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在常温常压下采用新型旋转电极等离子体反应器，对辉光等离子体作用下的甲烷偶联反应制C2烃进行了研究。结果表明，甲烷偶联反应的主要产物为C2H2，占C2烃的80%以上，能量效率在5.6%～11.2%之间；增加H2含量可以提高CH4转化率和C2烃收率；在500～2200kJ•mol−1的能量密度范围内，CH4转化率随能量密度的增大而线性增加，C2烃收率随着能量密度的增加呈峰形变化趋势。     

多尖端旋转电极辉光放电甲烷偶联研究

石油资源的日趋短缺使人们对世界大储量能源天然气的开发利用越来越重视。甲烷（CH4）是天然气的主要成份,由于CH4分子具有很高的稳定性,用CH4直接偶联制C2炔（乙烷,;乙烯,乙炔）在热力学上十分不利,采用常规催化手段一直未取得突破性进展^[1],而辉光放电等冷等离子体对于CH4偶联是一种非常有效的方法,近年来已成为物理化学跨学科前沿研究热点。在本研究领域中,利用脉冲电晕等离子体结合催化剂进行甲烷转化^[2],其等离子体在空间分布上是非连续的,活性较低,反应区较小,甲烷的转化率及C2烃收率必须是有限的;利用微波诱导甲烷在催化剂上转化制C2烃^[3],由于温度很高,能量密度太大,很容易使甲烷完全裂解,生成大量积碳,C2烃的收率也较低;利用介质阻挡放电使CH4偶联^[4],能耗太大,能量利用率很低。因此,冷等离子体CH4偶联实现工业化的课题就是要在提高CH4转化率及C2烃收率的同时降低能耗,以提高能量利用率。     

等离子体中活性粒子分析及化学动力学机理

利用发射光谱测量技术分析了介质阻挡放电等离子体激励空气产生的主要活性粒子,利用零维等离子体动力学模型模拟了甲烷/空气中放电阶段主要活性粒子的演化规律,并通过敏感性与化学路径分析研究了O原子影响甲烷点火过程的化学动力学机理。研究表明:空气中介质阻挡放电等离子体主要产生N2和O2的激发态粒子,激发态粒子的数密度随着电压的增加而增大;激发态粒子经过一系列物理化学反应最终转化成若干自由基,其中O原子的摩尔分数最大;O原子缩短甲烷点火延迟时间一个量级,原因在于添加O原子后甲基(CH3)的氧化途径由自点火过程中的经O2直接氧化为CH3O和CH2O转变为经HO2和O原子氧化为CH3O和CH2O,由于后者的基元反应速率快,因而明显缩短了点火延迟时间。     

双模式放电中DBD放电参数对甲烷滑动弧火焰光谱及活性粒子的影响分析

对未燃烧的可燃混合气体进行DBD放电,放电后会产生大量的活性粒子,这些活性粒子可以辅助气体燃烧,达到提高燃料燃烧利用率等目的。以DBD激励氩气、甲烷、空气产生的自由基（CH基和OH基）等强化燃烧的关键活性粒子为探索对象,研究DBD放电激励甲烷对滑动弧火焰的影响。为此,采用自主设计的DBD-滑动弧双模式等离子体激励器,利用同轴介质阻挡放电结构对氩气、甲烷、空气混合气进行放电激励,将激励后的氩气、甲烷、空气混合气通入滑动弧端进行点火。固定氩气流量不变,调整空气流量为4.76 L·min-1,并加入甲烷0.5 L·min-1,保证进气通道内氩气与空气-甲烷的气体体积流量比达到Ar∶（CH₄+Air）=1∶30,其中空气、甲烷这两种气体达到了化学燃烧当量比φ=1,氩气、甲烷、甲烷混合气体能实现均匀而稳定的放电并燃烧。DBD段放电电压在15～20 kV范围变化,放电频率在6～10 kHz范围变化,滑动弧段的电压和频率分别保持4 kV与10 kHz恒定,通过改变DBD段放电电压和放电频率,用高速光纤光谱仪检测滑动弧火焰中自由基种类及其光谱强度,分析放电参数激励甲烷对火焰中自由基（CH基和OH基）的影响。结果表明,DBD段放电电压及放电频率的增加可以促进火焰内部的偶联反应发生,可有效提升甲烷滑动弧火焰内部的活性粒子含量,其中OH基团、CH基团在燃烧链式化学反应进程中发挥着较为重要的作用。甲烷经过DBD激励后,随放电电压和频率的增加,火焰中OH基、CH基等主要活性粒子都随之增加。DBD放电后,活性粒子的光谱强度增大,特征谱线比单模式更加明显;甲烷经过DBD激励后,火焰组成发生了变化,滑动弧段出口处甲烷燃烧反应更加充分,火焰温度越高越容易产生OH基。与单模式滑动弧相比,双模式放电可有效促进火焰内部的链式化学反应进程,促进燃料燃烧。     

