CuO／CeO2和CuO／Al2O3催化剂的催化性能

本文以ＣＯ氧化为模式反应考察了ＣｅＯ２和Ａｌ２Ｏ３负载氧化铜催化剂的氧化活性，运用ＸＲＤ和ＴＰＲ技术研究了催化剂的还原性能和物相结构，结果表明：载体性质对负载ＣｕＯ催化剂的ＣＯ氧化活性有很大影响，ＣｕＯ／ＣｅＯ２催化剂活性明显高于ＣｕＯ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂．催化剂的还原特性随载体不同而不同．同时发现，热处理对催化剂铜物种的存在形式，晶粒大小、还原特性及其催化活性有明显影响，ＣｕＯ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂活性下降的主要因素是生成了活性较低的ＣｕＡｌ２Ｏ４相，而ＣｕＯ／ＣｅＯ２催化剂活性下降是由于ＣｕＯ和ＣｅＯ２发生烧结，晶粒变大     

CuO/CeO2-Al2O3催化剂中CuO高温迁移和固相反应的研究

采用原位XRD、激光Raman光谱和TPR技术研究了不同温度焙烧的CuO／CeO2-Al2O3催化剂中CuO物种的存在形式及其高温固相反应。结果表明，300℃焙烧催化剂CuO以晶相和非晶相形式存在于CeO2-Al2O3的表层。600℃焙烧催化剂，表层CuO部分迁移到CeO2内层，并与载体Al2O3反应生成CuAl2O4。800℃焙烧催化剂，除了极少景CuO以晶相和非晶相形式存在于CeO2-Al2O3的表层外，大部分CuO迁移到CeO2内层，与载体反应生成CuAl2O4的量明显增加。900℃焙烧催化剂。所有的Cu物种都以CuAl2O4形式存在。表明高温焙烧有利于CuO向CeO2内层迁移及内层CuO与载体Al2O3反应生成CuAl2O4。     

Structural,textural and catalytic properties of pure and Li-doped NiO/Al2O3 and CuO/Al2O3 catalysts

Pure and Li-doped NiO/Al₂O₃ and CuO/Al₂O₃ catalysts were prepared to contain 2, 4 and 8 wt.% of Ni and Cu, respectively. The structural properties were determined using DTA, XRD and FTIR techniques, and the textural properties of the catalysts were determined from their adsorption–desorption isotherms of nitrogen at 77 K. The chemisorption of hydrogen at 473–823 K with the pre-reduced catalysts was measured. The data obtained allowed the determination of the metal surface area, S (m²/g); the percentage of metal distribution, R; and the diameter of metal crystallite, d (nm). The amount of surface acidity, measured in mmol/g, was determined from the amount of chemisorbed pyridine necessary to completely inhibit the catalytic dehydration (DHD) of isopropanol. The conversion of isopropanol at 533–623 K was investigated using the micro-catalytic pulse technique. DTA, XRD and FTIR indicated that NiO and CuO exist as separate phases with crystallite sizes too small to be detected. No evidence has been gathered to indicate the existence of an aluminate phase.With the increase of metal loading, the surface area decreased whereas the total pore volume and the mean pore radius increased. Conversion of iso-propanol to propene proceeded via (DHD) on surface acid sites, and conversion of isopropanol to acetone proceeded via dehydrogenation (DHG) on redox sites. DHD and DHG exhibited first-order kinetics, and the rates of both reactions increased with temperature, with the latter being more temperature-dependent.     

氧化铈负载CuO催化材料对甲烷燃烧的催化作用

以甲烷催化燃烧为目标反应, 考察了CuO/CeO2催化材料的催化活性, 研究了催化材料中铜含量, 制备方法及焙烧温度对催化活性的影响. 结果表明, CuO/CeO2催化材料对甲烷燃烧反应呈现出较高催化活性, 适当温度下焙烧催化剂有利于提高催化剂的催化活性. 随着催化剂中氧化铜含量的改变, 甲烷完全燃烧的温度改变较大. 对于浸渍法样品, 当CuO% (质量分数)>13.0% 时, 复合物本体有CuO晶相出现, 而不是以高分散形式分布在复合物表面, 导致催化活性下降, 完全燃烧温度升高. 最佳CuO含量CuO% 约为8.0%.     

