同轴波导环形相对论电子束空间极限电流

得到了1维条件下电子均匀分布时,环形电子束在同轴波导内轴向传输的空间极限电流解析表达式。通过讨论解析式在薄电子束和波导内导体半径为0等极限条件下的近似情况,分析了其合理性。在电子束非均匀分布的条件下,对空间极限电流进行了数值求解,并与解析计算结果进行了比较。理论研究表明:环形电子束在同轴波导内具有较圆柱波导内更高的空间极限电流,而且当电子束靠近波导壁时,空间极限电流会显著提高。     

Effects of oxygen partial pressure on resistive switching characteristics of ZnO thin films by DC reactive magnetron sputtering

Cu/ZnO/n⁺-Si structures were prepared by magnetron sputtering of a layer of ZnO thin film onto heavily doped silicon substrate, followed by thermal evaporation of a thin layer of metallic Cu. The resistive switching characteristics of Cu/ZnO/n⁺-Si structures were investigated as a function of oxygen partial pressure during ZnO deposition. Reproducible resistive switching characteristics were observed in ZnO thin films deposited at 20%, 33% and 50% oxygen partial pressure ratios while ZnO thin film deposited at 10% oxygen partial pressure ratio did not show resistive switching behavior. The conduction mechanisms in high and low resistance states are dominated by space-charge-limited conduction and ohmic behavior respectively, which suggests that resistive switching behaviors in such structures are related to filament formation and rupture. It is also found that the reset current decreases as oxygen partial pressure increases, due to the variation of oxygen vacancy concentration in the ZnO thin films.     

Specific features of electrical conduction of the poly-[NiSalen] metal-containing polymer thin-film structure

The charge transfer in the oxidized and reduced forms of poly-[NiSalen] metal-containing polymer films is investigated. It is established that the voltage dependence of the differential conductivity for the polymer in the oxidized form exhibits a nonlinear behavior, which indicates a high electrical activity of this state. The microscopic parameters characterizing the charge transfer are calculated within the space-charge-limited current theory. Differences in the surface morphology of two forms of the poly-[NiSalen] films are revealed using atomic-force microscopy.     

STM studies on quantum wire structures in air and liquid helium

In this work, low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) studies on quantum wires are reported, which were fabricated by laser holography and wet chemical etching. Inverted heterostructures with thin and highly doped cap layers were used as substrates in order to keep the total tunneling barrier as small as possible. Current—voltage curves were measured on the wires and in the depleted areas between them. Between the wires, significant current is only observed for electrons which tunnel from the GaAs valence band into the STM tip, whereas symmetric curren voltage curves are observed on the wires. This behavior is ascribed to the influence of surface depletion and thus, a comparison of current imaging spectroscopy data taken at 300 K and in liquid helium directly yields the edge depletion width of the quantum wires.     

Mechanisms of asymmetric leakage current in Pt/Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3/Nb-SrTiO3 capacitor

Mechanisms of leakage current have been investigated in the capacitor consisting of a Ba_0.6Sr_0.4TiO₃ thin film, a Pt top electrode, and a Nb-doped SrTiO₃ (STON) bottom electrode. The leakage current shows asymmetric behavior for different bias voltage. For the Pt electrode negatively biased, the leakage current can be explained by modified Schottky emission mechanism, and the barrier height is obtained as 0.44 eV. For the Pt electrode positively biased, the leakage current shows a space-charge-limited current behavior. The trap in dielectric film is regarded as deep traps, and the density of trapped carrier is estimated as about 3.2×10²³/m³. PACS 77     

A numerical model for the leakage characteristics in ferroelectric thin films under ionizing radiation

A numerical model is developed to describe the leakage characteristics in ferroelectric thin films under ionizing radiation. The trap-controlled space-charge-limited conduction mechanism is modified by considering radiation-induced charge carriers and changes in the relative dielectric constant. The effect of dose rate is related to the changes in the carrier mobility. Numerical simulation using this model reveals a radiation hardness of 10 Mrad(Si) for barium strontium titanate (BST) thin films at a constant dose rate of 10 Krad(Si)/s. Differences in the leakage behavior under radiation for different conduction regions are also discussed. This model provides a useful tool in predicting the leakage behavior under ionizing radiation and estimating the radiation hardness for ferroelectric materials.     

