Free vibration analysis of functionally graded laminated sandwich cylindrical shells integrated with piezoelectric layer

An analytical method for the three-dimensional vibration analysis of a functionally graded cylindrical shell integrated by two thin functionally graded piezoelectric (FGP) layers is presented. The first-order shear deformation theory is used to model the electromechanical system. Nonlinear equations of motion are derived by considering the von Karman nonlinear strain-displacement relations using Hamilton’s principle. The piezoelectric layers on the inner and outer surfaces of the core can be considered as a sensor and an actuator for controlling characteristic vibration of the system. The equations of motion are derived as partial differential equations and then discretized by the Navier method. Numerical simulation is performed to investigate the effect of different parameters of material and geometry on characteristic vibration of the cylinder. The results of this study show that the natural frequency of the system decreases by increasing the non-homogeneous index of FGP layers and decreases by increasing the non-homogeneous index of the functionally graded core. Furthermore, it is concluded that by increasing the ratio of core thickness to cylinder length, the natural frequencies of the cylinder increase considerably.     

压电空心圆柱中波的传播

应用三维压电弹性体轴对称模型对压电空心圆柱中波的传播进行了研究. 发现在 圆柱中是否具有压电性质会对波的传播带来显著的差异. 当波长趋向于零时，在压电圆柱中 拟P波的波速渐进趋向于横观各向同性弹性体的准P波波速，而非压电圆柱中拟P波的波速 渐进趋向于一维杆模型中的P波波速；在压电圆柱中拟SV波存在驻波现象. 圆柱中的SH波 同电场无关，所以在压电圆柱和非压电圆柱中SH波具有相同的频散曲线. 应用积分变 换方法将圆柱的控制方程同其侧边界条件相结合，得到了一组动力学方程. 针对具体的侧边 界条件，得到相对应的波导条件和频散方程. 在此基础上通过数值计算模拟了圆柱受到端部 应力脉冲激励后的瞬态响应. 同时讨论了空心圆柱的半径比对轴向波传播的影响.     

Radially polarized functionally graded piezoelectric hollow cylinders as sensors and actuators

An axisymmetric electroelastic problem of hollow radially polarized piezoceramic cylinders made of functionally graded (FG) materials is analyzed. For the material properties of power-law profile, a closed-form solution is derived. For a general gradient variation, an analytic approach is suggested, which reduces the problem to a Fredholm integral equation. Solving the resulting equation, the response of the electroelastic field can be determined. No severe limitation is required for varying material properties in this method. Numerical results of a cylindrical FG piezoelectric tube with PZT-5H as the inner surface ceramic are evaluated, and the distribution of the radial and circumferential stresses as well as the electric potential for piezoelectric sensors and actuators are presented graphically under electric and mechanical stimuli, respectively. Our results indicate that the electroelastic response in an FG piezoceramic tube with material properties decreasing when the radius increases becomes more obvious than that with material properties increasing. Moreover, the gradient index strongly affects the stress distribution and electric response. The obtained results are helpful for the design of annular cylindrical FG piezoelectric sensors/actuators.     

Investigation of passive oscillations of flexible splitter plates attached to a circular cylinder

This paper presents a numerical study to address wake control of a circular cylinder subjected to two-dimensional laminar flow regime using single and multiple flexible splitter plates attached to the cylinder. Three different cases are presented in the study, covering cylinders with one, two and three horizontally attached splitter plates while the locations of the plates around the cylinders are varied. The length of the splitter plates was equal to the cylinder diameter and Reynolds number was 100. Due to the flexibility of the plates, the problem was modeled as a Fluid–Structure Interaction (FSI) problem and the commercial finite element software, Comsol Multiphysics, was utilized to solve this problem using Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) method. Vortex shedding frequency and fluid forces acting on the cylinder are investigated, along with a comprehensive parametric study to identify the optimum arrangement of the plates for maximum drag reduction and maximum vortex shedding frequency reduction. The numerical results associated to the flexible splitter plates are also compared with the corresponding rigid splitter plate cases investigated in a previous study. Moreover, the tip amplitude of the plates and the maximum strains were measured in order to find an optimum position for placing a piezoelectric polymer to harvest energy from the flow.     