CeO2对CuO／Al2O3分散状态及催化性能的影响

用色谱－液反流动法技术,考察了ＣｕＯ催化剂对ＣＯ的性及添加ＣｅＯ２对催化活性的影响,并运用ＸＲＤ,ＴＰＲ和ＸＰＳ技术,研究了催化剂的物相结构和还原牧场 生。实验结果表明,ＣｅＯ２的添加增加了ＣｕＯ的分散性,使ＣｕＯ的特征衍射峰消失,从而改善了催化剂的氧化活性。     

CuO/CeO2-Al2O3催化剂中CuO物种的原位XRD、Raman和TPR表征

采用原位XRD、激光Raman光谱和TPR(程序升温还原)技术研究了CuO(w,%)/CeO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂中CuO物种的存在形式及其CuO物种的迁移. 低温焙烧(300 ℃)催化剂, CuO以高分散和晶相两种形式存在于CeO₂-Al₂O₃载体表层. 随着焙烧温度的升高, CuO开始从表层向CeO₂内层迁移. 处于内层的CuO部分以晶相形式存在, 部分与Al₂O₃载体反应生成CuAl₂O₄. 高温有利于表层CuO向CeO₂内层迁移, 同时促进CuAl₂O₄生成. 结果表明结合原位XRD、激光Raman光谱和TPR技术可以有效地观察催化剂中CuO物种的存在形式和分布.     

O/W/O double emulsion-assisted synthesis and catalytic properties of CeO2 hollow microspheres

CeO₂ hollow microspheres have been fabricated through a simple thermal decomposition of precursor approach. The precursor with an average size of 10 μm was prepared in a reverse microemulsions containing Ce(NO₃)₃·6H₂O and CO(NH₂)₂ at 160 °C. The products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The possible formation mechanism of hollow spheres was discussed. In addition, the CeO₂ hollow microspheres modified glassy carbon electrode exhibit excellent sensing performance towards methyl orange, which provide a new application of CeO₂ hollow spheres. The catalytic activity of CeO₂ hollow spheres on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) also was investigated by TGA. The catalytic performance of CeO₂ hollow spheres is superior to that of commercial CeO₂ powder.     

不同CuO/CeO2催化剂上CO低温氧化反应

 分别用热解硝酸铈法和浸渍法制备了不同物性的CeO2粉体和相应的CuO/CeO2催化剂,并用XRD, HRTEM和TPR等对样品进行了表征,利用微反-色谱装置考察了其催化CO低温氧化的活性. 结果表明,热解温度影响CeO2的物性(形貌、粒度大小及分布等). 相同条件下,不同物性的CeO2载体上CuO的负载情况不同, 500 ℃热解获得的CeO2载体上非晶态CuO负载量最高,相应的CuO/CeO2催化剂活性也较高. 非晶态CuO一部分进入CeO2晶格,另一部分高度分散于CeO2表面上. 焙烧温度较低时(≤ 600 ℃), 催化剂活性受焙烧温度的影响较小,而高温(800 ℃)焙烧后,催化剂则因载体粒度增大和CuO烧结团聚等因素导致催化活性明显降低.     

Effect of CeO2 preparation method and Cu loading on CuO/CeO2 catalysts for methane combustion

CeO2 was synthesized by sol-gel, hydrothermal, nitrate thermal decomposition methods, respectively, and used as support to prepare CuO/CeO2 catalysts. According to characterization and reaction results, preparation method of CeO2 had a great influence on the physicochemical properties and activities of CuO/CeO2 catalysts. CuO with high dispersion and strong interaction with CeO2 was highly active in methane combustion, while CuO particles less associated with CeO2 showed less activity. The CuO catalyst supported on CeO2 which was prepared via nitrate thermal decomposition method showed the largest area, the smallest particle size, the highest dispersion of copper species and strong support metal interactions. Therefore, it presented the highest redox ability and activity for methane combustion. Activities of the catalysts with different copper content kept increasing until 5% Cu loading and from then on kept constant. Moreover, methane conversion decreased as methane space velocities increased on CuO/CeO2 catalyst. Addition of CO2 to the feed did not produce a significant effect on the catalytic activity, but the presence of H2O provoked a remarkable decrease on the activity of CuO/CeO2 catalyst.     

