中子注量率波动修正因子及其应用

在中子核反应研究中,尤其是在利用活化法进行中子核反应截面测量研究时,需要准确测量样品辐照的中子注量。监督反应标准截面法简便可行,在一些核反应截面测量研究中经常用来定量样品辐照的中子注量。在利用监督片核反应剩余核的放射性活度计算平均中子注量率时,中子注量率波动修正因子是一个很重要的参数。对中子注量率波动修正因子进行了详细阐述,通过理论推导给出了中子注量率波动修正因子的定义,从实际应用出发讨论了中子注量率波动修正因子的使用条件和监督反应的选择原则。Incident neutron flux has to be measured accurately in the neutron reaction study especially in the neutron reaction cross-section measurement with activation method. Average neutron flux in the irradiated sample is usually determined by the monitor reaction with reference cross-section values. However, the average incident neutron flux, based on the radioactivity of the residual nuclei produced in the monitor reaction, is dependent upon the neutron flux fluctuation. In the procedure of the average neutron flux calculation, the correction factor for the neutron flux fluctuation plays a key role. In this paper, definition of the neutron flux fluctuation correction factor is inferred heoretically. The selection principles of the monitor reaction and the utilization of the correction factor have been discussed.     

压水堆核电站燃料组件弯曲对堆芯中子学的影响分析计算

在压水堆核电站中,由于燃料组件装配的压紧力、冷却剂流动、辐射蠕变、燃耗等因素会导致燃料组件的弯曲,燃料组件的弯曲对组件间的水隙分布产生影响,从而影响中子的慢化行为及堆芯的传热性能,进而对反应堆堆芯的运行参数造成影响。本文分析了组件弯曲的成因及机理、影响及后果（包括对堆芯功率分布、径向功率倾斜、焓升因子、热点因子等参数的影响）,并使用蒙特卡罗软件JMCT,对组件弯曲的确定论计算程序的正确性进行了验证。最后通过确定论的计算程序模块,对CPR1000核电站的组件弯曲情况进行了模拟分析,计算结果表明:在某一燃耗下,随着水隙增加或减小,燃料组件功率会随之增加或减小,使堆芯的功率分布发生倾斜,影响核电站的安全运行。     

HT-7上氘等离子体放电时中子注量的测量与分析

利用三氟化硼（BF₃） 和氦三（3He）正比计数管组成的快速时间分辨中子注量探测系统,对HT-7超导托卡马克上氘等离子体放电时光中子和聚变中子的产生机理进行研究.结合γ射线、硬X射线等相关诊断的实验结果,分析了纯欧姆放电和低杂波辅助加热放电时,中子注量信号随时间演化的典型特征.结果表明：HT-7在投入大功率低杂波辅助加热等离子体放电时,能够产生数量可观的氘-氘（D-D）聚变中子. 关键词： 中子注量 聚变中子 光中子 托卡马克     

