基于蒙特卡罗方法的XHA600D医用电子直线加速器的入射电子束参数研究

使用蒙特卡罗方法研究入射电子束参数对XHA600D医用电子直线加速器产生的剂量分布的影响,并确定优化的入射电子束参数。根据厂商提供的XHA600D加速器治疗头的几何、材料参数,使用蒙特卡罗程序EGSnrc对不同的入射电子束参数进行模拟并记录其在水模体中产生的剂量分布,将模拟结果与测量结果进行比较。模拟的入射电子束参数包括平均能量、径向强度分布、角度展宽和能量展宽;实验测量数据包括4 cm×4 cm、10 cm×10 cm、30 cm×30 cm射野条件下的百分深度剂量与离轴剂量。结果表明当入射电子束的平均能量为6 MeV、径向强度的半高宽(Full Width at Half Maximum, FWHM)为0.25 cm、角度展宽为0.15°时,模拟结果和测量结果吻合非常好。这些参数可以作为建立适用于XHA600D加速器的TPS(Treatment Planning System)剂量计算模型的基础参数。     

相位正态分布条件下的微波合成效率

针对多台高功率微波源组阵进行功率合成时相位离散分布的问题,基于数理统计方法对合成阵元相位误差呈正态分布情况下阵列合成效率进行了理论分析,提出了相位误差有界分布下其概率密度函数的表达式,修正了相位分布标准差较大时微波功率合成效率的理论计算公式。为验证修正后的理论公式正确性,使用数值模拟方法计算了合成阵列天线阵元激励信号相位误差呈正态分布下的空间功率合成效率,计算结果表明,数值模拟结果与理论分析给出的计算结果吻合得较好,修正后空间功率合成效率公式的预估精度得到有效提高。     

聚丙烯酸铅辐射防护材料的制备及性能研究

采用化学接枝聚合法制备了聚丙烯酸铅辐射防护材料,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FT-IR）和扫描电镜（SEM）对其结构进行了分析,并利用多道γ谱仪测量了其屏蔽率.利用EGSnrc软件,通过蒙特卡罗模拟,理论计算了防护材料的屏蔽率,讨论了引入样品前后,注量和剂量的变化规律.结果表明：制备的防护材料具有优良的屏蔽性能,其屏蔽效果与射线能量有关.在纯空气介质中,注量和剂量的变化均与粒子能量相关,注量随深度成不连续的阶梯分布,梯高相等,梯宽逐渐变窄,剂量随深度缓慢增加.样品引入后,在空气介质区域,注量和剂量的变化不再与能量相关,而与样品的厚度有关.样品介质区域和空气介质区域的注量都成非线性变化,注量和剂量的变化率在样品与空气分界处,出现了明显的转折. 关键词： 辐射防护 屏蔽性能 EGSnrc     

Matlab软件和逐差法在共振法和相位法测量超声声速中的应用

共振法和相位法可以测量声速,本文使用逐差法处理实验数据以减小实验中的随机误差和仪器误差。实验中测量的物理量较多,人工处理数据比较繁琐,且容易出错。因此,本文使用Matlab软件和逐差法处理数据。把测量的实验数据和仪器不确定度输入Excel表格中,然后把Excel文件引入到Matlab软件中,运行逐差法计算的程序后可以直接得到声速,以及测量的百分差和相对不确定度,处理过程快捷精确。经过计算发现:相位法测量声速的百分差略低于共振法测量声速的百分差。     

激光直写制作高阶螺旋相位板及其性能

将拓扑荷为4的螺旋相位光束与平面光干涉的计算全息图输入到空间光调制器中,得到含有多个衍射级次的高阶涡旋光束。为提高衍射效率,利用激光直写技术制作拓扑荷为4的高阶螺旋相位板,经测定,相位板深度理论数值为1.073 m,测量数值为1.082 m,相位板制作误差在0.83%以内。平行光束通过此相位板时,在夫琅和费衍射场获得一个高质量的高阶光学涡旋,光强分布与理论数值基本吻合,衍射效率达到86%。     

