基于光纤微结构加工和敏感材料物理融合的光纤传感技术

将功能敏感材料与光纤在物理层面进行有机融合,充分发挥光纤传感器在结构集成、材料集成等方面的优势,将有望发展新型的光纤传感器件和系统.本文综述了飞秒激光光纤微加工技术分别在标准的单模光纤和光纤光栅上制备微结构,再结合敏感材料制备技术,实现在物理层面上光纤传感器材料和结构的集成和融合,探索实现新型高性能的光纤传感新技术.     

Simple sensing head geometry using fibre Bragg gratings for strain-temperature discrimination

In this work, a simple sensing head geometry using fibre Bragg gratings for strain and temperature discrimination is presented. The sensing head geometry consists in one fibre with two FBGs bonded with a dummy optical fibre. Due to this new configuration, different strain sensitivities of the two FBGs are obtained (≈65% difference), while temperature sensitivities remain the same. This difference in strain sensitivities is substantially larger than in all previously reported dual grating sensors. The obtained experimental errors were ±13.48 με and ±2.44 °C, respectively. It is also demonstrated that this new configuration can be used as a temperature-independent strain sensor.     

Temperature-compensated fibre Bragg grating ‐based sensor with variable sensitivity

In this paper a Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG)-based sensor device for strain measurement with adjustable full-scale sensitivity is proposed. Installation flanges of the sensor can be moved with respect to the internal fixed FBG sensing length in order to adjust the overall strain sensitivity and the full scale measurement range of the device. Thermal drift is compensated using a technique based on the thermal expansion of a solid block connected to the fibre, in the pre-stressed region outside the grating. Typical calibration curves are reported to illustrate the sensor sensitivity variation with the layout and temperature.     

Thermodynamic phase noise in fibre interferometers

Phase noise due to thermodynamic fluctuations in the optical path length is evaluated in this paper for basic fibre interferometers. In Mach-Zehnder and Michelson interferometers, where the temperature phase fluctuation (TPF) is that intrinsic to the fibre, this noise has been reported to be comparable to shot noise and a possible limit to sensor sensitivity in practical cases. We show that in Sagnac interferometers, used in fibre gyro and in Faraday current sensors, the TPF noise is decreased with respect to that intrinsic to the fiber because propagation in the same optical path leads to a correlation of the phase fluctuations. In addition, we show that in Fabry-Perot and ring resonators, as multiple reflections increase the effective path length, TPF noise is enhanced and can be dominant over shot noise even for moderate fibre lengths.     

Proposal of the nano-sensing device and system using a nano-waveguide transducer for distributed sensors

We propose a new concept of a distributed sensing system using a nano-waveguide and an array waveguide. The small change in physical quantity affects the change in device parameters such as refractive index or length, which is relatively absorbed and observed by the resonant wavelength. In principle, the dense wavelength separation is generated by using a soliton pulse propagating within a ring resonator system, whereas a resonant signal can be stored within the nano-waveguide, i.e. a transducer, which is formed by the sensing device. Induced change in the resonant signal at each wavelength occurs, and can be detected by using the optical spectrum analyzer. Such a proposed device is suitable to perform the measurements in the nano-scale regime such as force, stress and temperature. Moreover, the distributed or multiplexed sensing applications are also available using the nano-waveguide sensing device incorporating the array waveguide, which is discussed in details. Quantum measurement using the same system is also described.     

双法布里—珀罗干涉仪传感模型的理论分析

本文提出了一种用发光二极管作为光源、用自聚焦透镜构成法布里-珀罗腔的双法布里-珀罗干涉仪光纤位移传感模型.根据部分相干光的干涉理论,得到了这个传感模型输出光强与两个法布里一珀罗干涉仪腔长之差的函数曲线.     

Paper tape data transmission by wavelength multiplexing through a single fibre

Described is an optical system for transmitting paper tape data through a single fibre. It presents an application of wavelength multiplexing in optical fibre transmission. Each channel is coded by its own wavelength and the different wavelengths pass independently through the fibre, transmitting different information. Advantages of such a system are enlarged transmission capacity and a simple coding and decoding technique for varied channels without any moving parts.     