Creep buckling and post-buckling analysis of the laminated piezoelectric viscoelastic functionally graded plates

The creep buckling and post-buckling of the laminated piezoelectric viscoelastic functionally graded material (FGM) plates are studied in this research. Considering the transverse shear deformation and geometric nonlinearity, the Von Karman geometric relation of the laminated piezoelectric viscoelastic FGM plates with initial deflection is established. And then nonlinear creep governing equations of the laminated piezoelectric viscoelastic FGM plates subjected to an in-plane compressive load are derived on the basis of the elastic piezoelectric theory and Boltzmann superposition principle. Applying the finite difference method and the Newmark scheme, the whole problem is solved by the iterative method. In numerical examples, the effects of geometric nonlinearity, transverse shear deformation, the applied electric load, the volume fraction and the geometric parameters on the creep buckling and post-buckling of laminated piezoelectric viscoelastic FGM plates with initial deflection are investigated.     

Wave characteristics in functionally graded piezoelectric hollow cylinders

Based on linear three-dimensional piezoelasticity, the Legendre orthogonal polynomial series expansion approach is used for determining the wave characteristics in hollow cylinders composed of the functionally graded piezoelectric materials (FGPM) with open circuit. The displacement and electric potential components, expanded in a series of Legendre polynomials, are introduced into the governing equations along with position-dependent material constants so that the solution of the wave equation is reduced to an eigenvalue problem. Dispersion curves for FGPM and the corresponding non-piezoelectric hollow cylinders are calculated to show the piezoelectric effect. The influence of the ratio of radius to thickness is discussed. Electric potential and displacement distributions are used to show the piezoelectric effect on the flexural torsional mode. The influence of the polarizing direction on the piezoelectric effect is illustrated. For the radial and axial polarization, the piezoelectric effect reacts mostly on the longitudinal mode. For circumferential polarization, the piezoelectric effect reacts mostly on the torsional mode. In the FGPM hollow cylinder, piezoelectricity can weaken the guided wave dispersion.     

3D free vibration analysis of a functionally graded piezoelectric hollow cylinder filled with compressible fluid

The free vibration of an arbitrarily thick orthotropic piezoelectric hollow cylinder with a functionally graded property along the thickness direction and filled with a non-viscous compressible fluid medium is investigated. The analysis is directly based on the three-dimensional exact equations of piezoelasticity using the so-called state space formulations. The original functionally graded shell is approximated by a laminate model, of which the solution will gradually approach the exact one when the number of layers increases. The effect of internal fluid can be taken into consideration by imposing a relation between the fluid pressure and the radial displacement at the interface. Analytical frequency equations are derived for different electrical boundary conditions at two cylindrical surfaces. As particular cases, free vibration of multi-layered piezoelectric hollow cylinder and wave propagation in infinite homogeneous cylinder are studied. Numerical comparison with available results is made and dispersion curves predicted from the present three-dimensional analysis are given. Numerical examples are further performed to investigate the effects of various parameters on the natural frequencies.     

Electromagnetoelastic behaviors of functionally graded piezoelectric

Analytical studies on electromagnetoelastic behaviors are presented for the functionally graded piezoelectric material (FGPM) solid cylinder and sphere placed in a uniform magnetic field and subjected to the external pressure and electric loading. When the mechanical, electric and magnetic properties of the material obey an identical power law in the radial direction, the exact displacements, stresses, electric potentials and perturbations of magnetic field vector in the FGPM solid cylinder and sphere are obtained by using the infinitesimal theory of electromagnetoelasticity. Numerical examples also show the significant influence of material inhomogeneity. It is interesting to note that selecting a specific value of inhomogeneity parameter can optimize the electromagnetoelastic responses, which will be of particular importance in modern engineering designs.     

Elastodynamic Green's functions for a laminated piezoelectric cylinder

Elastodynamic Green's functions for a piezoelectric structure represent the electro-mechanical response due to a steady-state point source as either a unit force or a unit charge. Herein, Green's functions for a laminated circular piezoelectric cylinder are constructed by means of the superposition of modal data from the spectral decomposition of the operator of the equations governing its dynamic behavior. These governing equations are based on a semi-analytical finite element formulation where the discretization occurs through the cylinder's thickness. Examples of a homogeneous PZT-4 cylinder and a two-layer cylinder composed of a PZT-4 material at crystal orientations of ±30° with the longitudinal axis are presented. Numerical implementation details for these two circular cylinders show the convergence and accuracy of these Green's functions.     

