Optical Differentiation Phase Measurement Using the Bias Shifting Method

A new optical phase measurement method using a differentiation filter is proposed. The new method uses two images obtained by shifting the filter. This method has an advantage in that non-uniformity of the wavefront intensity does not produce errors. We present herein the theory of the newly proposed method and verify the theory by computer simulation. The effects of non-uniformity of the wavefront intensity, noise, and bias shifting length for errors are discussed. The system has been demonstrated for a plane wave and a spherical wave. For the proposed method, although the number of errors due to noise increases, the number of errors due to non-uniformity decreases. Therefore, the proposed method is useful for the phase measurement of a wavefront for which the intensity is not uniform. In addition, it improves the accuracy of the phase measurement system using a differentiation filter.     

Moment excitation and the measurement of moment mobilities

Frequency response functions (FRF), such as mobilities, are widely used in the analysis of vibration and structure-borne sound and it is important that this FRF data can be measured accurately for all important degrees of freedom. In some cases three translational and three rotational components of both excitation and response may be of importance; i.e. three forces and moments, and three velocities and angular velocities. Of these, the measurement of angular velocity due to moment excitation is one of the most challenging. This paper describes a known approach, sometimes referred to as the central difference method, which can be used for this purpose. The central difference method is thought to be one of the most practicable methods for measuring moment mobilities because it avoids the need for a moment exciter; instead finite differences are used to approximate the moment mobility which is a spatial derivative of the more easily measured velocity to force mobility ratio. There does however remain some doubt regarding the accuracy of the central difference method because of the finite difference approximation made and the method's possible susceptibility to random and bias errors. To better understand the finite difference error, an error analysis using a Taylor series expansion and simulated experiments for plate and beam structures are provided. It is then argued that random and bias errors associated with the measurement chain should now, with modern instrumentation, be less of a problem. An experimental validation of the method using two approaches is used to test this hypothesis. It is concluded that the central difference method provides a good balance between measurement effort and data quality making it widely applicable.     

Error analysis of a practical energy density sensor

The investigation of an active control system based on acoustic energy density has led to the analysis and development of an inexpensive three-axes energy density sensor. The energy density sensor comprises six electret microphones mounted on the surface of a 0.025-m (1 in.) radius sphere. The bias errors for the potential, kinetic, and total energy density as well as the magnitude of intensity of a spherical sensor are compared to a sensor comprising six microphones suspended in space. Analytical, computer-modeled, and experimental data are presented for both sensor configurations in the case of traveling and standing wave fields, for an arbitrary incidence angle. It is shown that the energy density measurement is the most nearly accurate measurement of the four for the conditions presented. Experimentally, it is found that the spherical energy density sensor is within +/- 1.75 dB compared to reference measurements in the 110-400 Hz frequency range in a reverberant enclosure. The diffraction effects from the hard sphere enable the sensor to be made more compact by a factor of 3 compared to the sensor with suspended microphones.     

Accuracy and robustness of four basic single degree of freedom methods for determining the modal parameters of non-lightly damped systems

An adequate measurement strategy (the combination of measurement method, response parameter, and where applicable, damping estimator) should be used for accurate determination of the natural frequency and damping of non-lightly damped single degree of freedom (SDOF) systems, otherwise, significant measurement bias errors can exist. The accuracy of four commonly used methods is studied and the measurement strategies that are exact are identified. This can depend on the damping mechanism, which if not known can be gleaned from patterns of bias errors between frequency estimations from different strategies. Since in practice a SDOF system rarely exists, or as SDOF techniques are knowingly applied to multiple degree of freedom (MDOF) systems, the robustness of the strategies in the presence of a secondary mode is studied, and the more robust (and therefore preferable) strategies are identified. The measurement method based on the real spectral part is advantageous as it evaluates the damping exactly and is independent of the damping mechanism, in addition the natural frequency obtained is independent of the response parameter. However, this method is not a relatively robust one, and is also sensitive to phase changes accrued during measurements.     

Finite difference approximation errors in acoustic intensity measurements

The errors due to developmental finite difference approximations in the two-microphone acoustic intensity measurement technique are considered in this paper. Equations are developed which describe the errors in intensity measurements for point monopoles, dipoles, and lateral quadrupoles. High accuracy is shown possible with careful selection of measurement parameters for each of these sources. For a microphone separation of 8 mm approximation errors are shown to be less than 2 dB from 0 to 10 000 Hz. For the quadrupole source low frequency errors not present with other sources are demonstrated. A lower limiting frequency for intensity measurements is determined to prevent these low frequency errors.     