基于有限元模拟的圆柱边界介质中的光传输

应用有限元模拟方法,在外推边界条件下研究圆柱介质中的光传输问题,讨论了不同光学参数条件下圆柱表面空间分辨反射率和穿透深度的规律,并且与有限元分析、Monte Carlo模拟和解析解方法的结果进行比较.结果表明:有限元模拟的结果与Monte Carlo模拟的结果吻合度很好,其空间反射率在光学参数满足漫射近似条件μ′s/μa≥5时误差小于10%,在非近源区甚至小于5%;穿透深度的值随μ′s/μa值增大而增大.但比Monte Carlo模拟的穿透深度略小,误差不超过7%,且μ′s/μa的值越大时该误差越小.有限元模拟结果比解析解方法的结果误差要更小,解析解方法在μ′s/μa≥5时,其误差在非近源区接近10%,在近源区会超过15%.此外比较了三种方法的计算速度.单次运算有限元模拟用时约385s,甚至比通常用于快速计算的解析解方法(单次运算耗时416s)更快,而Monte Carlo模拟单次运算耗时8~9h.考虑到有限元模拟方法的介质模型构建简便,计算速度快,且模拟结果有着不错的精度,该方法对圆柱边界乃至一般具有曲率的复杂介质中光子辐射传输问题具有非常好的应用前景.     

HIRFL浅层肿瘤治疗终端治癌碳离子束物理特性的测量

对HIRFL浅层肿瘤治疗终端提供的碳离子束的物理特性进行了首次测量. 结果显示, 能量为80.55MeV/u的¹²C离子束, 其束流强度在0.001—0.1nA范围时, 直径50mm照射野的均匀性为73.48%, 束流强度在一段时间内的稳定性为80.87%. 测得了束流在治疗装置等中心处的深度剂量分布, 其高剂量的Bragg峰位处在13.866mm的水等效深度, 反推出碳离子束在等中心处对应的能量为71.71MeV/u, 与计算值基本吻合. 对自由空气电离室的读数进行了吸收剂量的标定. 测量结果显示, HIRFL浅层肿瘤治疗装置性能与临床治疗的要求相比稍有差距, 为了达到治疗终端进行临床试验的要求, 须对治癌装置性能做进一步的优化.     

空心圆管端点附近等离子体源离子注入过程中鞘层的时空演化

等离子体源离子注入过程中，鞘层的演化规律直接影响到离子注入到材料中的深度进而影响材料表面的性质和结构，对材料的不同部位这种影响是不同的.利用无碰撞两维流体动力学模型，研究了有限上升时间的电压脉冲作用下，共轴放置附加零电极的半无限空心圆管端点附近等离子体源离子注入过程中，鞘层的时空演化规律.通过计算得到了鞘层内随时间变化的电势分布和离子密度分布，计算了端点附近材料表面处的离子流密度分布和注入剂量分布随时间的变化规律.计算机模拟结果显示了空心圆管内部、外部及端点表面处的离子流密度分布和注入剂量分布存在很大差异.     

基于几何约束的自适应相位解包裹算法

提出一种通过相机和投影仪的空间几何约束来展开相位包裹的方法,只需要对结构光投影测量系统进行标定,不需要进行传统的时间或空间相位展开.通过投影单周期条纹得到物体的大致高度信息以确定虚拟深度平面,在虚拟平面z0min处,根据结构光系统的标定参数创建最小绝对相位图,物体的包裹相位逐像素与进行比较,即确定条纹级数,实现相位解包裹.该方法具有良好的鲁棒性,对硬件要求低,采集图像少并且不需要额外的物体来获得z0min,能够实现自适应动态测量.实验结果表明,在同等条件下,与传统时间相位展开方法相比,该方法的相对误差降低了14.33%,同时简化了测量方法,能够有效实现物体的三维形貌测量.     