具损伤压电智能层合中厚板的非线性动力稳定性分析

基于各向异性损伤理论和压电理论，采用能量法和Lagrange方程，建立了具损伤压电智能层合中厚板在参数激励下的非线性运动控制方程，应用增量谐波平衡法，求解了具损伤压电智能层合中厚板的非线性动力稳定性问题。算例中，分析了损伤参数和压电效应对压电智能层合板非线性动力稳定性的影响，揭示了力电耦合效应的内在特征，并与有关文献的结果进行了比较。     

Nonlinear transient isogeometric analysis of smart piezoelectric functionally graded material plates based on generalized shear deformation theory under thermo-electro-mechanical loads

We present a generalized shear deformation theory in combination with isogeometric (IGA) approach for nonlinear transient analysis of smart piezoelectric functionally graded material (FGM) plates. The nonlinear transient formulation for plates is formed in the total Lagrange approach based on the von Kármán strains, which includes thermo-piezoelectric effects, and solved by Newmark time integration scheme. The electric potential through the thickness of each piezoelectric layer is assumed to be linear. The material properties vary through the thickness of FGM according to the rule of mixture and the Mori–Tanaka schemes. Various numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Green’s functions for transversely isotropic piezoelectric functionally graded multilayered half spaces

By virtue of two systems of vector functions and the propagator matrix method, Green’s functions for transversely isotropic, piezoelectric functionally graded (exponentially graded in the vertical direction), and multilayered half spaces are derived. It is observed that the homogeneous solution and propagator matrices for each functionally graded layer in the transformed domain are independent of the choice of the two systems of vector functions. For a point force and point charge density applied at any location of the functionally graded half space, Green’s functions are expressed in terms of one-dimensional infinite integrals. To carry out the numerical integral involving Bessel functions, an adaptive Gauss quadrature approach is introduced and modified. The piezoelectric functionally graded Green’s functions include those in the corresponding elastic functionally graded media as special results with the latter being also unavailable in the literature. Two piezoelectric functionally graded half-space models are analyzed numerically: one is a functionally graded PZT-4 half space, and the other a coated functionally graded PZT-4 layer over a homogeneous BaTiO₃ half space. The effects of different exponential factors on Green’s function components are clearly demonstrated, which could be useful in the design and manufacturing of piezoelectric functionally graded structures.     

Low-frequency dispersion of fundamental waves in anisotropic piezoelectric plates

Low-frequency onset of the fundamental branches in piezoplates is studied with a view to identify the impact of piezoelectric coupling. General analytical expressions for the zero- and leading-order terms of the velocity versus wavenumber expansion in an anisotropic homogeneous piezoplate are obtained. On this ground, it is shown what types of anisotropy and electric boundary conditions enable the onset parameters of fundamental branches to be piezoactive. Particular attention is given to the linear dispersion at the origin of two upper fundamental branches. This property is entirely caused by the piezoeffect, being ruled out for elastic plates. An invariant hierarchy is established between the zero-order velocities of the fundamental waves under different electric boundary conditions in homogeneous and functionally graded plates. It is shown that some of these velocities in a metallized plate become piezoactive specifically if the piezoplate is functionally graded.     

Interaction integrals for fracture analysis of functionally graded piezoelectric materials

This paper presents domain form of the interaction integrals based on three independent formulations for computation of the stress intensity factors and electric displacement intensity factor for cracks in functionally graded piezoelectric materials. Conservation integrals of J-type are derived based on the governing equations for piezoelectric media and the crack tip asymptotic fields of homogeneous piezoelectric medium as auxiliary fields. Each of the formulation differs in the way auxiliary fields are imposed in the evaluation of interaction integral and each of them results in a consistent form of the interaction integral in the sense that extra terms naturally appears in their derivation to compensate for the difference in the chosen crack tip asymptotic fields of homogeneous and functionally graded piezoelectric medium. The additional terms play an important role of ensuring domain independence of the presented interaction integrals. Comparison of the numerically evaluated intensity factors through the three consistent formulations with those obtained using displacement extrapolation method is presented by means of two examples.     

Nonlinear delamination buckling and expansion of functionally graded laminated piezoelectric composite shells

In this paper, an analytical method is presented to investigate the nonlinear buckling and expansion behaviors of local delaminations near the surface of functionally graded laminated piezoelectric composite shells subjected to the thermal, electrical and mechanical loads, where the mid-plane nonlinear geometrical relation of delaminations is considered. In examples, the effects of thermal loading, electric field strength, the stacking patterns of functionally graded laminated piezoelectric composite shells and the patterns of delaminations on the critical axial loading of locally delaminated buckling are described and discussed. Finally, the possible growth directions of local buckling for delaminated sub-shells are described by calculating the expanding forces along the length and short axis of the delaminated sub-shells.     

