中国制造业实施六西格玛管理的成功关键要素分析

自摩托罗拉公司于1987年提出六西格玛概念以来,六西格码管理已逐渐成为质量改进的主流方法之一。尽管不少学者和咨询专家对实施六西格玛管理的成功关键要素进行了探讨,但都是基于理论分析或定性描述。本文在综述国内外相关研究文献的基础上,提出了实施六西格玛管理的成功要素概念模型,并通过调查问卷和利用结构方程模型,对中国制造业实施六西格玛管理的关键成功要素进行了实证分析。研究结果表明:领导层的高度关注,建立并实施合适的六西格玛战略,以顾客和市场为关注焦点,并通过有效的成果测量、评价和奖励方法,选择、管理和实施六西格玛项目是实施六西格玛管理的关键成功要素;同时,本文也分析了这些要素之间的因果关系。     

六西格玛管理及其实施

本文探讨了六西格玛管理的本质、六西格玛管理的发展、六西格玛与精益生产的整合,从企业系统实施六西格玛管理的角度分析了高层领导在六西格玛推进中的作用,给出了六西格玛管理的实施流程及其在实施中应注意的关键问题,以期对我国企业实施六西格玛管理模式提供参考。     

A Bayesian approach for multiple criteria decision making with applications in Design for Six Sigma

Linking end-customer preferences with variables controlled at a manufacturing plant is a main idea behind popular Design for Six Sigma management techniques. Multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) approaches can be used for such purposes, but in these techniques the decision-maker's (DM) utility function, if modelled explicitly, is considered known with certainty once assessed. Here, a new algorithm is proposed to solve a MCDM problem with applications to Design for Six Sigma based on a Bayesian methodology. At a first stage, it is assumed that there are process responses that are functions of certain controllable factors or regressors. This relation is modelled based on experimental data. At a second stage, the utility function of one or more DMs or customers is described in a statistical model as a function of the process responses, based on surveys. This step considers the uncertainty in the utility function(s) explicitly. The methodology presented then maximizes the probability that the DM's or customer's utility is greater than some given lower bound with respect to the controllable factors of the first stage. Both stages are modelled with Bayesian regression techniques. The advantages of using the Bayesian approach as opposed to traditional methods are highlighted.     

Integrating DEA into Six Sigma methodology for measuring health service efficiency

As a linear programming technique that is used to assess performance efficiency among organizational units, data envelopment analysis (DEA) has the practical value for planners to identify the most efficient units and thus project a best possible course of actions. This is also the fundamental goal of Six Sigma methodology for process improvement. Therefore, it is natural to integrate the DEA method into the framework of Six Sigma to enhance both the usefulness of Six Sigma and the effectiveness of DEA for assessing and improving health service efficiency. In this paper, the implementation of DEA is well incorporated into the Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control process. The procedure can be well fitted into the Blackbelts training curriculum, which can also serve as a roadmap for Six Sigma practitioners to implement the DEA-enhanced projects. To illustrate how to integrate DEA into the Six Sigma framework, we present a Six Sigma project implemented to measure physician productivity in a clinical department.     

六西格玛经济效益的计量模型

以田口玄一的质量损失函数作为研究的基础,利用六西格玛管理中最常用的西格玛水平,推导出衡量六西格玛经济效益的额外成本计量模型,以便推行六西格玛管理的公司或机构便于衡量六西格玛管理法的经济效益。     

Lean principles,practices, and impacts: a study on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)

Lean as a business strategy is used to improve quality and service, eliminate waste, reduce time and costs, and enhance overall organizational effectiveness. Heightening challenges in competition in recent years have prompted many small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to adopt lean to enhance firms’ competitiveness. This paper attempts to present an all-inclusive study and it examines various factors associated with the implementation of lean in SMEs in the U.S. The findings suggest that most of SMEs have a relatively accurate understanding of lean concept and philosophy. The primary reasons to implement lean are mainly internal, including reduce cost, improve profit margin, improve utilization of plant/facility, and maintain competitive position. A hierarchical cluster analysis was conducted to investigate lean status. It was discovered that both advanced adopters and beginners of lean are discovered. ANOVA test results show that there exist quite significant differences in terms of the degrees of lean implementation in SMEs. Varied lean tools and programs have been applied and they are positively related with firms’ performance. Lastly, the paper provides evidences that major lean barriers are encountered by SMEs regarding management or people related factors as well as key knowledge and know-how.     

