The CMS trigger system

The European Physical Journal C - The CMS trigger system must reduce an input data rate from the LHC bunch-crossing frequency of 40&;nbsp;MHz to a rate which will be written to permanent...     

Data-driven performance evaluation method for CMS RPC trigger system using 2011 data at LHC

The compact muon solenoid (CMS) is one of the four experiments which is getting and analysing the results of the collision of protons at LHC. The CMS trigger system is divided into two stages, the level-1 trigger and high-level triggers, to handle the large stream of data produced in collision. The information transmitted from the three muon subsystems (DT, CSC and RPC) are collected by the Global Muon Trigger (GMT) Board and merged. A method for evaluating the RPC system trigger efficiency with data from pp collision was developed using the features of GMT. The results of the study with the real data of 2011 are shown and discussed here along with the comparison of Monte Carlo results.     

Review of the trigger systems of the ATLAS and CMS detectors at the LHC

The characteristics and principles of multilevel trigger systems of the ATLAS and CMS detectors are considered. Calorimeter algorithms for particle identification are described. The parameters of the trigger chambers used for muon track identification are presented. Methods for designing custom processors based on custom integrated circuits and programmable arrays are described. The parameters of the trigger systems of the ATLAS and CMS detectors are compared.     

强激光能源系统的Marx触发器

针对强激光能源系统对Marx触发器的输出性能和可靠性要求,介绍了一种六级的Marx触发器。通过采用多级低电感脉冲形成电路获得了高幅值、陡前沿的输出脉冲,运用实验与概率分析相结合的方法,确定了它的工作参数。实验研究结果表明：这种Marx触发器的误触发率和触发气体开关成功率均符合两参数的威布尔概率分布;当欠压比为65%、工作电压为13.5 kV、工作气压（绝压）为0.35 MPa时,能输出幅值120 kV、前沿20 ns的电压脉冲;该触发器能同时满足误触发率低于0.000 1%,正常触发成功率高于99.999 9%的技术要求。经过长时间现场运行测试,Marx触发器工作良好,无异常现象。     

强激光能源系统的Marx触发器

针对强激光能源系统对Marx触发器的输出性能和可靠性要求,介绍了一种六级的Marx触发器。通过采用多级低电感脉冲形成电路获得了高幅值、陡前沿的输出脉冲,运用实验与概率分析相结合的方法,确定了它的工作参数。实验研究结果表明:这种Marx触发器的误触发率和触发气体开关成功率均符合两参数的威布尔概率分布;当欠压比为65%、工作电压为13.5 kV、工作气压（绝压）为0.35 MPa时,能输出幅值120 kV、前沿20 ns的电压脉冲;该触发器能同时满足误触发率低于0.000 1%,正常触发成功率高于99.999 9%的技术要求。经过长时间现场运行测试,Marx触发器工作良好,无异常现象。     

Physics reach with CMS at high and super-high luminosities

The European Physical Journal C - The physics reach of the Compact Muon Solenoid, under construction to study proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 14 TeV, is presented at design...     

The CMS electromagnetic calorimeter

An overview of the design of the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter is presented. Some of the technical challenges are described together with the current state of their development.     

40路可扩展高压脉冲触发器

直线变压驱动源(LTD)代表一种新型电路拓扑结构,将储能电容分解为容量很小的单元,能够直接输出快脉冲,而且降低了基本器件所承受的电压和导通的能量,为重频长寿命的大型驱动器研制开辟了道路,因而成为下一代大型Z箍缩聚变能源驱动器的主流技术。LTD的设计思想是一种矛盾转移,将难点从极高电压极高电流的闭合开关转移到大阵列开关的同步触发,因此,触发技术成为研制大型LTD型驱动器的重点。提出了一种可扩展的触发技术,以小型Marx发生器作为初级储能源,利用水介质脉冲形成线作为脉冲形成单元,激光触发气体开关作为输出开关,通过高压电缆匹配输出高压脉冲。给出了输出40路高压脉冲的触发器单元的设计和初步实验结果,Marx充电±60 kV时,触发器单元在75 Ω匹配电阻负载输出电压峰值为106 kV,上升时间约27 ns(10%~90%),半高宽约110 ns。作为输出开关的四个激光触发气体开关在~70%工作系数、激光总能量55 mJ的条件下,导通时间差异小于3 ns。     

The ATLAS trigger system

The European Physical Journal C - ATLAS is one of two general-purpose detectors at the next-generation proton–proton collider, the LHC. The high rate of interactions and the large number of...     

