Features and mechanism of H- anion emission from 12 CaO x 7 Al2O3 surface

The hydrogen anion (H-) and other anionic species (O-, OH-, e-) in the gas phase, emitted from the synthesized crystal surface of 12 CaO x 7 Al2O3-H- (C12A7-H-), have been observed. The emission intensity of all the anionic species strongly depends on the sample surface temperature and the extraction field. H- has the highest emission branch ratio, and the extraction field can reduce its apparent activation energy. H- emission current at a microA/cm2-level has been achieved, which is about 4 orders of magnitude higher than that obtained from the thermal desorption process of CaH2. The observed anions of H- and OH- are attributed to their migration from the C12A7-H- cages onto the surface [i.e., Y-(cages) --> Y-(surface) --> Y-(gas phase) (Y = H, OH)]. The weak O- and electron emission would both arise from the dissociation of O2-: O2-(surface) --> O-(surface) + e-(surface) --> O-(gas phase) + e-(space).     

微孔晶体材料C12A7-Cl-的表面氯负离子发射性能和机理

利用飞行时间质谱(TOF-MS)观测到氯负离子从合成的微孔晶体材料C12A7-Cl-(11CaO·7Al2O3·CaCl2)表面发射出来, 详细研究了C12A7-Cl-的发射特性, 包括发射强度分支比、温度效应、电场效应和表观活化能. 在我们的检测范围内从C12A7-Cl-表面发射的离子中绝大部分是氯负离子(最大强度分支比为98%), 此外还有弱的氧负离子和电子发射. 各种离子的绝对发射电流强度都随着表面温度升高或引出电场强度的增加而显著增强, 随着引出电场强度从200增加到1200 V·cm-1, 氯负离子发射的表观活化能从180.9 kJ·mol-1减小到110.0 kJ·mol-1. 氯负离子和C12A7-Cl-表面之间的结合能大约是228 kJ·mol-1. 研究了氯负离子的发射稳定性, 并且应用一种电化学注入法, 以获得持续的氯负离子发射. 基于上述实验还讨论了氯负离子的形成和发射机理. 目前的方法可望被用于发展氯负离子储存/发生器.     

New Cu(II) complexes based on the hydroxo-bridged dinuclear [Cu(OH)2Cu] units: step-like di- and trimerizations of [Cu(OH)2Cu] units

Four new Cu(II) complexes {[Cu(4)(bpy)(4)(OH)(4)(H(2)O)(2)]}(NO(3))(2)(C(7)H(5)O(2))(2)·6H(2)O 1, {[Cu(4)(bpy)(4)(OH)(4)(H(2)O)(2)]}(NO(3))(2)(C(5)H(6)O(4))·8H(2)O 2, {[Cu(4)(bpy)(4)(OH)(4)(H(2)O)(2)]}(C(5)H(6)O(4))(2)·16H(2)O 3 and {[Cu(6)(bpy)(6)(OH)(6)(H(2)O)(2)]}(C(8)H(7)O(2))(6)·12H(2)O 4 were synthesized (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, H(2)(C(5)H(6)O(4)) = glutaric acid, H(C(7)H(5)O(2)) = benzoic acid, H(C(8)H(7)O(2)) = phenyl acetic acid). The building units in 1-3 are the tetranuclear [Cu(4)(bpy)(4)(H(2)O)(2)(μ(2)-OH)(2)(μ(3)-OH)(2)](4+) complex cations, and in 4 the hexanuclear [Cu(6)(bpy)(6)(H(2)O)(2)(μ(2)-OH)(2)(μ(3)-OH)(4)](6+) complex cations, respectively. The tetra- and hexanuclear cluster cores [Cu(4)(μ(2)-OH)(2)(μ(3)-OH)(2)] and [Cu(6)(μ(2)-OH)(2)(μ(3)-OH)(4)] in the complex cations could be viewed as from step-like di- and trimerization of the well-known hydroxo-bridged dinuclear [Cu(2)(μ(2)-OH)(2)] entities via the out-of-plane Cu-O(H) bonds. The complex cations are supramolecularly assembled into (4,4) topological networks via intercationic ππ stacking interactions. The counteranions and lattice H(2)O molecules are sandwiched between the 2D cationic networks to form hydrogen-bonded networks in 1-3, while the phenyl acetate anions and the lattice H(2)O molecules generate 3D hydrogen-bonded anionic framework to interpenetrate with the (4,4) topological cationic networks with the hexanuclear complex cations in the channels. The ferromagnetic coupling between Cu(II) ions in the [Cu(4)(μ(2)-OH)(2)(μ(3)-OH)(2)] cores of 1-3 is significantly stronger via equatorial-equatorial OH(-) bridges than via equatorial-apical ones. The outer and the central [Cu(2)(OH)(2)] unit within the [Cu(6)(μ(2)-OH)(2)(μ(3)-OH)(4)] cluster cores in 4 exhibit weak ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions, respectively. Results about i.r. spectra, thermal and elemental analyses are presented.     

