Boundaries of reduced free group C*-algebras

We prove that the crossed product C*-algebra C*_r(, ) of a freegroup with its boundary sits naturally between the reducedgroup C*-algebra C*_r and its injective envelope I(C*_r). In otherwords, we have natural inclusion C*_r C*_r(, ) I(C*_r) of C*-algebras.     

The Index of Toeplitz Operators on Free Transformation Group C*-Algebras

Let be a discrete group acting on a compact manifold X, letV be a -equivalent Hermitian vector bundle over X, and let Dbe a first-order elliptic self-adjoint -equivalent differentialoperator acting on sections of V. This data is used to defineToeplitz operators with symbols in the transformation groupC*-algebra C(X), and it is shown that if the symbol of sucha Toeplitz operator is invertible, then the operator is Fredholm.In the case where is finite and acts freely on X, a geometric-topologicalformula for the index is stated that involves an explicitlyconstructed differential form associated to the symbol. 2000Mathematics Subject Classification 47A53 (primary), 19K56, 47B35,46L87 (secondary).     

Trivial Cycles in Graphs Embedded in 3-Manifolds

A cycle C of a graph embedded in a 3-manifold M is said tobe trivial in if it bounds a disk with interior disjoint from. Let e be an edge of with ends on C. We shall study the relationbetween triviality of cycles in and that of – e and/e. Let C₁ be one of the two cycles in C e containing e. Themain theorem says that if C is trivial in – e and C₁/eis trivial in /e, then either C or C₁ is trivial in . Some applicationsto cycle trivial graphs will be given in Section 2.     

Non-Normal Pairs of Non-Euclidean Crystallographic Groups

Let be a non-Euclidean crystallographic group. is said tobe non-maximal if there exists a non-Euclidean crystallographicgroup ' such that ' and the dimension of the Teichmüllerspace of equals the dimension of the Teichmüller spaceof '. The full list of such pairs of groups is computed in thecase when is non-normal in '. The corresponding problem forFuchsian groups was solved by Singerman. 2000 Mathematics SubjectClassification 20H10 (primary), 30F10 (secondary).     

Are All Uniform Algebras Amnm?

A Banach algebra a is AMNM if whenever a linear functional on a and a positive number satisfy |(ab)–(a)(b)|||a||·||b||for all a, b a, there is a multiplicative linear functional on a such that ||–||=o(1) as 0. K. Jarosz [1] asked whetherevery Banach algebra, or every uniform algebra, is AMNM. B.E. Johnson [3] studied the AMNM property and constructed a commutativesemisimple Banach algebra that is not AMNM. In this note weconstruct uniform algebras that are not AMNM. 1991 MathematicsSubject Classification 46J10.     

Asymptotic Cones of Finitely Generated Groups

Answering a question of Gromov [7], we shall present an exampleof a finitely generated group and two non-principal ultrafiltersA, B such that the asymptotic cones Con_A and Con_B are nothomeomorphic. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification 20F06,20F32.     

On the Hecke Algebra of a Noncongruence Subgroup

Let SL₂(Z) be a subgroup of finite index, and let H denote theHecke algebra of . The aim of this note is to give some informationabout the action of H on spaces of modular forms for certainnoncongruence subgroups , which can be deduced from the geometricresults of [9]. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification 11F11,11G18.     

Finite groups in Stone-Cech compactifications

Let be an infinite cardinal and let G = ₂. Now let β Gbe the Stone–ech compactification of G as a discrete semigroup,and let =_<c_{β G} {xG\{0}:minsupp (x)}. We show that thesemigroup contains no nontrivial finite group.     

