Efficient microwave combinatorial parallel and nonparallel synthesis of N-alkylated glycine methyl esters as peptide building blocks

An easy and convenient microwave-assisted synthesis of N-alkylated glycine methyl esters is described. Parallel and nonparallel combinatorial methods are described and compared. The described reactions are reductive alkylations of several aldehydes and glycine methyl ester in the presence of NaBH3CN. Good yields and short reaction times are the main aspects of these procedures.     

Hydrocolloid gels of polysaccharides and proteins

Recent developments from 1997 to 2000 in hydrocolloid gels which consist of dispersed phase (polysaccharide or protein) and dispersing medium (water) are reviewed in the present paper. Gels and gelling processes of polysaccharides such as gellan gum, methylcellulose, xyloglucan, curdlan, konjac glucomannan and starch are described. Fluid gels and galactomannan gels prepared by freeze-thaw cycling are also described. Effects of pH and ionic strength on the gelation of proteins such as casein and β-lactoglobulin are described. Fractal treatment is introduced to study the structure–property relationship for globular protein gels. Gels formed by different hydrocolloids are also described briefly.     

Immobilized pH 2.5-11 gradients for two-dimensional electrophoresis.

Extremely wide immobilized pH gradients, pH 2.5-11, for isoelectric separation of complex protein mixtures are described. These pH gradients are theoretically and practically the maximum that can be achieved at present with the available acrylamido buffers and titrants. Conditions are described for reducing conductivity and electroendosmosis in extreme pH ranges. Furthermore, new conditions are described for the separation of proteins in the second dimension. Using this protocol, nearly all the possible cellular products can be separated in one single two-dimensional map.     

低聚糖的固相合成与反应机理研究进展

对低聚糖的固相合成作了评述，重点介绍了聚合物载体对糖苷化反应的影响、羟基的保护（包括载体化保护基）、糖苷化反应的各种方法和偶联过程中的立体控制问题。     

Controlled-Rate Thermal Desorptton

A new way of conducting thermal desorption experiments is described. The method consists in maintaining the desorption rate constant by a rigorous control of temperature. The equations for two models of constant rate desorption are described: from a surface with only one type of adsorption site, and with two different types. The technique is applied to two real systems and the kinetic parameters are determined. The results are compared with those obtained by using TPD. The main advantages are discussed and the methodology and modifications required for a TPD set-up to work at a constant desorption rate are described.     

Calorimeters for biotechnology

The isothermal and temperature scanning calorimeters manufactured by Calorimetry Sciences Corporation are briefly described. Applications of calorimetry to determine thermodynamics and kinetics of reactions of interest in biotechnology are described with illustrative examples.     

Adiabatic microcalorimeters for heat capacity measurement at low temperature

Technical problems in the design and construction of small sample adiabatic calorimeters are pointed out and solutions to them discussed. Two calorimeters constructed on the design principle are described with illustrative examples of data obtained with them. Hard and soft wares for fully automatic operation of the two calorimeters are described in some detail.     

Polymer films derived from aligned and polymerised reactive liquid crystals

The principles and methods of fabricating thin polymer films with particular optical properties via the process of in‐situ photopolymerisation of reactive liquid crystals are described. The optical properties of these films are described in terms of their retardation profile. Some possible applications, such as compensation films for improving the viewing angle of a TN‐TFT liquid crystal display are discussed. A novel way of combining the properties of a quarter wave foil and a compensation film for a broad band cholesteric brightness enhancement film is also described.     

An example of 2-block predictive partial least-squares regression with simulated data

Practical examples with simulated data are described to illustrate the material described in the preceding tutorial on partial least-squares regression. Starting from the perfect model for two dimensions, noise, nonlinearities and interference are added gradually in order to study their influence. The examples are related to calibration in chemical analysis.     

Practical Aspects of Pretreatment of Aluminum Surfaces for Industrial Anodizing

The most widely adopted techniques for etching aluminum surfaces for industrial anodizing are described. The processes involved in the dissolution of surface layers of aluminum in acidic and alkaline media are described in terms of their economic and ecological viability and practical use. The advantages of using composite alkaline etching solutions are demonstrated.     