Reversible redox reaction and water configuration on a positively charged platinum surface: first principles molecular dynamics simulation

The water dissociation reaction and water molecule configuration on a positively charged platinum (111) surface were investigated by means of first principles molecular dynamics under periodic boundary conditions. Water molecules on the Pt surface were mostly in the O-down orientation but some H-down structures were also found. OH(-) ion, generated by removing H from H(2)O in the bulk region, moved to the Pt surface, on which a positive charge is induced, by a Grotthuss-like proton-relay mechanism and adsorbed on it as OH(Pt). Hydrogen atom exchange between OH(Pt) and a near-by water molecule frequently occurred on the Pt surface and had a low activation energy of the same order as room temperature energy. When a positive charge (7 μC cm(-2)) was added to the Pt surface, H(3)O(+) and OH(Pt) were generated from 2H(2)O on the Pt. This may be coupled with an electron transfer to the Pt electrode [2H(2)O → H(3)O(+) + OH(Pt) + e(-)]. The opposite reaction was also observed on the same charged surface during a simulation of duration about 10 ps; it is a reversible redox reaction. When further positive charge (14 μC cm(-2)) was added, the reaction shifted to the right hand side completely. Thus, this one-electron transfer reaction, which is a part of the oxygen electrode reaction in fuel cells and water electrolysis, was confirmed to be a low activation energy process.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备多孔晶体材料C12A7-Cl-

利用溶胶-凝胶法制备了多孔晶体材料C12A7-Cl- (Ca12Al14O32Cl2), 制备凝胶的原料是四水合硝酸钙、九水合硝酸铝、氯化钙、尿素和乙二醇. 混合溶液经过搅拌2-3 h形成溶胶, 再经350 ℃热处理后形成凝胶体, 最终在流动氩气气氛中1000 ℃烧结后得到材料. 用X射线衍射, 场发射扫描电子显微镜, 热重分析, 电子顺磁共振和离子色谱等方法表征合成的C12A7-Cl-多孔晶体材料. 结果表明, 利用溶胶-凝胶法成功地生成了C12A7 结构, 氯负离子是材料中存储的主要负离子. 此外, 从C12A7-Cl-晶体材料表面发射的氯负离子也被飞行时间质谱观测到. 上述结果说明溶胶-凝胶法可被用于制备C12A7-Cl-晶体材料.     