Application of consistent fuzzy preference relations in predicting the success of knowledge management implementation

The implementation of knowledge management (KM) involves innovation and reformation for organizations. KM implementation requires not only a substantial investment, but also changes the organization culture and structure. Before embarking on KM, thorough planning is crucial to ensure the implementation achieves the intended objectives of accruing profit and enhancing competitiveness for organisations. Therefore, this study proposes an analytic hierarchical prediction model based on the reciprocal additive consistent fuzzy preference relations to help the organizations become aware of the essential factors affecting the KM implementation, forecasting the chance of successful KM initiative, as well as identifying the actions necessary before implementing KM. Pairwise comparisons are used to determine the priority weights of influential factors and the ratings of two possible outcomes (success and failure) amongst decision makers. The subjectivity and vagueness in the prediction procedures are dealt with using linguistic terms quantified in an interval scale [0, 1]. By multiplying the weights of influential factors and the ratings of possible outcomes, predicted success/failure values are obtained to enable organizations to decide whether to initiate knowledge management, inhibit adoption or take remedial actions to increase the possibility of successful KM project. This proposed approach is demonstrated with a real case study assessed by eleven evaluators solicited from a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) manufacturing corporation located in Taiwan.     

制造网络中信息系统能力对中小企业间知识共享的影响研究

针对制造网络,从能力视角,研究信息系统集成能力、业务覆盖能力、区域连接能力、人力资源能力和信息系统支持的无形资产能力对中小企业间知识共享的影响.对河北省和天津市近10家具有"电子合作"特征的中小制造企业进行调研,收回有效问卷163份,采用SPSS12.0进行数据分析.结果显示:信息系统集成能力对企业间知识共享的影响程度最大,其次是区域连接能力,再次是人力资源能力,而无形资产能力和业务覆盖能力对企业间知识共享没有显著影响.为管理者构建面向企业间知识共享的信息系统提供参考.     

Managing Manufacturing Operations in the U.K.

This paper describes some of the major findings relating to the management of manufacturing operations which have emerged from survey work originally carried out in conjunction with the British Institute of Management. More detailed follow-up studies are also outlined relating to delivery performance and a particular industrial sector: capital electronics goods. The paper summarises the main results of the original survey based on replies from manufacturing managers in 186 plants (representing 158 companies), relating to the characteristics of the companies surveyed, the personal and career details of the responding managers, the nature of the manufacturing operations carried out in the 186 plants, particularly with regard to customer delivery performance and manufacturing lead times, use of computers and sophisticated techniques in manufacturing, and the control systems used in the initiation of production orders. Finally, calling on data from later studies, an attempt is made to focus attention on the key issues in manufacturing management as they relate to U.K. industrial performance.     

Quality management and quality practice: Perspectives on their history and their future

The purpose of this article and a companion article is to explore a number of topics in Statistics in Business and Industry. This article sketches the history of Quality Management, from its emergence in the late 19th and early 20th centuries through to the present day. Particular emphasis is placed on activities in Japan immediately following the end of the Second World War, and subsequent developments elsewhere in the world. We draw a careful distinction between Quality Management and various methodologies that aid in its implementation, such as Six Sigma. In the words of one management practitioner, Norbert Vogel, ‘TQM in its broadest sense examines all aspects of management and the alternative methodologies being promoted are merely sub‐sets of what should be an integrated management system.’ The article concludes with some speculative thoughts about the future of Quality Management from a statistician's point of view. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effects of top management team composition on SME export performance: an upper echelons perspective

Survival of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) increasingly depends on their ability to exploit opportunities in foreign markets. Given their limited resources, exporting is one of the most viable modes of entry into foreign markets for SMEs. The present study is an attempt to contribute to the research that identifies the factors associated with SME export performance. Specifically, the association between top management team demographic composition and SME export performance was examined in an emerging market context and drawing from upper echelons perspective. Focusing on such commonly examined upper echelons attributes as age, education level, and tenure, the present research assessed whether top management team composition distinguished between SMEs in terms of their export levels. Data were collected from 128 SMEs operating in Ankara and Bursa regions of Turkey. Results obtained by a hierarchical regression analysis indicated that SMEs with lower mean industry tenure and higher age separation diversity had higher levels of export performance.     