Single LED based dual wavelength referenced optical fibre sensor system using intensity modulation

An intensity-modulated optical fibre sensor system is described which employs a single LED source to provide the measurand and the reference signals with two separate wavelength bands. The allocated wavelength bands are selected to minimize any differential intensity effects that may arise from LED thermal variations. The sensor system, comprising a transceiver unit connected to an optical displacement sensor using a single optical fibre, provides an output fully referenced for all major common-mode variations that are likely to occur. Performance characteristics for the prototype system are reported which show a linear displacement range of over 20 mm.     

Feasibility study of Zeeman modulation spectrometry with a hollow capillary fiber based gas cell

For paramagnetic gases (e.g., O2, NO, NO2, OH) Zeeman modulation spectrometry is a method for spectrometric gas sensing with extraordinary selectivity. In this Letter it is combined with a hollow capillary based gas cell, where the gas is filled in long light-guiding capillary that is placed inside a toroidal coil. Over conventional Zeeman spectrometry this has the advantage of lower power consumption at long optical path length, since several loops of the hollow capillary fiber can be placed in the coil. Compared to wavelength modulation spectrometry the advantage is insensitivity to interference by multimode propagation in the fiber and absorption by other nonparamagnetic gases, which should enhance both sensor stability and sensitivity. Experimental and theoretical results are presented, showing the feasibility of the approach.     

A novel probe for an evanescent wave fibre-optic absorption sensor

A novel, highly sensitive probe consisting of a uniform region sandwiched between two linear tapers for an evanescent wave fibre-optic absorption sensor is proposed. The diameter of the uniform region is chosen to be equal to the minimum allowed diameter of the taper's output end. The first taper is used to bring the angles of the rays in the input fibre close to the critical angle of the sensing region while the second taper reconverts the angles into their initial values so that they can propagate in the output fibre. It has been shown that the sensitivity of the sensor depends on the length of the uniform region of the probe, the refractive index of the fluid and the numerical aperture of the fibre. The sensitivity increases with increase in the length of the uniform region and also with decrease in the numerical aperture of the fibre. In addition, the sensitivity of the proposed probe can be further increased by launching the selected rays into the input fibre.     

Micro-displacement or bending measurement using a long-period fibre grating in a self-referenced fibre optic intensity sensor

The measurement of micro-displacement or bending using a long-period fibre grating (LPG) in a self-referenced fibre optic intensity sensor is presented. The sensing head is based on a LPG whose attenuation peak changes as a function of its micro-displacement or bending and the fibre optic intensity sensor is referenced in frequency. Two other LPGs were used as rejection filters, located at the output of the optical source to shorten its spectral width. The implemented experimental set-up is described and, the results are presented being considered the measurement range and the intrinsic resolution.     

Birefringent fibre-optic pressure sensor

In this paper a birefringent optical fibre sensor is used to measure the external wall pressure of a pressurized resilient tube. In the design presented here, the sensing polarization-maintaining fibre is external to the tube and the interaction alters the polarization state of the guided light which can easily be measured by conventional techniques.     

Multi-soliton generation with extremely narrow free spectrum range for multiplexed sensors via optical network

We propose a new system of multiplexer sensors using the localized soliton pulse generated by a microring resonator in optical networks. A large bandwidth signal is generated by a soliton pulse propagating within the microring resonator, which is allowed to form the multiplexed sensors. Two forms of soliton pulses are generated and localized, i.e. temporal and spatial solitons. The required soliton pulses with specified wavelengths can be localized and formed the sensing. This is formed by using an optical add/drop multiplexer incorporating in the optical network, where the localized soliton pulses are available for add/drop signals to/from the optical network. The change in physical parameter measured the change in soliton wavelength, which formed the measurement.     

All polymer asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer waveguide sensor by imprinting bonding and laser polishing

We present an all polymer asymmetric Mach–Zehnder interferometer(AMZI) waveguide sensor based on imprinting bonding and laser polishing method. The fabrication methods are compatible with high accuracy waveguide sensing structure. The rectangle waveguide structure of this sensor has three sensing surfaces contacting the test media, and its sensing accuracy can be increased 5 times compared with that of one surface sensing structure. An AMZI device structure is designed. The single mode condition, the length of the sensing arm, and the length deviation between the sensing arm and the reference arm are optimized. The length deviation is optimized to be 19.8 μm in a refractive index range between1.470 and 1.545. We fabricate the AMZI waveguide by lithography and wet etching method. The imprinting bonding and laser polishing method is proposed and investigated. The insertion loss is between-80.36 dB and-10.63 dB. The average and linear sensitivity are 768.1 d B/RIU and 548.95 dB/RIU, respectively. And the average and linear detection resolution of the sensor are 1.30×10~(-6) RIU(RIU: refractive index unit) and 1.82×10~(-5) RIU, respectively. This sensor has a fast and cost-effective fabrication process which can be used in the cases of requiring portability and disposability.     