Synthesis, structure, and magnetic properties of (6-9)-nuclear Ni(II) trimethylacetates and their heterospin complexes with nitroxides

New polynuclear nickel trimethylacetates [Ni6(OH)4(C5H9O2)8(C5H10O2)4] (6), [Ni7(OH)7(C5H9O2)7(C5H10O2)6(H2O)] x 0.5 C6H14 x 0.5 H2O (7), [Ni8(OH)4(H2O)2(C5H9O2)12] (8), and [Ni9(OH)6(C5H9O2)12(C5H10O2)4] x C5H10O2 x 3 H2O (9), where C5H9O2 is trimethylacetate and C5H10O2 is trimethylacetic acid, have been found. Their structures were determined by X-ray crystallography. Because of their high solubility in low-polarity organic solvents, compounds 6-9 reacted with stable organic radicals to form the first heterospin compounds based on polynuclear Ni(II) trimethylacetate and nitronyl nitroxides containing pyrazole (L(1)-L(3)), methyl (L(4)), or imidazole (L(5)) substituent groups, respectively, in side chain [Ni7(OH)5(C5H9O2)9(C5H10O2)2(L(1))2(H2O)] x 0.5 C6H14 x H2O (6+1a), [Ni7(OH)5(C5H9O2)9(C5H10O2)2(L2)2(H2O)] x H2O (6+1b), [Ni7(OH)5(C5H9O2)9(C5H10O2)2(L(3))2(H2O)] x H2O (6+1c), [Ni6(OH)3(C5H9O2)9(C5H10O2)4(L(4))] x 1.5 C6H14 (6'), and [Ni4OH)3(C5H9O2)5(C5H10O2)4(L(5))] x 1.5 C7H8 (4). Their structures were also determined by X-ray crystallography. Although Ni(II) trimethylacetates may have varying nuclearity and can change their nuclearity during recrystallization or interactions with nitroxides, this family of compounds is easy to study because of its topological relationship. For any of these complexes, the polynuclear framework may be derived from the [Ni6] polynuclear fragment {Ni6(mu4-OH)2(mu3-OH)2(mu2-C5H9O2-O,O')6(mu2-C5H9O2-O,O)(mu4-C5H9O2-O,O,O',O')(C5H10O2)4}, which is shaped like an open book. On the basis of this fragment, the structure of 7-nuclear compounds (7 and 6+1a-c) is conveniently represented as the result of symmetric addition of other mononuclear fragments to the four Ni(II) ions lying at the vertexes of the [Ni6] open book. The 9-nuclear complex is formed by the addition of trinuclear fragments to two Ni(II) ions lying on one of the lateral edges of the [Ni6] open book. This wing of the 9-nuclear complex preserves its structure in another type of 6-nuclear complex (6') with the boat configuration. If, however, two edge-sharing Ni(II) ions are removed from [Ni6] (one of these lies at a vertex of the open book and the other, on the book-cover line), we obtain a 4-nuclear fragment recorded in the molecular structure of 4. Twinning of this 4-nuclear fragment forms highly symmetric molecule 8, which is a new chemical version of cubane.     

Vanadogermanate cluster anions

Three novel vanadogermanate cluster anions have been synthesized by hydrothermal reactions. The cluster anions are derived from the (V(18)O(42)) Keggin cluster shell by substitution of V=O(2+) "caps" by Ge(2)O(OH)(2)(4+) species. In Cs(8)[Ge(4)V(16)O(42)(OH)(4)].4.7H(2)O, 1, (monoclinic, space group C2/c (No. 15), Z = 8, a = 44.513(2) A, b = 12.7632(7) A, c = 22.923(1) A, beta = 101.376(1) degrees ) and (pipH(2))(4)(pipH)(4)[Ge(8)V(14)O(50).(H(2)O)] (pip = C(4)N(2)H(10)), 2 (tetragonal, space group P4(2)/nnm (No. 134), Z = 2, a = 14.9950(7) A, c = 18.408(1) A), two and four VO(2+) caps are replaced, respectively, and each cluster anion encapsulates a water molecule. In K(5)H(8)Ge(8)V(12)SO(52).10H(2)O, 3, (tetragonal, space group I4/m (No. 87), Z = 2, a = 15.573(1) A, c = 10.963(1) A), four VO(2+) caps are replaced by Ge(2)O(OH)(2)(4+) species, and an additional two are omitted. The cluster ion in 3 contains a sulfate anion disordered over two positions. The cluster anions are analogous to the vanadoarsenate anions [V(18)(-)(n)()As(2)(n)()O(42)(X)](m)(-) (X = SO(3), SO(4), Cl; n = 3, 4) previously reported.     