Ar/CH4等离子体射流发射光谱诊断研究

为了更加深入的研究大气压条件下Ar/CH₄等离子体射流的放电机理和其内部电子的状态,通过自主设计的针-环式介质阻挡放电结构,在放电频率10 kHz、一个大气压条件下产生了稳定的Ar/CH₄等离子体射流,并利用发射光谱法对其进行了诊断研究。对大气条件下Ar/CH₄等离子体射流的放电现象及内部活性粒子种类进行诊断分析,重点研究了不同氩气甲烷体积流量比、不同峰值电压对大气压Ar/CH₄等离子体射流电子激发温度、电子密度以及CH基团活性粒子浓度的影响规律。结果表明,大气压条件下Ar/CH₄等离子体射流呈淡蓝色,在射流边缘可观察到丝状毛刺并伴有刺耳的电离声同时发现射流尖端的形态波动较大;通过发射光谱可以发现Ar/CH₄等离子体射流中的主要活性粒子为CH基团,C,CⅡ,CⅢ,CⅣ,ArⅠ和ArⅡ,其中含碳粒子的谱线主要集中在400~600 nm之间,ArⅠ和ArⅡ的谱线分布在680~800 nm之间;可以发现CH基团的浓度随峰值电压的增大而增大,但CH基团浓度随Ar/CH₄体积流量比的增大而减小,同时Ar/CH₄等离子体射流中C原子的浓度随之增加,这表明氩气甲烷体积流量比的增大加速了Ar/CH₄等离子体射流中C-H的断裂,因此可以发现增大峰值电压与氩气甲烷体积流量比均可明显的加快甲烷分子的脱氢效率,但增大氩气甲烷体积流量比的脱氢效果更加明显。通过多谱线斜率法选取4条ArⅠ谱线计算了不同工况下的电子激发温度,求得大气压Ar/CH₄等离子体射流的电子激发温度在6 000~12 000 K之间,且随峰值电压与氩气甲烷体积流量比的增大均呈现上升的趋势;依据Stark展宽机理对Ar/CH₄等离子体射流的电子密度进行了计算,电子密度的数量级可达1017 cm-3,且增大峰值电压与氩气甲烷体积流量比均可有效的提高射流中的电子密度。这些参数的探索对大气压等离子体射流的研讨具有重大意义。     

低温等离子体活化转化煤层甲烷机理的光谱诊断

为了探究低温等离子体活化转化煤层甲烷的机理,采用自制的介质阻挡放电实验系统对体积组成为CH440%、O212%、N248%的模拟煤层甲烷进行等离子体活化转化。采用色谱分析方法对煤层甲烷介质阻挡放电稳定产物进行分析,结果表明低温等离子体活化煤层甲烷的主要产物为CH3OH、CO和CO_2。采用发射光谱原位诊断技术在200~700 nm波长范围内研究了放电气体的发射光谱,检测到O·、CH·、C·、Hα、N2(A3Σ+U)等激发态物种。基于发射光谱原位诊断和气相色谱分析结果,对煤层甲烷活化转化的自由基反应过程进行了推断。同时,明晰了反应气中N2对煤层甲烷活化和主要产物的生成具有促进作用,即N2产生了存活时间更长的亚稳态离子,该亚稳态离子将能量传递给反应气中的O2和CH4,进而加速了煤层甲烷的活化和稳定产物的生成。     

光谱诊断冷等离子体作用下甲烷转化机理的初步研究(英文)

冷等离子体是甲烷无氧活化制C2烃较为有效的技术手段之一,由于等离子体反应体系的复杂性,甲烷无氧活化制C2烃反应机理及过程尚不十分清楚。本文采用发射光谱原位诊断技术对冷等离子体作用下甲烷无氧活化制C2烃反应中若干激发态物种进行诊断研究,在250nm～670nm波长范围内检测到下列激发态物种:CH、C和C2。依据激发态物种检测结果、气相色谱反应产物分析结果及等离子体特性,推断了等离子体作用下甲烷无氧活化制C2烃的自由基反应历程。     

基于Fe2O3载氧体的煤化学链燃烧试验

采用流化床反应器并以水蒸气作为汽化一流化介质,研究了800～950°C内以Fe2O3为载氧体的煤化学链燃烧循环反应特性.实验表明,气态产物CO2的体积浓度(干基)随温度单调递增;CO、CH4的浓度在反应时间内呈单峰特性且随温度单调递减,CH4浓度值高于CO;H2被载氧体完全氧化.载氧体与水煤气化产物在温度高于850°C体现了高的反应活性,CO2干基浓度接近95%.反应器温度900°C时,气态产物CO2体积浓度随循环数而逐渐降低,CO、CH4浓度增加.     

离子液体在甲烷等离子体转化中作用机理的光谱研究

在直流等离子体甲烷转化反应体系中分别引入C₆MIMBF₄,C₆MIMCF₃COO,C₆MIMHSO₄三种离子液体,采用光谱在线技术检测反应中活性物种的种类和光谱谱峰相对强度的变化,研究了离子液体在气液等离子体甲烷转化反应中的作用机理。结果表明：向甲烷等离子体体系中引入离子液体可得到稳定的气液界面,并提高了甲烷转化率和C₂烃产物收率,C₆MIMCF₃COO和C₆MIMBF₄有助于提高C₂烃选择性,而C₆MIMHSO₄则导致C₂烃选择性下降。在气液等离子体甲烷放电体系中检测到了C,C₂,C₃,CH,H等活性物种的发射光谱,与未引入离子液体时相比大多数活性物种的谱线强度均有增加。核磁共振研究表明反应后离子液体C₆MIMBF₄结构稳定,可认为离子液体作为液体导电介质提高了等离子体放电强度,促进等离子体区气相反应过程,同时离子液体在气液表面反应过程起催化作用。     

介质阻挡放电丝模式和均匀模式转化的特性

利用水电极介质阻挡放电装置，采用电学方法和发射光谱，研究了空气中介质阻挡放电从微放电丝模式向均匀放电模式转化的过程. 结果表明，大气压下增大外加电压或者电压一定减小气压，放电都能够从微放电丝模式过渡到均匀模式. 高气压下放电为流光击穿而低气压下为辉光放电. 利用放电发射光谱，研究了高能电子比例随实验参数的变化. 结果表明气压减小时高能电子比例增大，电压增加时高能电子减少. 利用壁电荷理论对以上实验结果进行了定性分析. 结果对介质阻挡均匀放电的深入研究具有重要价值.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.