Dispersion state of CuO on CeO2

XRD and XPS are used to study the dispersion state of CuO on ceria surface. The dispersion capacity values of CuO measured by the two methods are consistent, which are of 1.20 mmol CuO/100 m² CeO₂. In addition, the results reveal that highly dispersed Cu²⁺ ions are formed at low CuO loadings and that increasing the CuO content to a value higher than its dispersion capacity produces crystalline CuO after the surface vacant sites on CeO₂ are filled. The atomic composition of the outermost layer of the CuO/CeO₂ samples has been probed by using static secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SSIMS), and the ratim of Cu/Ce are found to be 0.93 and 0.46 for the 1.22 and 0.61 mmol CuO/CeO₂ samples respectively. Temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) profile with two reduction peaks at 156 and 165°C suggests that the reduction of highly dispersed Cu²⁺ ions consists of two steps and is easier than that of CuO crystallites, in which the TPR profile has only one reduction peak at about 249°C. The above experimental results are in good agreement with the prediction of the incorporation model. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

CuO/CeO2催化剂的催化氧化性能及其表征

用CO流动反应法 ,程序升温还原 (TPR) ,光电子能谱 (XPS)和X射线衍射Rietveld分析等技术研究了CuO ,CeO2 及CuO/CeO2 各组分催化剂。结果表明 :单组分的CuO和CeO2 对CO的氧化活性较低 ,但CuO与CeO2 形成复合氧化物后 ,其CO氧化活性明显提高 ,这可能与铜物种在CeO2 表面的价态 (Cu2 + 和Cu+ ) ,分散状态和还原性能有关。CuO在CeO2 上的负载量对铜物种在CeO2 表面形成的价态 (Cu2 + 和Cu+ )至关重要 ,CuO的负载量为 1 0 %时 ,XPS检测不到Cu2p3/2 (eV)结合能 ;当CuO的负载量为 5 0 %时 ,CuO主要以Cu2 + 和Cu+ 形式存在 ,而负载量大于 5 0 %时 ,CuO则以Cu2 + 形式存在。由于形成了CuO/CeO2 复合氧化物 ,使离子半径小于Ce4 + 的CuO进入了CeO2 晶格 ;当CuO的负载量达到 5 0 %时 ,CuO的晶粒尺寸值为最小 ( 6 1nm) ,而晶格畸变值为最大 ( 2 86× 10 - 3) ,此时 ,催化剂具有较高的表面能和最佳的CO氧化活性     

ROLE OF MoO_3 AND CeO_2 PROMOTERS IN Fe-CATALYZED CO SHIFT REACTION

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负载型复合半导体MoO3-TiO2/SiO2的结构与吸光性能

Solid material of supported coupled semiconductors MoO3-TiO2/SiO2 was prepared by the chemical modification method. BET, XRD, TEM,IR, Raman and UV-Vis DRS experiments were used to characterize the surface structure, photon absorbing and chemisorbing ability of the material. It was shown that there are some extremely small particles of anatase and MoO3 crystallites dispersed well on the surface of SiO2, which also can be coupled each other by the bonds of Ti-O-Mo. The active adsorption sites of the material exist on its surface, according to IR results, and C3H8 can be chemisorbed at the Lewis base sites of the Mo=O bonds to form molecular states. Compared with MoO3 and TiO2, the edge energy of MoO3-TiO2/SiO2 was improved and a significant rise of the photon absorbing intensity is observed, which proves the coupled structure has stronger photon ability to take in the UV light, hold back the recombination of photoexcited electron hole pairs and exhibit the quantum size effects.     