Optical study of OH radical in a wire-plate pulsed corona discharge

In this study, the emission spectra of OH (A2sigma --> X2pi, 0-0) emitted from the high-voltage pulsed corona discharge (HVPCD) of N2 and H2O mixture gas and humid air in a wire-plate reactor were successfully recorded against a severe electromagnetic interference coming from HVPCD at one atmosphere. The relative vibrational populations and the vibrational temperature of N2 (C, v') were determined. The emission spectra of the deltaupsilon = +1 (1-0, 2-1, 3-2, 4-3) vibration transition band of N2 (C3pi(u) --> B3pi(g)) is simulated through gauss distribution. The emission intensity of OH (A2sigma --> X2pi, 0-0) has been exactly gotten by subtracting the emission intensity of the deltaupsilon = +1 vibration transition band of N2 (C3pi(u) --> B3pi(g)) from the overlapping spectra. The relative population of OH (A2sigma) has been obtained by the emission intensity of OH (A2sigma --> X2pi, 0-0) and Einstein's transition probability. The influences of pulsed peak voltage and pulse repetition rate on the relative population of OH (A2sigma) radicals in N2 and H2O mixture gas and humid air are investigated separately. It is found that the relative population of OH (A2sigma) rises linearly with increasing the applied peak voltage and the pulse repetition rate. When the oxygen is added in N2 and H2O mixture gas, the relative population of OH (A2sigma) radicals decreases exponentially with increasing the added oxygen. The main involved physicochemical processes have also been discussed.     

Synthesis and characterization of tin containing polyhedral oligometallasilsesquioxanes (POMSS)

Tin silicate species have shown good catalytic activity in various oxidation reactions. In an attempt to mimic surface tin species, several tin containing silsesquioxanes have been synthesized. Incompletely condensed silsesquioxanes (c-C5H9)7Si7O9(OH)3 and (c-C5H9)7Si7O9(OSiMe3)(OH)2 were reacted with common tin-precursors, which afforded several silsesquioxane ligated tin compounds. Divalent stannasilsesquioxanes form dimers of the type [(c-C5H9)7Si7O11(OX)Sn]2(X=H, SiMe3) with three-coordinated tin centers. The three-coordinated tin(II) are hydrolytically unstable whereas the octahedrally surrounded tetravalent stannasilsesquioxanes [(c-C5H9)7Si7O11(OX)]Sn(acac)2(X=H, OSiMe3) are hydrolytically robust. An unprecedented anionic trimeric cluster, [[(c-C5H9)7Si7O12Sn]3(mu2-OH)3(mu3-OH)]-[HNEt3]+, stabilized by bridging hydroxyl groups was formed when the product formed upon reacting (c-C5H9)7Si7O9(OH)3 with SnCl4 was slowly hydrolyzed. The stannasilsesquioxanes showed no catalytic activity in oxidation reactions.     

Hybrid organic-inorganic 1D and 2D frameworks with epsilon-Keggin polyoxomolybdates as building blocks

Organic-inorganic hybrid materials based on polyoxometalate building blocks with capping La3+ ions and bidentate oxygenated ligands have been obtained by reaction at room temperature of the [epsilon-PMo12O36(OH)4[La(H2O)4]]5+ polyoxocation with glutarate (C5H6O(2)(2-)) and squarate (C4O(4)(2-)) organic ligands. [epsilon-PMo12O37(OH)3[La(H2O)4(C5H6O4)0.5]4].21 H2O (1) and [epsilon-PMo12O39(OH)[La(H2O)6]2-[La(H2O)5(C4O4)0.5]2].17 H2O (2) form unprecedented 1D chains built from alternating polyoxocations and organic ligands connected through LaO links. The structures of these materials are compared to the 2D hybrid organic-inorganic framework [NC4H12]2-[Mo22O52(OH)18[La(H2O)4]2[La(CH3CO2)2]4].8H2O (3) isolated from the hydrothermal reaction of elemental precursors (MoO(4)(2-), Mo, La3+) in acetate buffer. Compound 3 is built from previously undescribed polyoxometalate units with twenty-two MoV centers capped by six La3+ ions, four of which are bridged by acetate ligands.     