Synthesis and characteristics of KTa0.5Nb0.5O3 thin films

KTa_0.5Nb_0.5O₃ thin films were synthesized via a metal-organic solution. Characteristics were measured, such as X-ray diffraction pattern, surface morphology and roughness, and electric properties. The synthesized films have a (100) preferential growth orientation on Si (100) substrate. The homogeneous microstructure and smooth surface benefit to the good electric properties of the thin films. The current density-voltage characteristic shows an unexpected feature of the transition from linear to nonlinear, which can be explained by the space-charge-limited mode. Dielectric constant and loss of the thin films decrease with the increase of frequency. The decrease of dielectric loss is related to the decrease of net polarization in material. The decrease of dielectric constant can be explained by Debye formula. The phase transition temperature T _c is about 102 °C for KTa_0.5Nb_0.5O₃ materials.     

Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves by Structures Comprising Thin Wires

Using the method of auxiliary sources, we solve the problem of electromagnetic-wave scattering by structures composed of a finite number of three-dimensional perfectly conducting bodies, some of which are thin wires. The capabilities of the developed software package is briefly described. We present some results of numerical calculations aimed at analyzing the influence of three-dimensional bodies placed near thin wires on the current distributions along these wires.     

Space-charge-limited current of vacuum arc thruster

To optimize thrust performance, the expression of space-charge-limited current for vacuum arc thruster is derived from Poisson's equation. The commonly used ring-type and coaxial-type vacuum arc thrusters are simplified to the equivalent current sheet in planar geometry and cylindrical capacitor, respectively, for this calculation. Both the spatial distribution and peak magnitude of space-charge-limited current are given explicitly, together with their dependences on gap distance, applied voltage, charge number, and ion mass. For typical experimental parameters of the vacuum arc thruster, it is shown that the maximum current density drops significantly when the gap distance becomes large and grows when the applied voltage increases; moreover, a cathode material of lower atomic weight yields a higher current density. The expressions of total current for these two types of vacuum arc thruster are also presented. This work, to our best knowledge, is the first application of space-charge-limited current to the vacuum arc thruster and practically very interesting for engineering design.     

Absorption losses in periodic arrays of thin metallic wires

We analyze the transmission and reflection of electromagnetic waves calculated from transfer matrix simulations of periodic arrangements of thin metallic wires. The effective permittivity and the absorption of the arrangements of wires are determined. Their dependence on the wire thickness and the conductance of the metallic wires is studied. The cutoff frequency, or effective plasma frequency, is obtained and compared with analytical predictions. It is shown that the periodic arrangement of wires exhibits a frequency region in which the real part of the permittivity is negative while its imaginary part is very small. This behavior is seen for wires with thickness as small as 17 microm with a lattice constant of 3.33 mm.     

Thermally Stimulated Depolarization Currents and Optical Transmission Studies on UV Cured Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal Films

Polymer-dispersed-liquid-crystal films were obtained using the photopolymerization-induced-phase-separation method. The thermally stimulated depolarization current measurements indicate a space-charge-limited current. Conduction of electronic type was proven and the activation energy, specific to the conduction process, was calculated. Optical measurements have been performed simultaneously with the measurements of thermally stimulated currents and the nematic-isotropic phase transition was detected by the switch of the optical transmission. The change of the optical transmission versus applied a.c. voltage was the indication for the on-off switch behavior, useful in electro-optic applications.     

同心球之间空间电荷限制电流的简单理论

在高功率微波二极管的设计中,空间电荷限制电流因其与二极管的特性及虚阴极形成关系密切而显得十分重要,虽然Langmuir和Blodgett给出的数值解十分有用,但是在实际的应用中一个简单的函数表达式还是更为方便,同时也可以避免当R_c/R_a很大时带来的级数发散问题.第一性原理已经应用在平行板和共轴圆柱之间二维空间电荷限制电流的推导,它的可靠性也已经得到了大量的验证.本文利用第一性原理推导出了同心球二极管空间电荷限制电流的解析表达式,其中的 关键词： 第一性原理 同心球二极管 空间电荷限制电流     