Analysis of Phase Measurement Errors in Electro-Optic Holography

This paper presents the results of an error analysis in electro-optics holography. These errors include phase measurement errors due to the linear phase shifter errors in static electro-optic holography, and phase measurement errors due to the errors in the vibrating bias amplitude and phase in dynamic electro-optic holography. Through the error analysis, we found that the phase shifting errors in static electro-optic holography are twice as large as those in the conventional 4-bucket phase shifting algorithm, and the phase shifting errors in dynamic electro-optic holography are similar to those in the 4-bucket phase shifting algorithm.     

视觉电生理闪光参数测量误差研究

闪光参数准确与否对于视觉电生理检查结果有效性具有重要意义。针对视觉电生理闪光参数特点,建立了闪光测量系统等效电路模型,基于传递函数理论分析了闪光测量系统参数对闪光强度、时程和波形测量误差的影响,以氙灯和LED为实验对象研究了系统参数在测量不同类型闪光时的误差。提出了减小测量误差以及消除测量闪光强度和LED闪光时程理论误差的方法并进行了实验验证。采用所述方法在不同系统参数下测量LED闪光强度结果的标准差为0.17%,LED闪光时程结果标准差为0.07%,可认为基本不变,实验与理论分析结果吻合。     

旋转波片偏振仪波片方位误差研究

旋转波片Stokes偏振仪是最常用的测量光束偏振态的仪器。波片快轴方位误差是影响旋转波片Stokes偏振仪的主要误差源之一。为了研究波片方位偏差对测量精度的影响,提出了一种描述波片快轴方位误差向最终的偏振测量误差传递的数学模型,并引入协方差矩阵法表征偏振测量误差。根据这一模型,获得最优的偏振仪配置参数。在推导过程中,假设波片方位误差服从同一高斯分布。基于此误差模型,得到如下结论：(1)由波片方位误差引入的测量误差与光强测量次数N成反比;(2)测量误差独立于入射光强度,但是依赖于入射光偏振态(s₁, s₂, s₃)和波片的位相延迟量δ;(3)波片位相延迟量在(103.22°, 116.13°)范围内时波片方位误差引入的测量误差最小。最后,经过仿真实验证明,所得解析结果与仿真模拟结果相一致。     

Error correcting coding-theory for structured light illumination systems

Intensity discrete structured light illumination systems project a series of projection patterns for the estimation of the absolute fringe order using only the temporal grey-level sequence at each pixel. This work proposes the use of error-correcting codes for pixel-wise correction of measurement errors. The use of an error correcting code is advantageous in many ways: it allows reducing the effect of random intensity noise, it corrects outliners near the border of the fringe commonly present when using intensity discrete patterns, and it provides a robustness in case of severe measurement errors (even for burst errors where whole frames are lost). The latter aspect is particular interesting in environments with varying ambient light as well as in critical safety applications as e.g. monitoring of deformations of components in nuclear power plants, where a high reliability is ensured even in case of short measurement disruptions. A special form of burst errors is the so-called salt and pepper noise, which can largely be removed with error correcting codes using only the information of a given pixel. The performance of this technique is evaluated using both simulations and experiments.     

A comparison of 2D and 3D PIV measurements in an oblique jet

A stereo PIV (SPIV) acquisition and analysis system was developed to measure three velocity components in planar flow fields. The analysis software is based on a third order mapping function method. The system was calibrated by imaging a square grid in three measurement planes with two Kodak Megaplus cameras oriented at 30 to the bisector between them. The camera images were dewarped into real coordinates by employing a set of transform matrices computed for each calibration plane. Bias and rms errors were determined by comparing displacements measured directly with displacements estimated from the dewarping and recombination algorithm. The bias errors in the directions parallel with the measurement plane were negligible while the bias in thez direction was about 0.6 pixel. The rms errors, 0.2–0.3 pixels, were largest in thez direction. These errors were thought to result from limitations in the calibration method. The SPIV system was tested in a two-dimensional oblique jet with Reynolds number of 1800. The three dimensional results were taken in a vertical (x, y) plane parallel with the jet span. The SPIV results were compared with LDV data and two-dimensional PIV data obtained in a vertical (y, z) plane of the same jet. The SPIV measurements yielded accurate values for the in-plane mean and rms velocity components. The measured out-of-plane mean component was underestimated due to the bias error mentioned above. The rms component was accurate in part of the field but overestimated in another part due to local variations in rms error. It is expected that in the future, the out-of-plane errors can be minimized by improving the calibration and transformation procedures.     