六西格玛在F半导体公司BGA产品质量改进的应用

BGA(Ball Grid Array球栅阵列封装)是一项被广泛应用的高密度封装技术。对BGA产品制造来说,过程中的最容易出现次品的环节是植球工序。本文采用六西格玛管理的DMAIC流程,通过控制胶量厚度和植球偏移量这两点对提高植球成功率最有影响的因素,对影响BGA产品制造过程中植球工序的设备能力进行了改进,取得良好的效果。     

6σ管理中需要澄清的几个问题

6σ管理作为组织实施连续质量改进的一种经营策略,已引起企业界和学术界的极大兴趣,并在一些企业中得到很好应用。正确实施6σ,需要对其基本概念、假设条件、相关约束等有一个较为全面的了解和认识。本文探讨了6σ文献和应用过程中需要关注的几个问题,其中包括6σ的基本概念和特点;分布假设;过程均值1.5σ漂移的可行性;过程能力指数;短期波动和长期波动;6σ改进和6σ设计等。     

Random effects logistic regression model for default prediction of technology credit guarantee fund

Korean government has been funding the small and medium enterprises (SME) with superior technology based on scorecard. However high default rate of funded SMEs has been reported. In order to effectively manage such governmental fund, it is important to develop accurate scoring model for SMEs. In this paper, we provide a random effects logistic regression model to predict the default of funded SMEs based on both financial and non-financial factors. Advantage of such a random effects model lies in the ability of accommodating not only the individual characteristics of each SME but also the uncertainty that cannot be explained by such individual factors. It is expected that our study can contribute to effective management of government funds by proposing the prediction models for defaults of funded SMEs.     

Inner and outer loop optimization in semiconductor manufacturing supply chain management

Supply chain management (SCM) in semiconductor manufacturing differs from many other SCM applications in that it has to simultaneously consider both long and short time scale stochasticity and nonlinearity. We present a two-level hierarchical structure for SCM motivated by these considerations. A linear programming (LP)-based strategic planning module forms the outer loop which makes long timescale decisions on the starts of factories. A model predictive control (MPC) based tactical execution module forms the inner loop which generates short timescale decisions on the starts of factories by considering the stochasticity and nonlinearity on both supply and demand sides. Two representative case studies are examined under diverse realistic conditions with this integrated framework. It is demonstrated that given conditions of stochasticity, nonlinearity, and forecast error this hierarchical decision structure can be tuned to manage representative semiconductor manufacturing supply chains in a manner appealing to operations. This work was supported by grants from the Intel Research Council and the National Science Foundation (CMMI-0432429).     

我国制造业背景下质量管理活动的量表开发研究

质量管理的测度是质量管理实证研究的基础,但我国在此领域还处于起步阶段。以重庆市制造业企业为样本,采用基于偏最小二乘法的证实性因子分析方法,对我国制造业企业的质量管理活动进行了实证度量。结论显示,我国制造业企业质量管理活动包含六个方面的主要内容:企业高层的支持、员工的参与、供应商关系、重视客户、产品设计和流程管理。研究给出了具体的我国质量管理活动的测度量表。     

运用DMAIC方法优化更换起动发电机碳刷流程

探讨六西格玛管理DM A IC方法在航空维修业务中优化流程、降低隐性成本、提高工作效率的作用.运用DM A IC方法(界定、测量、分析、改进、控制),识别更换D 328飞机起动发电机碳刷流程中“装机打磨”、“超声波清洁”关键过程输出变量和“换向器的辙痕深度”、“附着碳粉程度和绝缘电阻值”关键过程输入变量.优化更换D 328飞机起动发电机碳刷中“装机打磨”作业流程、“超声波清洁”作业流程,缩短了更换时间,降低了D 328飞机起动发电机周转成本.为航空部件维修由底层延伸拓展至顶层的业务流程优化,提供了有价值的参考,验证了航空维修行业推行六西格玛管理DM A IC方法的可行性.     

Exploring the performance of small- and medium-sized enterprises through the credit crunch

Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are major contributors to most western economies. They are often supported by government policies, and in the UK the government encourages banks to lend to them. It is generally believed that the credit crunch has had an impact on the performance of SMEs. This study looks at the impact of the crunch using large samples from 2007 through to 2010. It looks at performance by region, age and industrial sector (SIC code). It then proceeds to explore the modelling of default over the years, with a focus on young businesses. It was found that there is a degree of stability within the models, though the level of default varies across years. Young businesses, as has been found before, are shown to be more vulnerable.     

Issues in Managing Information Technology

This paper describes three case studies which investigated issues relating to the implementation and management of advanced information technology. The benefits derived from information technology were found to vary from one organization to another. These studies provide further evidence to support earlier research findings that senior management has an important role to play in the effective exploitation of information technology, and that the investment approach taken by an organization has a significant effect on the development of computer-based information systems. The effectiveness of a system depends not only on applying the appropriate technology, but also on how successfully technical and behavioural issues are resolved.