Scaling violation favouring high multiplicity events at 540 GeV CMS energy

New data are presented on the charged multiplicity distribution for non single-diffractive events produced in pp? interactions at a CM energy $\text{s}\text{= 540}\text{GeV}$. The distribution in the full pseudorapidity range is compared with data from the ISR. Using the scaling variable $\text{z =}\text{n}\text{〈n〉}$ a change of shape is observed. The effect is manifested as an increase from 2% to 6% in the proportion of high multiplicity (z > 2) events. For the central pseudorapidity range, |η| ? 1.5, scaling is approximately valid up to $\text{s}\text{= 540}\text{GeV}$.     

The high level chopping phenomena of sink-in type triggered vacuumgaps

In the positive mode of the main gap with both triggering modes, it was found that the discharge is quite unstable. This instability has a strong influence on the precise control of the triggered vacuum gap (TVG) and gives rise to high transient voltage across the main gap. This unstable phenomenon is investigated in detail. The influence of triggering pulse type, residual pressure, contamination and main gap polarity on the chopping phenomena is described. The experimental setup is described, and results are discussed     

The upgrade of endcap CMS muon system

The configuration and composition of the CMS muon system are presented. The paper is focused on cathode strip chambers (CSC) used as the endcap muon system detectors. The goals and objectives of the endcap muon system upgrade are formulated. The main results of works accomplished for the ME1/1 CSCs upgrade and the new ME4/2 muon station construction during the LHC Long Shutdown-1 (2013–2014) are presented. The improved performances of the endcap muon system are shown using experimental data obtained after the upgrade (Run2 data).     

CMS Status

The European Physical Journal C - The status of the construction and installation of CMS is reviewed. All big mechanical pieces have been assembled in the surface hall SX5 (except the 2 nd hadronic...     

高触发信号和功率合成的高峰值功率皮秒脉冲源

对于目标的攻击、干扰和探测,超宽带时域脉冲源的幅值直接影响其攻击、干扰和探测的强度和效果。基于雪崩晶体管的Marx电路被广泛应用在产生此类信号源上,传统的Marx电路可以一定程度上提高输出电压的幅值,但由于雪崩晶体管功率容量较低等原因,雪崩晶体管的Marx电路输出电压幅度会随级数增加而达到饱和。针对此类问题,为了产生更高幅值的脉冲信号,综合采用提高触发信号和使用宽带功率合成器的手段。最终利用26级Marx电路作为触发信号,4路40级Marx电路进行功率合成的方法,实现了输出电压幅值为8.7 kV、上升沿约为180 ps的技术指标,并通过机理分析了高触发信号对雪崩晶体管Marx电路的影响,通过实验得到了印证。     

The CMS muon system: Physics performance

The European Physical Journal C - The CMS experiment will take data at the CERN LHC starting from 2007. The CMS muon system has been designed to identify, reconstruct and measure muons with high...     

CMS overview

We discuss the production of γπ⁰ and π⁰ π⁰ pairs with a large invariant mass at collider energies. We present a study based on a perturbative QCD calculation at full next-to-leading order accuracy, implemented in the computer programme DIPHOX. We give estimations for various observables, which concern the reducible background to the Higgs boson search in the channel H → γγ, in the mass range 80-140 GeV at the LHC. We critically discuss the reliability of these estimates due to our imperfect knowledge of fragmentation functions at high z and a subtle interplay between higher order corrections and realistic experimental cuts. Whereas the invariant mass spectrum of photon-pion pairs is theoretically better under control, in the dipion case large uncertainties remain. Finally we comment on the impact of our findings on Higgs boson searches at the LHC. We conclude that the qualitative statement that the pion backgrounds should not be dangerous for the H → γγ search channel remains true at the next-to-leading order level.     

The level structure of92Ru up to high spin values

The level structure of⁹²Ru has been studied by means of γ-ray spectroscopy. The nucleus was produced by the⁵⁸Ni(⁴⁰Ca, α2p)⁹²Ru reaction at beam energies of 147 and 187 MeV. The NORDBALL detector system including particle selection was used. A large number of new levels with excitation energies up to 11.3 MeV and spin values up to 22 or 23 units of angular momentum have been established. The level scheme is compared with recent shell model calculations using¹⁰⁰Sn as a core. Some systematics of the g ₉ ^2/?2 configuration is discussed and a strong correlation between the levels in⁹⁰Mo and⁹²Ru is found.     

The ATLAS and CMS detectors at the LHC

The construction of the LHC detectors presented formidable challenges and, together with physics exploitation, has required the resources and talents of many thousands of scientists and engineers.