助剂对Ru/CeO2催化剂的表面性质及氨合成性能的影响

以KF、KNO₃、Ba(NO₃)₂、CsNO₃为助剂前驱体,CeO₂为载体采用氧化还原共沉淀法制备了一系列无氯负载型钌催化剂,考察了助剂种类和助剂含量及单双助剂对Ru/CeO₂氨合成活性的影响,并采用N₂物理吸附、CO脉冲吸附、XRD、XRF等表征手段,考察了助剂对Ru/CeO₂催化剂比表面积、孔分布、钌分散度的影响。结果表明,F与碱金属、碱土金属一样可以促进Ru/CeO₂催化剂的氨合成活性,四种单助剂中以CsNO₃前驱体为助剂的促进效果最好,而对于双助剂Ba+Cs的促进效果最明显,在400℃,10 MPa,10 000 h^-1反应条件下,出口氨浓度达到了13.3%。加入助剂后使各Ru/CeO₂催化剂表面结构发生改变,但是催化剂的结构因素对氨合成活性的影响不明显,电子效应才是影响催化剂氨合成活性的主要因素。     

Influence of CeO2 addition on the physicochemical and catalytic properties of Pd/TiO2 catalysts in CO oxidation

The influence of CeO₂ addition on the formation of the microstructure, electronic state, and catalytic properties of Pd/TiO₂ supported catalysts in CO oxidation were investigated. It was shown that, when Pd is supported on titanium dioxide modified with cerium dioxide, annealing at 500°C results in the formation of Pd/(CeO₂-TiO₂) catalysts with a nanocrystalline structure composed of incoherently intergrown fine anatase crystals and interblock boundaries in which palladium and cerium are stabilized. The higher catalytic activity of Pd/(CeO₂-TiO₂) catalysts compared to Pd/TiO₂ catalysts is explained by the smaller size of Pd particles and the higher proportion of palladium in the Pd^δ+ state.     

溶胶－凝胶法制备CeO2负载CuO低温CO氧化催化剂 Low-Temperature CO Oxidation on CuO/CeO2 Catalyst Prepared by Sol-Gel Method

Ceria is widely used as a promoter in “three-way catalysts“ (TWC). The promotion effect of ceria was originally supposed to be in the structural aspects and chemical ones. Precious metals are widely used for exhaust gas emission control. However, because the high cost of precious metals and their sensitivity to sulfur poisoning, attention has been given to nonprecious metal catalysts such as copper oxide.     

Effect of the microstructure of Pt/CeO2-TiO2 catalysts on their catalytic properties in CO oxidation

The microstructure of 2% Pt/CeO₂-TiO₂ catalysts has an effect on their catalytic properties in CO oxidation. The nanostructured catalysts as platinum clusters 0.3–0.5 nm in size are the most active. These clusters are stabilized at crystal boundaries formed by irregularly intergrown anatase particles. The catalyst containing platinum particles 2–5 nm in size is less active because of the decrease in the extent of dispersion of platinum and the change of its electron state.     

Characterization and CO oxidation catalytic behavior of CuO/CeO2 catalysts

Summary Effects of the lattice oxygen mobility, Pt dispersion and the surface features of Pt/Ce_1-xPr_xO_2-y samples on their performance in the selective oxidation of methane into syngas, in the steam and dry reforming of methane at short contact times are considered.     

Electronic structure and one-electron properties of the MoO2Cl2 molecule. Electronic spectra of the MoO2Cl2, MoO2Br2 and WO2Br2 molecules

The SCF-X -SW method in an overlapping atomic spheres approximation has been used to calculate the electronic structure, ionization potentials, energies and oscillator strengths of the allowed optical transitions and also some of the one-electron properties of the MoO₂Cl₂ molecule. The electronic absorption spectra of vapours over molybdenum and tungsten dioxodibromides have been measured. Interpretation of the experimental electronic absorption spectra of the MoO₂Cl₂, MoO₂Br₂ and WO₂Br₂ molecules is discussed.