The variational alternant molecular orbital method for 3-D and 2-D hydrogen molecule

The Variational alternant molecular orbital method (VAMO ) is described and applied to the case of three-dimensional and two-dimensional hydrogen molecules. The energies of the electron system are obtained, together with the equilibrium distances of the molecules. The intergrals equivelent to the Slater's integrals of the nonvariational method are described. Applications of this method to realizable systems are described.     

Symbolic equations and their applications to reaction design

The application of symbolic equations to problems of reaction design is described. Problems in their analytical and constructive enumeration are formulated in terms of graph and permutation group theories. Some features of the combinatorial algorithm and of its computer implementations are described. Several hypothetical processes corresponding to unknown types of reaction are outlined.     

Light emitting diode based flow-through optical absorption detectors

Simple inexpensive high performance optical absorption detectors are possible using light emitting diodes (LEDs) as light sources. The designs presented in the literature are reviewed. Designs used by the investigators are described in detail with respect to construction, electronic design, performance and cost; these have not previously been described in the literature. Characteristics of commercially available LEDs are tabulated. At the simple end, a single beam, dc driven, transmittance output detector can be constructed within the body of a LED. At the high performance end, fully referenced, computer interfaced detectors are described that are pulsed at high speeds to attain measurement standard deviations in the range of 2-3 x 10(-6) absorbance.     

Synthesis and mass spectra of 1-arylideneamino-1,2,3-triazoles

The synthesis of the title Compounds is described. Their mass spectra upon electron impact are given and the main fragmentation pathways are described.     

Analysis of natural corticosteroids in adrenal extracts and in biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography

A liquid chromatographic procedure is described for the analysis of the principal natural corticosteroids in extracts of adrenal glands. Microparticulate silicic acid columns and gradients of methanol in chloroform are used: conditions are described for the quantitative analysis of the single principal steroidal components of adrenal extracts for pharmaceutical use and of adrenal extracts of rats. In the last case, the use of a 5-micron silica column with the appropriate gradient allows the determination of corticosterone and of 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone, which were identified by means of mass spectrometry on their eluates. A single analysis can be performed on the extract of 15 mg of rat adrenal tissue. For the last type of analysis, isocratic conditions on a 10-micron LiChrosorb Diol column are also described. The application of the gradient elution procedure to the analysis of steroidal compounds in human plasma is also described.     

Kinetic fluorimetric determination of cerium with 1,5-diphenyl-3-(2-stiryl)-Δ2-pyrazoline

A kinetic fluorimetric method for the determination of cerium(IV) (0.04–0.2 ppm) is described. The fluorescent species obtained results from oxidative transformation of the reagent. The reaction are described and the experimental variables and interferences in the determination are reported.     

Model investigations of network-forming materials

Recent advances in the study of network-forming materials are described for systems dominated both by ionic and covalent interatomic interactions. Modelling strategies are described which focus both on describing specific systems of interest and on modelling the systematic evolution of network topology. The effect of network topology on the presence of ordering both on intermediate- and extended-length-scales is discussed. The effect of the topology on the mechanical rigidity is also described and analysed in terms of a mean coordination model. In addition, the isomorphology between amorphous silicon and the silicon sub-lattice in SiO(2) is described. Polyamorphism in Si and ZnCl(2) is analysed and discussed. Finally, the study of reduced (two) dimensional systems is discussed for carbon, silicon and germanium.     

The catalyst industry of Japan (2)

The trends of the catalyst industry in Japan are described based on the statistical data published by the Japanese government offices. Three topical items in the recent catalytic technology developments in Japan are described: resid FCC, methylmethacrylate, and emission control for lean-burn engines.     

Catalytic osmylation and oxypalladation of khellin. Two useful methods for furan ring degradation. Replacement of the furan ring by an isoxazole ring.

Two oxidation reactions are described which result in the selective degradation of the furan ring in khellin. Conversion of these products to previously inaccessible analogues is described.     

Methan im Gashydrat. Gefangen im Wasserkäfig

This article shows the variety of gas hydrates regarding their occurrences, composition, characterization and potential usability. Synthetic clathrate hydrates are described as well as those hydrates occurring in nature. Different methods, embracing the spectrum from laboratory analytic methods to field use are described.