轴对称平板二极管空间电荷限制流的2维效应

 应用精度较高的体积加权电荷、电流分配模型,对轴对称平板二极管的空间电荷限制流2维效应进行了粒子模拟研究。选取电压分别为100 kV和1 MV两种情况,对空间电荷限制流受二极管尺寸影响的规律进行了模拟。模拟结果表明,2维效应使空间电荷限制流密度随二极管形状因子(阴极发射半径与阴阳极间隙的比值)的减小而增大,且受相对论效应的影响不明显。经数值拟合得到了空间电荷限制流2维效应与形状因子相关的二阶经验公式,其一阶系数与一阶理论结果基本一致,约为1/4。     

Inhomogeneity of currents in a wire array during its explodingphase

The current in a wire array during its exploding phase has been studied. The wire array consisting of many thin wires is used as a plasma source in a z-pinch X-ray radiation system. The current distribution in the exploding wire array plays an important role in producing an initial symmetrical plasma. In the present experiment, four tungsten wires of 0.1 mm in diameter were exploded in a vacuum. The experiment was carried out with an inductive voltage adder pulsed power generator providing a current of 160 kA at quarter period of 1.8 μs The currents through and the voltage across the wires were measured simultaneously. It was found that the currents in the wires were inhomogeneous, especially after the wires became plasma. Once the currents became inhomogeneous, the inhomogeneity remained throughout the discharge. It was also studied how the dimensions of the wires affected the homogeneity of the currents. Wires of different lengths or different cross sectional areas resulted in strong inhomogeneities of the currents. The wires with shorter length or smaller cross-sectional area became plasmas earlier than other wires. Thus, the resistances of the wires were not equal. These differences in the resistance caused the inhomogeneity of the currents     

New method for calculating pulsed electromagnetic fields from traveling current waves in complex wire structures

A simple method for calculating time dependencies of electromagnetic fields for both current pulses and monochromatic waves traveling on thin wires with bends is proposed. The new calculation method takes into account the current redistribution in the wires due to the radiation energy loss in bends. The criterion of the best transmission of pulsed currents by two-wire lines is presented. The reflection and transmission coefficients of current pulses from transmission line bends and the dependencies of these coefficients on the parameters of pulses and their transmission times through bends are obtained.     

Enhancement of dielectric and ferroelectric properties in ferroelectric superlattices

I studied theoretically the enhancement of remanent polarization and dielectric permittivity of interfacial-coupled ferroelectric superlattices based on the Landau–Ginzburg theory. Our model adopts the Landau–Khalatnikov equation to describe hysteresis behavior and takes the time-dependent space-charge-limited conductivity into account to investigate the ferroelectric and dielectric properties of ferroelectric superlattices. The results are in good agreement with recent experimental observations on the enhancement of remanent polarization and permittivity of BaTiO₃/SrTiO₃ superlattices and heterolayered Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃ thin films.     

Nonlinear vibrations of electroelastic shells with relatively large shear deformations

A set of two-dimensional nonlinear equations for thin electroelastic shells in vibrations with moderately large thickness-shear deformations are obtained from the variational formulation of the three-dimensional equations of nonlinear electroelasticity by expanding the mechanical displacement vector and the electric potential into power series in the shell thickness coordinate and retaining lower order terms. As an example, the equations are used to study nonlinear thickness-shear vibrations of a circular cylindrical shell driven by an electric voltage. Nonlinear amplitude-frequency behavior of electric current near strong resonance is obtained.     

Linear and nonlinear spin wave resonances in a very thin amorphous wire

Linear and nonlinear FMR spectra of a very thin amorphous wire are investigated. A phenomena called “spin wave ripple” is reported here. It is observed on the low field side of the linear resonance curve and is attributed to the excitation of radial standing spin waves with the energy corresponding to the incident microwave frequency. The fine structure of the nonlinear resonance curves, recently observed on thin amorphous wires, is then explained by the dipole-exchange models of a cylinder parametrically excited by Suhl's first-order process. This explanation is consistent with the value of the exchange stiffness constant A determined from the spin wave ripple.     

求解三种导体构形中相对论电子形成的空间电荷限制流

 从Poisson方程及空间电荷限制流假设出发，推导了三种导体构形中相对论电子形成的空间电荷流密度的一般方程，给出了求解方法及解的基本特征、平板形阳极空间电荷限制流的具体表达式，研究了同轴圆筒形及共顶点同轴圆锥形导体空间电荷限制流关系表达式的极性效应、空间电荷密度及电场分布。