A Schwarz Lemma for the Symmetrized Bidisc

Let be an analytic function from D to the symmetrized bidisc We show that if (0) = (0,0) and () = (s, p) in the interiorof , then Moreover, the inequality is sharp: we give an explicit formulafor a suitable in the event that the inequality holds withequality. We show further that the inverse hyperbolic tangentof the left-hand side of the inequality is equal to both theCaratheodory distance and the Kobayashi distance from (0,0)to (s, p) in int      

The A-Polynomial has Ones in the Corners

1. Definition of the A-polynomial The A-polynomial was introduced in [3] (see also [5]), and wepresent an alternative definition here. Let M be a compact 3-manifoldwith boundary a torus T. Pick a basis , µ of ₁T, whichwe shall refer to as the longitude and meridian. Consider thesubset R_U of the affine algebraic variety R = Hom (₁M, SL₂C)having the property that () and (µ) are upper triangular.This is an algebraic subset of R, since one just adds equationsstating that the bottom-left entries in certain matrices arezero. There is a well-defined eigenvalue map given by taking the top-left entries of () and (µ).1991 Mathematics Subject Classification 57M25, 57M50.     

Metric Entropy of Convex Hulls in Hilbert Spaces

We show in this note the following statement which is an improvementover a result of R. M. Dudley and which is also of independentinterest. Let X be a set of a Hilbert space with the propertythat there are constants , >0, and for each n N, the setX can be covered by at most n balls of radius n^–. Then,for each n N, the convex hull of X can be covered by 2ⁿ ballsof radius . The estimate is best possible for all n N, apart from the value c=c(, , X).In other words, let N(, X), >0, be the minimal number ofballs of radius covering the set X. Then the above result isequivalent to saying that if N(, X)=O(^–1/) as 0, thenfor the convex hull conv (X) of X, N(, conv (X)) =O(exp(^–2/(12))). Moreover, we give an interplay between several coveringparameters based on coverings by balls (entropy numbers) andcoverings by cylindrical sets (Kolmogorov numbers). 1991 MathematicsSubject Classification 41A46.     

Analytic Discs Attached From the Outside Have Knotted Boundaries

Let be a pseudoconvex domain in C² with smooth boundary, andlet be a smooth embedded analytic disc intersecting transversally along the curve A. Then A isknotted in . 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification 32U99.     

An infinite Family of 4-Arc-Transitive Cubic Graphs Each with Girth 12

If p is any prime, and is that automorphism of the group SL(3,p) which takes each matrix to the transpose of its inverse,then there exists a connected trivalent graph (p) on vertices with the split extensionSL(3, p) as a group of automorphisms acting regularly on its4-arcs. In fact if p 3 then this group is the full automorphismgroup of (p), while the graph (3) is 5-arc-transitive with fullautomorphism group SL(3,3)0 x C₂. The girth of (p) is 12, exceptin th case p = 2 (where the girth is 6). Furthermore, in allcases (p) is bipartite, with SL(3, p) fixing each part. Alsowhen p 1 mod 3 the graph (p) is a triple cover of another trivalentgraph, which has automorphism group PSL(3, p)0 acting regularlyon its 4-arcs. These claims are proved using elementary theoryof symmetric graphs, together with a suitable choice of threematrices which generate SL(3, Z). They also provide a proofthat the group 4⁺(a¹²) described by Biggs in Computational grouptheor(ed. M. Atkinson) is infinite.     

Correction: on the Intersection Matrices of Curves lying on Irregular Algebraic Surfaces

Professor W. F. Hammond has kindly drawn my attention to a blunderin 4 of the above paper. He referred to the ( – 2r) xß submatrix D of the skew-symmetric matrix displayednear the top of page 181, of which it is asserted that it issquare and non-singular, and pointed out that, from the factthat the matrix of which D forms part is regular, it may onlybe deduced that the columns of D are linearly independent; thatis, it only follows that – 2r ß. The validity of the equation – 2r = ß is essentialto the succeeding argument and, fortunately, may be establishedby alternative means. Using the nomenclature of the paper, wehave on F the set ₁^*, ..., _2r^*, ₁^*, ..., _ß^* of independent3-cycles (independent because they cut independent 1-cycleson the curve C), which may be completed, to form a basis forsuch cycles on F, by a further set ₁', ..., _2q–2r–pof independent 3-cycles, each of which meets C in a cycle homologousto zero on C. The cycles ₁^*, ..., ^* are invariant cycles andare independent on F so that, if > 2r + ß, thereis a non-trivial linear combination ^* of these having zero intersectionon C with each of the cycles ₁^*, ..., _2r^*, ₁^*, ..., _ß^*.Thus we have. (^* ._k^*)c = 0 = (^* ._i^*)c i.e. (^* ._k^*) = 0 = (^* ._i^* on F (1 k 2r; 1 i ß). Furthermore, (_j . C) 0 on C and we have (^* ._j .C)_C = 0 i.e. (^* ._j) = 0 on F (1 j 2q – 2r – ß). It now follows that ^* 0 on F (for it has zero intersectionwith every member of a basic set of 3-cycles on F). But thiscondradicts the assumption that ^* is a non-trivial linear combinationof the independent cycles ₁^*, ...,^*; and hence < 2r + ß.     