Li-Al模拟靶件内中子注量率分布计算

为确保Li-Al模拟靶件辐照实验顺利实现，需要从理论上了解靶件内的中子注量率。     

400~1500 MeV质子轰击铅靶和钨靶的出射中子能谱的FLUKA和Geant4模拟研究

在ADS散裂靶系统的优化设计中,蒙特卡罗方法结合可靠的散裂反应理论模型进行中子学计算具有重要的作用。本工作利用Geant4程序中的INCLXX模型、BIC模型以及BERT模型和FLUKA程序分别模拟了597 MeV和1 500 MeV质子轰击薄铅靶不同出射角度的中子双微分截面,500,1 500 MeV质子轰击厚铅靶不同出射角度的中子双微分产额,以及400,600,800,1 000和1 200 MeV质子轰击厚钨靶在反角方向（175 °）的中子双微分产额,并与实验数据进行比较。研究表明,对于薄铅靶,Geant4程序的INCLXX模型和FLUKA程序模拟结果与实验符合得更好。能量在10～40 MeV范围内,BIC模型模拟结果明显高于实验数据,而BERT模型模拟结果略微低于实验数据。对于厚铅靶,在40 MeV左右所有的模拟结果都低于实验数据。对于厚钨靶,Geant4程序的BIC模型和FLUKA程序与实验数据符合得较好,INCLXX模型在能量高于60 MeV时模拟结果低于实验数据,BERT模型与实验数据差异较大。总体来看,Geant4程序的INCLXX模型和FLUKA程序进行ADS散裂靶相关的中子学的计算是合理和可靠的。The reliable Monte Carlo simulation codes coupled with nuclear reaction models play an important role in the neutronic calculation for the design and optimization of the ADS spallation target. In this work, the double differential cross sections at different angles produced from a thin lead target bombarded with 597 and 1 500 MeV protons, the neutron energy spectra at different angles produced from a thick lead target bombarded with 500 and 1 500 MeV protons, and the neutron energy spectra in the backward direction(175°) produced from a thick tungsten target bombarded with 400, 600, 800, 1 000 and 1 200 MeV protons are calculated with the Geant4 code coupled INCLXX, BIC and BERT models and the FLUKA code. The calculations are compared with the available experimental data. The results show that, for the thin lead target, the calculations with the Geant4 coupled INCLXX model and FLUKA code well reproduce the experimental results. In a energy range from 10 to 40 MeV, BIC model obviously overestimates the experimental results, and BERT model slightly underestimates the experimental results. For the thick lead target, all of the calculations underestimate the experimental results around 40MeV. For the thick tungsten target, the Geant4 coupled BIC model and FLUKA code well reproduce the experimental results. INCLXX model underestimates the experimental results above 60 MeV. BERT model bad reproduces the experimental results. Overall, the neutronic calculations with the Geant4 code coupled INCLXX model and FLUKA code for the ADS spallation target is reasonable and reliable.     

大型压水堆装载50%MOX燃料方案压力容器辐照安全计算

对含MOX燃料堆芯的压力容器(RPV)快中子注量率计算进行了初步研究,探讨了适用于MOX堆芯方案屏蔽计算的堆芯源项处理方法。采用三维离散纵标程序TORT,针对CAP1400型堆芯装载50%MOX燃料方案开展了RPV快中子注量计算,结果表明：堆芯装载50%MOX燃料可满足RPV屏蔽安全设计要求;对比分析含MOX堆芯方案和全UO2堆芯方案的RPV快中子注量率的特性差异,从RPV辐射防护最优化的角度,后续燃料管理方案优化时可重点关注关键位置处组件的布置。     

大型压水堆装载50%MOX燃料方案压力容器辐照安全计算

对含MOX燃料堆芯的压力容器(RPV)快中子注量率计算进行了初步研究,探讨了适用于MOX堆芯方案屏蔽计算的堆芯源项处理方法。采用三维离散纵标程序TORT,针对CAP1400型堆芯装载50%MOX燃料方案开展了RPV快中子注量计算,结果表明:堆芯装载50%MOX燃料可满足RPV屏蔽安全设计要求;对比分析含MOX堆芯方案和全UO2堆芯方案的RPV快中子注量率的特性差异,从RPV辐射防护最优化的角度,后续燃料管理方案优化时可重点关注关键位置处组件的布置。     

双极晶体管中子注量探测器的标定

双极晶体管经中子辐照后会引起直流增益退化,在10⁹~10¹⁶ cm^-2的注量范围内,其直流增益倒数变化与辐照中子注量呈线性关系。对直流增益退化的双极晶体管进行高温退火,能使受到辐射损伤的双极晶体管性能恢复。鉴于此,将双极晶体管进行逆向工程应用,制作成中子注量探测器,经标定后,可实现对中子注量的监测。对探测器的装配结构进行设计后,依托中国工程物理研究院快中子脉冲堆(CFBR-Ⅱ),在10¹²~10¹³ cm^-2的注量范围对3DK2222A型探测器和在10¹³ cm^-2的注量范围对3DG121C型探测器进行标定。在得到探测器损伤常数K的分散性存在较小和较大的两种情况下,确定了分散性较小时的有效取值和应用方法,以及在分散性较大时,采取标定的损伤常数K只能应用在同只探测器上的方案,并通过高温退火实验证实了该方案的可行性。     

