧或多帧短曝光图像来估算波前相位畸变,同时对目标图像进行恢复。在闭环工作条件下,自适应光学系统利用相位差异算法在线检测成像光路的静态像差,并将得到的像差系数转化为变形镜的初始化面形,从而补偿非共光路的静态像差。实验结果表明,校准后的成像质量显著提高,目标半峰全宽降低了约14%,系统残差降低了约72%。成像光路在线检测得到的系统残差与闭环回路实测残差的水平趋于一致,证实了相位差异技术应用于光学检测的能力。该方法具有在无需改变原有自适应光路以及高信噪比条件下便可精确解算系统像差的优点,是大口径光电成像系统较为理想的光学检测技术之一。     

相位差波前探测与图像重建

相位差技术可以直接利用两幅或多幅图像的强度信息,重构出波前相位信息和目标清晰图像,具有光路简单、成本较低、适用于扩展目标等优点,在望远镜的系统像差检测和目标图像重建方面得到了大量应用。相位差波前探测的关键在于求解非线性代价函数的最优化问题,需要避免陷入局部极值并降低计算时间,才能满足动态变化波前实时探测的需求。同时在重建目标清晰图像时,通常需要做正则化和去噪处理,来提高重建图像的质量。本文主要介绍相位差技术的基本原理,以及近年来的研究进展,并对该技术未来的发展进行了展望。     

空间光学成像系统波像差的位相差异估计方法

针对传统光学设计和校正手段无法有效消除空间光学成像系统在轨工作时受各种因素影响使像质变差的问题,提出把均匀设计的思想引入位相差异波前传感技术,对系统在轨工作时的波前畸变进行估计.从而实现了对系统波像差的全局优化估计,放宽了波像差的估计范围,易于实现并行化.通过仿真实验发现,该方法正确估计率高,抗噪声能力强,是进行空间光学成像系统波像差估计的有效方法.     

空间光学成像系统波像差的位相差异估计方法

针对传统光学设计和校正手段无法有效消除空间光学成像系统在轨工作时受各种因素影响使像质变差的问题,提出把均匀设计的思想引入位相差异波前传感技术,对系统在轨工作时的波前畸变进行估计.从而实现了对系统波像差的全局优化估计,放宽了波像差的估计范围,易于实现并行化.通过仿真实验发现,该方法正确估计率高,抗噪声能力强,是进行空间光学成像系统波像差估计的有效方法.     

基于位相变更的非相干数字全息自适应成像

菲涅耳非相干数字全息作为一种非扫描的三维成像技术具有其独特的优势,但其成像过程中会受到各种像差的影响,导致成像分辨率、再现像的质量降低.为了解决这一问题,可以结合适当的自适应光学技术对波前像差进行探测和校正.位相变更是一种基于两幅具有已知位相差的强度图像实现波前探测和像差校正的技术.本文发展了基于位相变更的非相干数字全息自适应成像技术,不需要引入引导星,利用全息记录过程中的两幅相移全息图,实现波前像差的探测.本文给出了所发展技术的数值仿真和实验结果,结合位相变更算法求解出系统像差的位相分布,将像差的共轭位相加载到光瞳面上,在全息图记录的同时校正像差,从而提高重建像的质量.     

合成孔径光学系统的成像特性和图像复原

以Y-4合成孔径系统为基本结构,分析和比较了不同填充因子Y-4系统的U-V平面覆盖、点扩散函数和调制传递函数特性;用Zemax和Matlab软件对系统进行模拟成像,利用维纳滤波和改进的维纳滤波对加噪图像进行复原,使用峰值信噪比(PNSR)标准比较了不同填充因子Y-4系统的复原效果,并分析了影响合成孔径系统成像质量和复原效果的因素。结论如下:通过图像复原,可以极大地改善合成孔径系统所成图像的像质,提高图像的清晰度,使得复原后的图像和其等效单孔径系统所成的像很接近,实现大孔径成像系统的观测效果;图像复原的效果与合成孔径系统的阵列结构和噪声类型有关。     

扩大景深的波前编码成像系统特性分析

从空域和频域两个方面利用新的数学工具对扩大景深的波前编码成像系统的一些重要特性进行了阐释和分析。空域中,主要利用维格纳分布函数的正则投影来分析系统的点扩展函数对离焦像差的变化不敏感特性;频域中,则利用考纽螺线的图解方法来分析系统的光学传递函数对离焦像差的变化不敏感特性。简单讨论了波前编码成像技术所涉及的数字图像处理方法,并且用数值仿真实验验证了波前编码成像系统的这些优越特性。     

利用相位差法测量望远镜像差

大气湍流引起的动态波前畸变和望远镜的像差是限制望远镜分辨力的主要因素,如何准确地测量望远镜的像差是进一步提高望远镜分辨能力的关键问题。相位差法利用在焦面和离焦面上同时采集到的短曝光图像,恢复出瞬时波前相位分布,然后根据大气湍流的统计特性进行平均,可以实现对望远镜像差的估计。通过计算机模拟实验,对利用相位差法恢复光瞳上的波前相位和测量望远镜像差进行了研究。模拟研究结果表明,利用相位差法能有效地估计出望远镜像差,估计均方根误差约为0.08个波长。     

采用CCD错位成像技术提高图像质量

为了克服现有电荷耦合器件(CCD)错位成像实现方法结构复杂、对移位精度要求苛刻等缺点,提出并实现了利用高精度二维平移台对单个CCD相机整体二维移位,对一定物距远处靶标成像。采用三次B样条插值、交错重组,对得到的具有既定相互位移关系的多幅相互错位半个像元的低分辨率图像进行重建,得到高分辨率图像。采用刃边法估算点扩展函数,对重建高分辨率图像进行图像复原,得到最终高分辨率图像。结果表明,采用错位成像,图像目视视觉分辨力提高了1.4倍,图像混叠效应降低,图像复原将调制传递函数面积(MTFA)由0.1577提高到0.2937。实验表明,错位成像技术能提高图像分辨力,降低图像混叠,增强图像质量,图像复原可以有效补偿重建的高分辨率图像的调制传递函数(MTF),解决了错们成像中重建图像分辨力提高但MTF下降的问题。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.