平面剪切来流作用下串列布置三圆柱流致运动特性研究

基于四步半隐式特征线分裂算子有限元方法,对Re=100时,剪切来流作用下串列三圆柱体双自由度流致振动问题进行了数值计算. 首先,与现有文献结果进行对比验证该方法的正确性. 然后,着重分析剪切率、固有频率比和折减速度三个关键参数对串列三圆柱体结构流致动力响应及流场特性的影响. 数值计算结果表明:剪切率、固有频率比与折减速度对结构振幅和运动轨迹的影响较大. 随剪切率的增大,上游圆柱最大振幅的变化与单圆柱工况类似. 中下游圆柱最大振幅会增大且会出现双向共振现象,同时,发生共振响应区域会扩大. 随固有频率比的增大,上游圆柱顺流向锁定区间范围会减小,而中下游圆柱双向锁定区间会扩大. 另一方面,均匀来流作用下,结构运动轨迹以"8"字形和不规则形状为主. 随剪切率的增大,锁定区间内运动轨迹会由"8"字形转变为"雨滴"形. 在大剪切率与高固有频率比工况下,中游圆柱体结构运动轨迹会出现"双雨滴"形状. 最后,通过对流场特性的分析,揭示了剪切来流作用下串列三圆柱结构流致运动响应的内在机理.      

Electromagnetoelastic behaviors of functionally graded piezoelectric solid cylinder and sphere

Analytical studies on electromagnetoelastic behaviors are presented for the functionally graded piezoelectric material (FGPM) solid cylinder and sphere placed in a uniform magnetic field and subjected to the external pressure and electric loading. When the mechanical, electric and magnetic properties of the material obey an identical power law in the radial direction, the exact displacements, stresses, electric potentials and perturbations of magnetic field vector in the FGPM solid cylinder and sphere are obtained by using the infinitesimal theory of electromagnetoelasticity. Numerical examples also show the significant influence of material inhomogeneity. It is interesting to note that selecting a specific value of inhomogeneity parameter β can optimize the electromagnetoelastic responses, which will be of particular importance in modern engineering designs. The project supported by China postdoctoral science foundation (20060390260) and Hunan Postdoctoral Scientific Program. The English text was polished by Yunming Chen.     

轴对称任意梯度圆筒的弹性动力学解

基于轴对称平面应变问题的运动方程及弹性梯度材料的应力和位移关系,通过将圆筒分层使材料性质离散为分段常数函数,同时在时域内应用有限差分格式,求得了材料性质沿径向梯度变化的圆筒弹性动力学解。本文解不仅适合任意梯度的弹性圆筒,而且容易满足多种形式的初始条件和边界条件。通过对材料性质沿径向为连续函数分布和分段函数分布的梯度圆筒数值分析,并与已有文献结果比较,得出本文解与已有文献的解吻合较好,验证了本文解的正确性和有效性。对材料性质为分段函数的三层组合圆筒分析发现,中间功能梯度层的指数分布因子对圆筒的径向位移和应力随时间变化都会产生显著影响。     

Analytical solution for the cylindrical bending vibration of piezoelectric composite plates

An analytical solution for the cylindrical bending vibrations of linear piezoelectric laminated plates is obtained by extending the Stroh formalism to the generalized plane strain vibrations of piezoelectric materials. The laminated plate consists of homogeneous elastic or piezoelectric laminae of arbitrary thickness and width. Fourier basis functions for the mechanical displacements and electric potential that identically satisfy the equations of motion and the charge equation of electrostatics are used to solve boundary value problems via the superposition principle. The coefficients in the infinite series solution are determined from the boundary conditions at the edges and continuity conditions at the interfaces between laminae, which are satisfied in the sense of Fourier series. The formulation admits different boundary conditions at the edges of the laminated piezoelectric composite plate. Results for laminated elastic plates with either distributed or segmented piezoelectric actuators are presented for different sets of boundary conditions at the edges.     

Nonlinear dynamic response and fatigue damage evolution for piezoelectric laminated plates with matrix cracks

Based on the Talreja’s damage model with tensor valued internal state variables, considering the effects of piezoelectricity, geometrical nonlinearity and the constitutive relations of the composite uni-ply plate with matrix cracks, the nonlinear dynamic equations of piezoelectric laminated plates with damage are established and the problems are solved by using the finite difference method. In numerical calculating examples, the nonlinear dynamics responses and the fatigue damage evolution curves of the plates are obtained, and the effects of piezoelectric materials, damage and external load on the nonlinear dynamic response and fatigue damage evolution of the plates are discussed.