土壤环境中的硒对人和动物健康的影响

硒是人和动物必需的微量元素之一。土壤中的硒含量过多或过低，人和 动物都会出现地方性疾病。土壤中硒的含量与土壤母质、地形、气候条件和土壤条件性质等有关，调节土壤性质可以改善作物的含硒量。防治硒缺额症和硒中毒症，每天必需摄入适量的硒，以100－200μg为宜，但人体对硒的需要量也与食物成分有关。     

硒的土壤化学及其生物有效性

硒是重要的生命元素。高硒和低硒均会引起动物发生各种疾病，硒由土壤进入植物体，通过食物链控制着动物的硒营养状况，因此研究硒的土壤化学及其对生物的有效性对维护人类健康和牲畜生产是十分有意义的，本文拟就土壤中硒的含量、形态、有效性影响因素，硒的保健作用和调节措施等方面作一综述。     

硒与癌症

硒是人体必需微量元素。流行病学调查表明。土壤硒含量，谷物硒含量。食物硒摄入量及人体血硒水平与多种癌症发病率（死亡率）呈负相关，动物实验证实，适量硒具有抑癌抗癌作用，硒抗癌机理研究及人体干预试验进一步说明硒与癌症关系密切。     

我国青海高原环境低硒的状况及影响

选择分布于青海高原不同地区和不同地形条件下36个县市的113个采样点，检测了一千余个各种土壤-植物-动物(人)样品的含硒量，表明青海缺硒和严重缺硒的地区占全省总面积的94％，而不缺硒的地区在占6％，同时还查明：(1）土壤含硒量与植物中的含硒量呈现明显的正相关(γ=0．945)，土壤-植物-动物(人)机体的含硒量分析都呈现相互关联的链条关系。(2)不同地形的土壤含硒量有较大的差异，一般河谷水浇地硒含量要高于山地。(3)生长在相同土壤中的植物。因其品种不同而呈现出聚硒能力的差异。(4)动物在缺硒条件下，体内人和组织硒水平迅速下降。(5)在相同缺硒地区生活的人群，由于膳食结构不同。摄入硒的多少也不同。因而导致体内含硒量的差异。大骨节病、心脏病及癌症病人的血硒含量明显低于当地正常人的水平。本研究将为协调环境与生物(包括人体健康)的关系和进一步研究硒元素在自然界中的生态循环规律提供基础。     

微量硒的测定方法简介

人们很早就知道因某些地区水、土壤、植物中硒含量很高而导致家畜发生“盲蹒跚”和“碱毒病”等地方性疾病。但在相当长的时期内人们并不知道硒对生物有什么生理功用。在人们用无机硒化合物实验证明硒可以预防动物之膳食性肝坏死和家畜白肌病之后,硒对动物的生理功用便引起了人们的广泛注意。晚近的研究指出,硒是谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的组成部分,并且证明硒是动物和人类必需的微量元素。因此就更加促进人们对微量硒的分析方法的研究。本文仅对硒的分析方法做一简介。     

硒对汞毒性的拮抗作用及机理

硒是一种生物必需微量元素,而汞是剧毒重金属元素之一.硒、汞相互作用一直备受国内外研究者关注.本文系统概括了人体、动植物及生态系统中硒、汞相互作用的研究进展,探讨了硒、汞相互作用的机制,以期为利用硒降低汞的毒性提供理论基础,为降低汞对人体及环境健康的危害和国家汞污染治理提供技术支持.     

矿区重金属污染土壤修复技术的研究现状和展望

矿区土壤重金属污染是当今世界面临的主要环境问题之一,其污染修复一直是环境科学领域研究的重要领域之一。对矿区土壤重金属污染的修复方法,包括物理化学技术、植物修复技术、动物修复技术的机理、优缺点以及实用性进行了综述,并对矿区土壤修复的研究进行了展望。     

土壤重金属污染来源及其解析研究进展

土壤重金属污染问题是环境和土壤科学研究者关注的热点问题。对土壤重金属污染物来源的鉴别是准确、有效控制和治理污染源的前提。根据近年来国内外对土壤重金属污染的相关研究报道,综述了土壤中污染物的工业、农业和交通因子三大主要来源,重点阐述了目前解析土壤重金属污染来源所运用的化学形态研究、剖面分布、同位素示踪、空间分析和多元统计等方法,并就存在的问题和今后的研究重点进行了总结。     

一次消解土壤样品测定汞、砷和硒

建立了测定土壤中3种挥发性元素(汞、砷、硒)的一次消解方法,确定以程序控温石墨自动消解仪+王水-氢氟酸-硼酸络合敞开体系为最佳消解体系,采用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS)分别测定同一消解液中汞、砷、硒的含量.采用国家标物中心有证标准物质土壤环境样品GSS-1~GSS-8进行了方法验证,结果均符合标准偏差的允许范围.此消解方法相比于现行标准方法,避免了针对各元素的分次处理,简化了消解步骤,节省了前处理时间,减少了试剂消耗,提高了实验效率,适用性广、灵敏度高、检出限低,尤其适合批量样品的微量/痕量元素分析,可作为一种大规模土壤样品中重金属污染监测和治理的快捷方法.     

磷酸二氢钾浸提-原子荧光光谱法测定土壤中有效硒样品处理

对标准方法NY/T 3420—2019测定土壤中有效硒含量的样品处理方法进行优化。用电热板消解取代微波消解，以三氯化铁取代铁氰化钾，提高盐酸质量分数至20%，对KH₂PO₄浸提-原子荧光光谱法测定土壤中有效硒的样品处理方法进行优化。用硝酸-高氯酸混合酸将浸提液中的硒溶出后，在硫酸存在条件下加热挥发完全，可避免样品溶液中高氯酸钾结晶生成。硫酸因工艺原因含有硒，加入溴化钠加热至无色，重复处理多次可将绝大部分硒去除。经过试验确定硫酸最终质量分数为4%，此条件下硒的加标回收率为96.6%～105.9%。该方法和标准方法NY/T 3420—2019的测定结果经F检验和t检验验证，不具有显著性差异。该方法简化前处理流程，测定结果满足标准质控要求，适合大批量土壤样品测定。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.