300#研究堆寿期内上联箱铝材中子注量分析

材料在辐照过程中所受的中子注量是辐照性能研究中的一个重要参数。上联箱铝材作为300#研究堆关键结构材料,经历了从反应堆首次临界到退役的全过程,极具材料辐照效应研究价值。为获取整个反应堆运行寿期内的上联箱中子注量水平,须克服堆芯装载变化频繁与堆芯不断扩大装载两大关键难点,故提出了堆芯归并等效计算方法。通过该方法的成功应用,得到了300#研究堆寿期内上联箱铝材的中子注量,并进行了误差分析。     

300#研究堆寿期内上联箱铝材中子注量分析

材料在辐照过程中所受的中子注量是辐照性能研究中的一个重要参数。上联箱铝材作为300#研究堆关键结构材料,经历了从反应堆首次临界到退役的全过程,极具材料辐照效应研究价值。为获取整个反应堆运行寿期内的上联箱中子注量水平,须克服堆芯装载变化频繁与堆芯不断扩大装载两大关键难点,故提出了堆芯归并等效计算方法。通过该方法的成功应用,得到了300#研究堆寿期内上联箱铝材的中子注量,并进行了误差分析。     

利用GEANT4和FLUKA研究质子诱发散裂反应出射中子双微分截面

在中高能质子诱发散裂反应相关核工程设计中,可靠的蒙特卡罗模拟程序结合核反应理论模型具有较好的理论指导意义。本工作中,利用GEANT4耦合INCL4和ABLA理论模型以及FLUKA耦合PEANUT模型模拟计算了几百MeV至几个GeV质子轰击Be,Al,Fe,W,U等靶后30°,60°,120°,150°出射角产生的散裂中子双微分截面,并与现有实验数据进行了比较。结果发现,FLUKA和GEANT4模拟计算较好地再现了Al,Fe,W,U等靶实验测量数据。然而,模拟结果明显低估了Be靶出射中子能量小于10 MeV能区的实验数据。For the design of nuclear engineering related with medium-high energy proton induced spallation reaction,the reliable Monte Carlo simulation codes coupled with nuclear reaction models have a good theoretical guidance.In this work,the production spallation neutron double differential cross sections at 30°,60°,120°,150°emission angle for Be,Al,Fe,W,U target materials at incident proton energies between several hundred MeV and GeV are theoretically calculated by using the GEANT4 coupled INCL4 and ABLA,and the FLUKA coupled PEANUT.The calculated results were compared with the available experimental data.It is found that the GEANT4 and FLUKA calculations well reproduced the experimental measurement of Al,Fe,W,U target materials.However,calculations obviously underestimated the emission neutrons of Be target for lower than 10 MeV energy range.     

Magnetic hysteresis properties of neutron-irradiated VVER440-type nuclear reactor pressure vessel steels

The development of non-destructive evaluation methods for irradiation embrittlement in nuclear reactor pressure vessel steels has a key role for safe and long-term operation of nuclear power plants. In this study, we have investigated the effect of neutron irradiation on base and weld metals of Russian VVER440-type reactor pressure vessel steels by measurements of magnetic minor hysteresis loops. A minor-loop coefficient, which is obtained from a scaling power-law relation of minor-loop parameters and is a sensitive indicator of internal stress, is found to change with neutron fluence for both metals. While the coefficient for base metal exhibits a local maximum at low fluence and a subsequent slow decrease, that for weld metal monotonically decreases with fluence. The observed results are explained by competing mechanisms of nanoscale defect formation and recovery, among which the latter process plays a dominant role for magnetic property changes in weld metal due to its ferritic microstructure.     