大空腔探测系统主动中子多重性反应系数模拟研究

为确定主动中子多重性反应系数对测量精度的影响,对大空腔探测系统主动中子多重性方法测量铀部件质量的全过程进行了直接模拟,基于MCNPX对28组相同浓缩度、相同密度、不同质量的内径1.2cm的半球壳型铀部件进行了模拟研究,获得了反应系数与样品增殖的关系曲线。对半球型、内径1.2cm的半球壳型铀部件的模拟测量质量偏差都在1.5%以内,对内径3.2cm的半球壳型、半径6cm和8cm的圆柱型等形状差异较大的铀部件质量也仅偏小5%~10%。     

Validation of Monte Carlo simulation of 6 MV photon beam produced by Varian Clinac 2100 linear accelerator using BEAMnrc code and DOSXYZnrc code

The Monte Carlo model for the photon-beam output from the Varian Clinac 2100 linear accelerator was validated to compare the calculated to measured PDD and beam dose profiles The Monte Carlo calculation method is considered to be the most accurate method for dose calculation in radiotherapy. The objective of this study is to build a Monte Carlo geometry of Varian Clinac 2100 linear accelerator as realistically as possible. The Monte Carlo codes used in this work were the BEAMnrc code to simulate the photons beam and the DOSXYZnrc code to examinate the absorbed dose in the water phantom. We have calculated percentage depth dose (PDD) and beam profiles of the 6 MV photon beam for the 6 × 6 cm², 10 × 10 cm² and 15 × 15 cm² field sizes. We have used the gamma index technique for the quantitative evaluation to compare the measured and calculated distributions. Good agreement was found between calculated PDD and beam profile compared to measured data. The comparison was evaluated using the gamma index method and the criterions were 3% for dose difference and 3 mm for distance to agreement. The gamma index acceptance rate was more than 97% of both distribution comparisons PDDs and dose profiles and our results were more developed and accurate. The Varian Clinac 2100 linear accelerator was accurately modeled using Monte Carlo codes: BEAMnrc and DOSXYZnrc codes package.     

Evaluation of effective source position for local linear accelerator and inserts

All types of treatment planning systems need some input measured beam data. Such data differ in type and number depending on the model of electron beam algorithm used inside. In addition to the number of percentage depth dose (%DD) and cross beam profiles, the effective source surface distance parameter SSD_eff was also recommended to be measured and transferred to the planning system. Output measurements were carried out using 0.6cc cylindrical Farmer type ion chamber placed in water phantom at depth of dose maximum, in Radiat. Phys. Dep., Malmö Hospital, Lund University, Sweden. Results were collected for all available energies combined with both applicators and inserts on a Varian Clinac 2100C. SSD_eff was determined from the ionization measurements using equation given by Khan et al. (1991). Comparing the results with those obtained by Roback et al. (1995) on a similar Varian Clinac 2100C, it was found that the deviation of SSD_eff was 7.5% for combination of energies, field sizes, and inserts except at 6 MeV. The variations of SSD_eff than the nominal SSD reflect the importance of corrections against air gap present in irregular clinical situations. SSD_eff should be measured during commissioning of both accelerator or/and local treatment-planning computer. Inserts used in measurements should be from the same material and thickness as that are used in clinical work.     

Physical design of a 10 MeV LINAC for polymer radiation processing

In China, polymer radiation processing has become one of the most important processing industries. The radiation processing source may be an electron beam accelerator or a radioactive source. Physical design of an electron beam facility applied for radiation crosslinking is introduced in this paper because of it’s much higher dose rate and efficiency. Main part of this facility is a 10 MeV travelling wave electron linac with constant impedance accelerating structure. A start to end simulation concerning the linac is reported in this paper. The codes Opera-3d, Poisson-superfish and Parmela are used to describe electromagnetic elements of the accelerator and track particle distribution from the cathode to the end of the linac. After beam dynamic optimization, wave phase velocities in the structure have been chosen to be 0.56, 0.9 and 0.999 respectively. Physical parameters about the main elements such as DC electron gun, iris-loaded periodic structure, solenoids, etc, are presented. Simulation results proves that it can satisfy the industrial requirement. The linac is under construction. Some components have been finished. Measurements proved that they are in a good agreement with the design values.     

