加强实验操作考核客观评定《分析化学》课程成绩

在搞好课堂理论教学的同时，要加强实验课程的教学和考核。提出了实验操作考核的具体内容及方法。强调正确掌握定量分析仪器操作的重要性。将学生理论考试成绩与实验操作考核成绩有机结合起来，客观评定该课程成绩     

一种评定分析实验成绩的新方法

对同一样品组学生的实验结果进行统计检验和数据处理，用所得统计结果评价学生个体的分析结果。根据个体的实验结果、操作水平、实验作风、应答能力及报告成绩综合给出单项实验成绩，最后对各实验成绩加权合成评定学生的总成绩。据此编制了计算机应用软件，实现了定量化学分析实验系统化管理，为实验教学改革及教学内容更新、教学效果自检奠定了基础。     

融合现代信息技术的化学实验成绩评定体系

科学的成绩评定方法能够充分调动学生实验学习的积极性,从而提高实验教学质量。从新时代化学实验教学的需求出发,分析构建与现代信息技术深度融合的成绩评定体系的必要性,并制定了涵盖预习、操作、数据质量、计算、报告和文献于一体的模块化、等级制评定体系及详细指标。同时利用Excel和MATLAB软件实现了数据的自动评判与总分统计。     

无机化学实验考核体系的探索与构建

概述了中国科学技术大学无机化学实验课程组在课程考核方面所进行的探索与实践,该考核体系从平时实验考核、期中实验考核、期末实验考核3方面进行了科学、合理、层次化的评定。其特点是：过程考核与结果考核相结合、书面报告与操作考核相结合、基本操作与设计研究型实验考核相结合。该考核体系既有利于较为全面地衡量学生的实验水平,又可有效提升实验教学水平。     

培养高一学生化学实验的规范性

规范的实验操作是探究实验顺利进行的前提与保障,分析了高一学生在化学实验中存在不规范操作的原因,从开学第一课、课前预习、课后反思、随机评价等角度探讨了培养学生实验规范操作的某些做法。     

学生实验操作受挫的心理因素及其矫正对策

实践证明：学生在实验操作时,常常遇到困难或出现一些问题,不仅阻碍了实验的进展,还会影响实验效果。这除了受实验条件、知识和能力素质的影响外,由心理因素引起的操作受挫占有很大的比重。因此,心理因素对学生实验操作的影响不容忽视,这是全面提高学生实验素质不可缺少的研究课题。     

研究生复试有机化学实验试题评析

介绍了研究生复试有机化学实验操作试题和评价标准,试题原型为乙酸异戊酯的制备实验。学生对混合样品进行分液、干燥、过滤、蒸馏等操作,记录实验步骤并提供纯净的产品。详细地说明了实验的操作要点,并介绍了学生测试情况。     

“聚丙烯酸酯的合成及降凝性能评价”综合实验能力考核平台

设计了以柴油中饱和烃含量及碳数分布测定、聚丙烯酸高级醇酯（PTA）的合成与纯化、PTA的红外表征与分子量测定、PTA降凝性能评价等4个模块组成的综合实验，作为化工专业实验的考核及成绩评定平台。这种考核方式将过程考核与结果考核融合，将笔试、操作、设计融合，可以全面准确地考核学生的有机合成、仪器分析等基础实验技能，同时考核综述、数据处理、实验设计等综合实验能力和实验室工作素质。此外，还能够有效训练学生的学习能力、解决问题能力、实践能力和创新能力，并促进了实验教学水平提高。     

基于Flash的肝脏谷丙转氨酶活力测定仿真实验设计与实现

为使学生能够更深刻地了解肝脏谷丙转氨酶活力测定的实验原理及操作流程,便于生物化学实验教学的开展,利用Flash软件,设计并制作了肝脏谷丙转氨酶活力测定仿真实验动画,通过对实验原理、实验操作演示和学习测验等场景构建,以生动的分子结构形象、逼真的实验现象、交互式测试习题,加深了学生对分子结构及化学反应过程的认识,有助于学生对基本实验技能与操作的掌握,提高了实验教学效果。     

“活性炭表面改性及对苯的吸附研究”综合性实验设计

为加强学生对吸附单元操作基础知识的理解、提升实验研究技能,设计了“活性炭表面改性及其苯吸附性能研究”综合性实验项目。该项目设立了吸附剂基本性质分析、表面改性、吸附性能表征及动态吸附等内容,分别训练学生实验研究、实验操作、仪器表征、图谱解析及实验结果总结分析的能力。经过实验训练,学生掌握了N2吸/脱附仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)的仪器操作与图谱解析方法;学会了表面改性实验及活性炭碘吸附值、亚甲基蓝吸附值和动态吸附性能测试的实验方法与结果的归纳分析;还结合所学吸附单元操作基本原理,研究揭示实验研究的规律性结果。本综合性实验在加强学生对吸附单元操作相关知识掌握的同时,能激发学生的学习兴趣、提升专业综合能力。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。