An inverse radiative transfer problem of simultaneously estimating profiles of temperature and radiative parameters from boundary intensity and temperature measurements

A parallel-plane space filled with absorbing, emitting, isotropically scattering, gray medium is studied in this paper. The boundary intensity and boundary temperature profiles are calculated for the inverse analysis. For the simultaneous estimation of temperature, absorption and scattering coefficient profiles in the medium, the sum of residuals of boundary intensity and temperature after being weighted by a balance factor is minimized through using a Newton-type iteration algorithm and the least-squares method. To avoid over-updating for the parameters, the relative updating magnitude during the iteration process is constrained not to be >0.5. It is shown that the boundary intensity measurement alone is not enough to estimate simultaneously the temperature (source) and the radiative properties (both absorption and scattering coefficients) when the measurement data contain sensitive random errors. The boundary temperature measurement can serve as a necessary supplementation to the boundary intensity to make this kind of inverse radiative transfer problem resolvable. It was shown that a compensation relationship between absorption and scattering coefficients makes it difficult to fix them accurately. Parabolic profiles for the three parameters are used to validate the estimation method. When the optical thickness approaches 4.0, the results for the radiative properties are not acceptable, although the result for temperature profile is reasonable. This means the method needs further improvements.     

Determination of energy density in ducts by a three-microphone phaseless method and estimation of measurement uncertainties

A new method to measure the total energy density of waves traveling in opposite directions in ducts is suggested in order to completely eliminate phase errors that lead to bias errors and are difficult to control in industrial tests. Only the auto-power spectral densities are measured by the three microphones. The inversion of a linear system based on a propagation model, where the two opposite waves are partially coherent, makes it possible to obtain the energy density. The sensitivity of this method to errors in the speed of sound, errors of microphone calibration and errors of microphone positions in the duct is analyzed. To complete the study on the robustness of the method, an evaluation of the statistical errors is carried out. The total uncertainty is used to make recommendations on the choice of the experimental parameters. The selection of the frequency limits permits to maintain the measurement uncertainty within a given confidence interval.     

相位测量轮廓术(PMP)中光场非线性误差分析

在相位测量轮廓术( PMP)中,探测器的非线性响应是导致测量误差的重要因素.对该误差进行了理论分析和计算机模拟,比较了几种相移算法对这一误差的抑制能力,模拟结果与理论分析的结果一致.提出一种存在非线性误差时光强函数的几何描述方法,采用帕斯卡蜗线描述二阶非线性光强函数,这是一种用角度射线与帕斯卡蜗线交点在横轴上的投影长来表示相对光强的几何模型,形象地表示了探测光强与光栅移动角度的关系,以及非线性误差存在和不存在时的光强变化.同样,文中采用准卡西尼卵形线蜗线描述三阶非线性光强函数,用同样的方法形象地表示了在存在三阶非线性时探测光强与光栅移动角度的关系,以及非线性误差存在和不存在时的光强变化,可为实际应用中合理地选择算法和直观的评估非线性导致的光强变化提供帮助.     

相移相位测量的全息再现算法及测量误差分析

用全息原理和方法研究相移相位测量,得到了N步整周期相移再现物光波复振幅同步叠加函数(N步相移函数),同时提出一种新的相移相位测量误差分析和最大误差估计方法。N步相移干涉图是以理想平行光为参考光的无衍射同轴全息图,将其与对应的相移参考光相乘后求和得到N步相移函数;在理想情况下,这是一种复振幅分离、测量和物光波复振幅函数同步叠加方法,存在误差时计算出的相位是最小二乘方法的最佳期望结果。利用N步相移函数得到的N 1步相移函数,说明非理想N步相移函数是理想N步相移函数与误差函数之和,可以把相位型误差转化为与振幅和强度相对误差同等的误差来对待,降低了相位测量中误差估计的难度,给出了N步相移算法最大误差的估计方法和公式。     

Photothermal modulation of laser diode wavelength: application to sinusoidal phase-modulating interferometer for displacement measurements

In this paper, a novel laser-diode (LD) sinusoidal phase-modulating (SPM) interferometer, which utilizes a photothermal technique for LD wavelength modulation, is proposed to measure displacements with a nanometer accuracy. In conventional LD–SPM interferometers, the LD intensity modulation is concurrent with the wavelength modulation, which increases measurement errors. Using the photothermal technique, the LD wavelength modulation can be accomplished with negligible concomitant intensity modulation, and the measurement errors are thus eliminated. The computer simulations and experiment results verify the usefulness of this novel interferometer.     