Dosimetric comparison of water phantoms,ion chambers,and data acquisition modes for LINAC characterization

PurposeIn this study a dosimetric comparison utilizing continuous data acquisition and discrete data acquisition is examined using IBA Blue Phantom (IBA Dosimetry, Schwarzenbruck, Germany) and PTW (PTW, Freiberg, Germany) MP3-M water tanks. The tanks were compared according to several factors including set up time, ease of use, and data acquisition times. A tertiary objective is to study the response of several ionization chambers in the two tanks examined.MethodsMeasurements made using a Varian 23EX LINAC (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA) include PDDs and beam profiles for various field sizes with IBA CC13, PTW Semiflex 31010, PTW Pinpoint N31016, and PTW 31013 ion chambers for photons (6, 18 MV) and electrons (6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 MeV). Radial and transverse profile scans were done at depths of maximum dose, 5 cm, 10 cm, and 20 cm using the same set of tanks and detectors for the photon beams. Radial and transverse profile scans were done at depth of maximum dose for the electron beams on the same tanks and chambers. Data processing and analysis was performed using PTW's MEPHYSTO Navigator software and IBA's OmniPro Accept version 6.6 for the respective water tank systems.ResultsPDD values agree to within 1% and dmax to within 1 mm for the PTW MP3-M tank using PTW 31010 and Blue Phantom using IBA CC13 chamber, respectively and larger discrepancy with the PTW PinPoint N31016 chamber at 6 MV. With respect to setup time the PTW MP3-M and IBA Blue phantom tank took about 20 and 40 min, respectively. Scan times were longer by 5–15 min per field size in the PTW MP3-M tank for the square field sizes from 1 cm to 40 cm as compared to the IBA Blue phantom. However, data processing times were higher by 7 min per field size with the IBA system.ConclusionsTank measurements showed little deviation with the higher energy photons as compared to the lower energy photons with regards to the PDD measurements. Chamber construction as well as tank set up may be causing the slight deviation in data. It is important to identify the exact source of the potential errors to ensure that proper tank usage is performed when making such measurements to ensure that patient safety is in compliance. Beam profiles done with different chambers and tanks showed little to no deviation from one to another. With regards to continuous versus discrete data measurements the main difference was in the data processing technique used. Discrete data obtained required less data processing as compared to the continuous data acquired.     

Optimization of single-step tapering amplitude and energy detuning for high-gain FELs

We put forward a method to optimize the single-step tapering amplitude of undulator strength and initial energy tuning of electron beam to maximize the saturation power of high gain free-electron lasers(FELs),based on the physics of longitudinal electron beam phase space. Using the FEL simulation code GENESIS,we numerically demonstrate the accuracy of the estimations for parameters corresponding to the linac coherent light source and the Tesla test facility.     

Clinical tests of large area thermoluminescent detectors under radiotherapy beams