Spaces Universal under Closed Embeddings for Finite-Dimensional Complete Metric Spaces

We shall prove that for every natural number n and every cardinalnumber there exists an n-dimensional complete metric spaceX_n, of weight such that every n-dimensional complete metricspace of weight is embeddable in X_n, as a closed subset.     

Property (T) for C*-Algebras

A notion of Property (T) is defined for an arbitrary unitalC*-algebra A admitting a tracial state. This is extended toa notion of Property (T) for a pair (A, B) where B is a C*-subalgebraof A. Let be a discrete group and its reduced algebra. We show that has Property (T) if and only if the group has Property (T).More generally, given a subgroup of , the pair has Property (T) if and only if the pair of groups(, ) has Property (T). 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification46L05, 22D25.     

{Omega}-Covers of Graphs

Given a group G, a G-set and a graph we present a constructionfor a family of graphs, the -covers of . A particular exampleof this construction gives a girth 17 cubic graph with 2530vertices. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification 05C25, 05C35.     

A Variation on a Theorem of Galvin and Hajnal

Let be a singular cardinal of regular uncountable cofinality. Let {(): < } be a continuous increasing sequence withlimit , and let =₍₎₊₍₎, < be regular cardinals. Let I be a normal ideal on , and assume that the reduced product_</I admits a cofinal -scale of ordinal functions. Then ₊, where =||||_I is the I-norm of .     

Corrigendum: Elliptic Curves and Quadratic Recurrence Sequences

The statement of the numerical values and z₀ on page 167 of[1, Section 3] contained an error. The values that were actuallyused were (to nine decimal places): thesebeing shifted, by the periods 2₁ and 2₃ respectively, comparedwith the values given in [1] (with ₁ = 1.496729323 and ₃ = 1.225694691i).With ₀ = ₁ and (z) denoting the sigma function (z; g2, g3) withinvariants g2 = 4, g3 = –1 associated with the ellipticcurve given by equation (3.2), these values of and z₀ yield and the latter three values all agreewith those stated in the paper (apart from rounding down thelast digit in the imaginary part of A). 2000 Mathematics SubjectClassification 11B37 (primary), 33E05, 37J35 (secondary).     

Packing, Tiling, Orthogonality and Completeness

Let R^d be an open set of measure 1. An open set DR^d is calleda ‘tight orthogonal packing region’ for if D–Ddoes not intersect the zeros of the Fourier transform of theindicator function of , and D has measure 1. Suppose that isa discrete subset of R^d. The main contribution of this paperis a new way of proving the following result: D tiles R^d whentranslated at the locations if and only if the set of exponentialsE = {exp 2i, x: } is an orthonormal basis for L²(). (This resulthas been proved by different methods by Lagarias, Reeds andWang [9] and, in the case of being the cube, by Iosevich andPedersen [3]. When is the unit cube in R^d, it is a tight orthogonalpacking region of itself.) In our approach, orthogonality ofE is viewed as a statement about ‘packing’ R^d withtranslates of a certain non-negative function and, additionally,we have completeness of E in L²() if and only if the above-mentionedpacking is in fact a tiling. We then formulate the tiling conditionin Fourier analytic language, and use this to prove our result.2000 Mathematics Subject Classification 52C22, 42B99, 11K70.