模拟大气风场及其数据处理技术的研究

热层大气风速的测量可以采用干涉法来进行,由于光源（气辉辐射谱线）的强度很弱,故干涉法对测量系统要求很高。利用半导体激光器（LD）的调制特性和法布里-帕罗干涉仪(FPI)的高光谱分辨能力设计了一种用简单设备进行大气风场模拟与测量的方法。改变LD的驱动电流使其输出激光频率改变,从而模拟气辉辐射的多普勒频移,通过分析FPI获得的干涉图可检测出该频移,进而得到等效风速。模拟风速的相对误差不超过6.5%,最小模拟风速为20.01m/s,且测量结果与LD的线性调制特性很相符。使用该方法可以有效地对多普勒风速测量原理、数据处理方法、系统性能以及测量误差进行分析和评估。     

An anisotropic images segmentation and bias correction method

Intensity inhomogeneities cause considerable difficulty in the quantitative analysis of magnetic resonance (MR) images. Thus, bias field correction is a necessary step before quantitative analysis of MR data can be undertaken. This paper presents an anisotropic approach to bias correction and segmentation for images with intensity inhomogeneities and noise. Intensity-based methods are usually applied to estimate the bias field; however, most of them only concern the intensity information. When the images have noise or slender topological objects, these methods cannot obtain accurate results or bias fields. We use structure information to construct an anisotropic Gibbs field and combine the anisotropic Gibbs field with the Bayesian framework to segment images while estimating the bias fields. Our method is able to capture bias of quite general profiles. Moreover, it is robust to noise and slender topological objects. The proposed method has been used for images of various modalities with promising results.     

探空温度传感器的计算流体动力学分析与实验研究

伴随着数值天气预报和气候变化研究精细化程度的不断提高, 希望探空温度传感器的观测精度达到0.1 K数量级. 为了实现此目标, 运用计算流体动力学方法对珠状热敏电阻从海平面上升至20 km高空的整个过程进行数值仿真分析. 并在此基础上, 针对影响测温精度的太阳辐射强度和传感器倾斜角度两个因素进行分析. 仿真结果表明, 太阳辐射强度和海拔高度是辐射误差的重要影响因子. 当传感器倾斜角度为90°时, 珠状热敏电阻的辐射误差最小. 通过麦夸特法和通用全局优化法对仿真数据进行拟合, 获得不同海拔高度和太阳辐射强度下的辐射误差修正方程; 为验证方程的准确性, 设计和搭建太阳辐射误差模拟系统. 实验结果表明, 辐射误差实验测量值与修正方程修正值之间的平均偏移量为0.017 K, 均方根值RMS误差为0.023 K, 验证了计算流体动力学方法、麦夸特法和通用全局优化法获得辐射误差数据的准确性.     

一种改进激光偏振主动成像的建模及理论分析

提出一种改进激光偏振主动成像的实验方法,给出实验装置原理图,详细分析实验装置的成像原理。在分析目标Mueller矩阵测量方法的基础上,给出改进后激光偏振成像装置偏振度和强度的计算公式,从理论上证明了该方法的可行性。然后针对实验仪器的要求分析了实验装置存在的误差,以及Cassegrain望远镜对目标散射光的消偏现象。该方法与利用双旋转波片技术（DRRT）测量目标散射光的偏振度和强度相比可以降低对实验装置的精度要求,同时可以提高测量速度,不需要进行16次测量,只需1次就可以测量出目标散射光的偏振度和强度,进而得到偏振度和强度图像。     

长程差分吸收光谱技术气体浓度反演误差的定量估计

长程差分吸收光谱法(LP-DOAS)是基于最小二乘原理来反演大气痕量气体浓度的。LP-DOAS能对痕量气体进行高灵敏的测量,但是还没有统计的方法定量确定LP-DOAS反演误差。痕量气体的吸收通常很弱,外来影响因素决定了检测限和测量精度,其被误当做真正的吸收,增加了没有统计特性的噪声到残差中,导致最小二乘拟合误差(err(LSQ))有一个明显的误估计。研究采用蒙特卡罗方法,通过残差的循环移位定量确定差分吸收光谱法反演气体浓度的误差。实验结果表明,蒙特卡罗方法可以定量估计差分吸收光谱法反演误差,误估计因子为1.13,而err(LSQ)为3.12。