Two-dimensional (2D) thermoluminescence (TL) dosimetry systems based on LiF:Mg,Cu,P, together with the newly developed, based on CaSO4:Dy, were tested under radiotherapy beams. The detectors were irradiated in a water phantom with 6 MV X-ray beams from linac and read with a dedicated TLD reader. Dose distributions of differently shaped fields and of a full stereotactic plan were measured and compared with planned distributions.Maximum distance-to-agreement (DTA) in the penumbra region was 1 mm for both LiF:Mg,Cu,P and CaSO4:Dy TL sheets, for all the measured fields. Maximum percentage dose difference (DA%) between planned and measured dose value in low dose gradient regions was up to 11% for LiF:Mg,Cu,P TL sheets and 18% for CaSO4:Dy TL sheets. Concerning the full stereotactic plan, the percentage of points with γ-index below 1 is 54.9% for the LiF:Mg,Cu,P-based foil and 96.9% for the CaSO4:Dy TL sheets. Both 2D TL detector types can be considered to be a promising tool for bi-dimensional dose measurements in radiotherapy. Non-homogeneity, presumably due to the TL sheets manufacture, still affects dosimetric distribution and the agreement between planned and measured distributions may depend on the chosen sample.     

TLD measurements and Monte Carlo simulations for glandular dose and scatter fraction assessment in mammography: A comparative study

The main purpose of this study was to validate and compare Mean Glandular Dose (MGD) values obtained using Monte Carlo simulations with experimental values obtained from Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) and depth dose measurements performed in a Hospital mammography unit. ESD and depth dose were measured using ThermoLuminescent Dosimeters (TLDs), and a tissue equivalent mammography phantom recommended by the American College of Radiology (ACR). Measurements and Monte Carlo simulations were also compared with the MGD calculated using the Automatic Exposure Control (AEC) system of the mammographic unit. In the simulations the Doppler energy broadening effect was also taken into account. The simulated ESD are about 5%–10% higher than the measured ESD values. The deviation between the measured and simulated MGD values in the phantom is of about 15%. The MGD evaluated using the AEC system is smaller both with respect to the Monte Carlo simulation and experimental result by a factor of about 15% and 25% respectively. Moreover the BackScatter Factor (BSF) estimated by Monte Carlo simulations was used for the MGD calculation according to the Wu’s method. Finally the inclusion of the energy broadening effect on MGD calculation produces negligible variations on the simulated results.     

Monte Carlo investigation of the effect of small cutouts on beam profile parameters of 12 and 14 MeV electron beams

Cutouts, which are used as field-shaping shield, affect several electron beam parameters. These effects are more observable for small field sizes and high energy electron beams. Owing to the fact that small fields prevent the lateral scatter equilibrium, at higher energies larger field radius is required for the establishment of lateral equilibrium.The profile curves are derived from circular, triangular, and square cutout shapes and size placed in a 10 × 10 cm² electron applicator. These profile curves are obtained using parallel plane type ion chamber at the R₁₀₀, R₉₀, R₈₀ and R₅₀ depths. Correspondingly, the source surface distance is 100 cm.In this study MCNP Monte Carlo (MC) simulation was used to compare Percentage Depth Dose (PDD) and Profile of electron beams.Monte Carlo and measured results showed a good compliance for PDD and beam profile. The measurements and calculations showed that as the field width decreases, the Flatness and Penumbra Ratio also decreases. In other words, flatter plateau was available for larger fields. Also the Coverage Ratio for each of the profiles is presented. The flatness and symmetry values for triangle shapes were greater than the two other shapes.Knowledge of these changes are significant in radiation therapy. Accordingly, a comparison between the Monte Carlo data and the measured results can be beneficial for treatment simulation and development of treatment planning systems.     

Evaluation of neutron production in new accelerators for radiotherapy

Ambient dose equivalent, H*(10), and personal dose equivalent, Hp(10), were calculated in different points located inside two different treatment rooms. 15-MV Varian and 15-MV Elekta accelerators were used in these studies. The geometry of both accelerators heads and treatment rooms were built up to perform the Monte Carlo simulations. The patient was also simulated using an ICRU phantom. Calculations were done using the MCNPX code. Ambient dose equivalents rates from neutrons range between 1.2 and 419 mSv/h in the Elekta treatment room and between 0.96 and 1140 mSv/h in the Varian treatment room, depending on the location. These values suggest a larger neutron production in the Varian than in the Elekta accelerator.