Extension of CASCADE.04 to estimate neutron fluence and dose rates and its validation

Capability to compute neutron dose rate is introduced for the first time in the new version of the CASCADE.04 code. Two different methods, ‘track length estimator’ and ‘collision estimator’ are adapted for the estimation of neutron fluence rate needed to calculate the ambient dose rate. For the validation of the methods, neutron dose rates are experimentally measured at different locations of a 5Ci Am-Be source, shielded in Howitzer-type system and these results are compared with those estimated using (i) modified CASCADE.04.d and (ii) MCNP4A codes and it is found that the agreement is good. The paper presents details of modification and results of the comparative study.      

Measurements of effective delayed neutron fraction in a fast neutron reactor using the perturbation method

A perturbation method is proposed to obtain the effective delayed neutron fraction β_(eff) of a cylindrical highly enriched uranium reactor.Based on reactivity measurements with and without a sample at a specified position using the positive period technique,the reactor reactivity perturbation △ρ of the sample in β_(eff) units is measured.Simulations of the perturbation experiments are performed using the MCNP program.The PERT card is used to provide the difference dκ of effective neutron multiplication factors with and without the sample inside the reactor.Based on the relationship between the effective multiplication factor and the reactivity,the equation β~(eff)=dκ/△ρ is derived.In this paper,the reactivity perturbations of 13 metal samples at the designable position of the reactor are measured and calculated.The average β_(eff) value of the reactor is given as 0.00645,and the standard uncertainty is 3.0%.Additionally,the perturbation experiments for β_(eff) can be used to evaluate the reliabilities of the delayed neutron parameters.This work shows that the delayed neutron data of ~(235)U and ~(238)U from G.R.Keepin's publication are more reliable than those from ENDF-B6.0.ENDF-B7.0,JENDL3.3 and CENDL2.2.     

14MeV中子照相中散射中子对成像影响的Monte Carlo模拟

依据实验参数，建立了14MeV快中子照相的物理模型，并利用Monte Carlo方法对照相过程进行了模拟. 分析了经聚乙烯样品散射的中子对快中子图像的影响随样品与探测器间距及样品参数的变化. 计算结果表明，样品与探测器的距离d<5cm时，样品中的散射中子对图像的影响强烈依赖于d，而当d>20cm时，样品散射中子对图像的影响可忽略；当样品密度为3—5g/cm³时散射中子对图像的影响相对最大；样品宽度越大，图像中的散射成分越多，当宽度在3cm以上时散射成分的强度趋于饱和. 关键词： 14MeV中子 快中子照相 散射中子 Monte Carlo模拟     

超临界水冷堆中子能谱计算及安全性分析

超临界水堆是国际第Ⅳ代核能系统论坛推荐的六种第Ⅳ代核电反应堆堆型之一,与现有的轻水堆相比,具有热效率高、系统结构简单、造价低等优点。建立了MCNP程序下的超临界水堆堆芯物理计算模型,解决了燃料组件几何结构过于复杂精细难以建模的技术难题;考虑了堆芯轴向冷却剂密度的不均匀分布,计算并分析各区域的中子能谱分布;对失水事故下的超临界水冷堆安全性进行了分析,研究了不同区域冷却剂丢失程度对反应性及有效增殖系数的影响,表明所设计堆型具有较高的安全性;分析处理失水事故的应对措施,验证了使用注入硼水措施处理超临界水冷堆失水事故的可行性。     

密闭实验大厅内散射中子注量的模拟研究

为能够快速评判实验测试方案和预估实验结果,建立了中子体通量的快速估算模型。理论上,封闭空间中子平均体通量与特征长度的平方成反比,且中子体通量的大小能反映散射中子注量强弱。采用蒙特卡罗模拟方法,计算得到了密闭实验大厅内中子的体通量,以及不同位置处的散射中子注量,并将模拟得到的体通量和散射中子注量拟合成便于工程实践中应用的解析表达式,拟合结果与模拟结果的相对偏差小于10%。研究结果表明,球形空间内中子的体通量与球半径的1.905次方成反比;密闭实验大厅的中子体通量与大厅横截面宽度的1.948次方成反比,与长宽比的0.775次方成反比;球形空间结构内,每个源中子的平均径迹长度约为半径的5.4倍,而长方体密闭实验大厅内,单个源中子的平均径迹长度为大厅特征尺度的2~3倍。