温度补偿的光纤光栅应力传感系统的研究

提出并实验了一种有温度补偿的用于测量应力的光纤光栅传感系统。该系统用一组光纤光栅作为温度传感元件 ,对另一组应力传感的光纤光栅作温度补偿 ,有效地消除了由于温度变化而带来的应力测量误差。用一个应变仪作为系统的读出设备 ,使系统的测量结果的线性拟合度达 0 999。     

High refractive index sensitivity sensing in gold nanoslit arrays

The extraordinary optical transmission(EOT) phenomenon of nano-periodic aperture array in metallic film has been widely investigated and used in biosensors. The surface plasmon resonance and cavity mode in some periodic nanostructures, such as nanohole and nanoslit, cause EOTs at certain wavelengths. This resonance wavelength is sensitive to the refractive index on the surface of periodic nanostructures. Therefore, the metallic nanostructures are expected to be good sensing elements. The sensing performances of gold nanoslit arrays are experimentally and theoretically investigated.Three-dimensional finite difference time domain(FDTD) simulations are utilized to explore their transmission spectra and steady-state field intensity distributions. The electron beam evaporation, electron beam lithography, and ion milling are applied to the gold nanoslit arrays with different widths and periods. The sensing performances of the gold nanoslit array are characterized via transmission spectra in four kinds of refractive index samples. The highest sensitivity reaches726 nm/RIU when the width of the gold nanoslit array is 38.5 nm.     

基于光纤反射腔的高灵敏电流传感器方案

提出了一种基于平面Y分支波导与法拉第旋镜的高灵敏度光纤电流传感器结构方案。利用两个法拉第旋镜与平面Y分支波导构成一个光纤反射腔,通过光在腔中的多次反射来增加待测电流导致的传感光纤中的法拉第相移,从而实现对微弱电流的测量。该结构方案中首次采用了平面Y分支光波导,从而可降低光路系统损耗,增加灵敏度,为微弱电流测量的工程化提供了一种可行的方法。     

太赫兹波被动遥感卷云微物理参数的敏感性试验分析

太赫兹波长和典型卷云的冰晶粒子尺度处于同一量级,其在遥感卷云微物理参数(粒子尺度和冰水路径)方面具有广阔的应用前景.为了评估卷云微物理参数对太赫兹波传输特性的影响及其在太赫兹波段的敏感性,基于大气辐射传输模式分别模拟计算了晴空和有云条件下大气层顶的太赫兹辐射光谱特征,分析了这两种条件下辐射亮温差值的特点,研究了卷云冰晶粒子形状、粒子尺度及冰水路径对太赫兹辐射传输特性的影响,并定量计算了相关敏感系数.结果表明:卷云冰晶粒子形状、粒子尺度、冰水路径等对太赫兹波传输特性均有不同程度的影响,卷云效应也因通道频率而异,太赫兹波对卷云的粒子尺度和冰水路径有较高的敏感性,是理论上被动遥感卷云微物理特性的最佳波段.研究结果对于进一步发展太赫兹波被动遥感卷云技术、提高卷云参数的反演精度具有重要意义.     

Spacing-adjustable and wavelength-tunable multiwavelength fibre laser with nonlinear Brillouin gain and birefringence fibre loop mirror

This paper demonstrates a room-temperature multiwavelength fibre laser with spacing-adjustability and wavelength-tunability. The nonlinear gain of self-excited stimulated Brillouin scattering can suppress mode competition induced by homogeneous broadening of Erbium-doped fibre. With the use of a birefringence fibre loop filter, the wavelength spacing can be adjusted by changing the length of the used birefringence fibre, and the lasing wavelengths can be finely tuned through modifying the filtering profile of the birefringence filter. Multiwavelength output with spectral spacing as small as 0.076~nm and a wavelength number of more than 80 has been successfully produced.