Simultaneous detection of monohydroxybenzo[a]pyrene positional isomers by reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

A liquid chromatographic (LC) method has been developed for the separation of 11 monohydroxybenzo[a]pyrenes (OH BaPs) positional isomers, and for their detection using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). All OH BaPs isomers were separated on an octadecylsilyl (C(18))-bonded amorphous organosilica column utilizing gradient elution with acetonitrile-water and triethylamine (TEA) at pH 11.0 and determined by MS, except 2- and 8-OH BaPs which were coeluted. The lower detection limits were in the range from 1.6 micro g/L for 12-OH BaP to 12 micro g/L for 5-OH BaP without any sample enrichment. The relative standard deviations of area response were in the range from 1.8% (9-OH BaP) to 4.9% (12-OH BaP) except for 9.4% (7-OH BaP). The developed method was successfully applied to incubation mixtures of BaP and CYP1A1/epoxide hydrolase. This method identified 1-, 3- and 9-OH BaPs as the major metabolites, and 2- (and/or 8-) and 12-OH BaPs as the minor metabolites in the incubation mixture.     

Fabrication of CuO pricky microspheres with tunable size by a simple solution route

A simple aqueous solution route was introduced for the fabrication of CuO pricky microspheres (CPMs) using CuCl(2) x 2H(2)O, Na(2)(C(4)H(4)O(6)) x 3H(2)O and NaOH as starting materials. The CPMs were composed of compressed nanothorns exhibiting tapering feature with tip size of less than 10 nm, and the size of CPMs could be tuned from 100-200 nm to 4-6 microm. The effects of the molar ratios of tartrate anions and NaOH to Cu(2+) cations, reagent concentration, and reaction temperature on the products were investigated, showing that the morphology of CPMs was determined by the molar ratio of tartrate to Cu(2+) cations and the size was greatly affected by reagent concentration and the molar ratio of NaOH to Cu(2+) cations in the precursor solution. The fabrication of CPMs went through rapid nucleation of Cu(OH)(2), aggregation and in situ dehydration of Cu(OH)(2), oriented-aggregation-based growth, and normal crystal growth of CuO nanothorns. The nucleation and crystal growth were successfully separated by controlled releasing of Cu(2+) and OH(-) ions through the reversible reaction of Cu(2+) cations, OH(-), and C(4)H(4)O(6)(2-) anions.     

Unusual visible luminescence of aluminium polyoxocations in aqueous solution

Identification of aluminium polyoxocations, MO(4)Al(12)(OH)(24)(H(2)O)(12)(7/8+) (M = Al, Ga and Ge) (K-MAl(12)) and Al(30)O(8)(OH)(56)(H(2)O)(26)(18+) (Al(30)), by their luminescence is reported. The fluorescence behavior of K-Al(13) has been found to differ with different metal ions and anions, implying a new discovery of a potential ion sensor.     

Electron stimulated desorption of anions from native and brominated single stranded oligonucleotide trimers

We measured the low energy electron stimulated desorption (ESD) of anions from thin films of native (TXT) and bromine monosubstituted (TBrXT) oligonucleotide trimers deposited on a gold surface (T = thymidine, X = T, deoxycytidine (C), deoxyadenosine (A) or deoxyguanosine (G), Br = bromine). The desorption of H(-), CH(3)(-)/NH(-), O(-)/NH(2)(-), OH(-), CN(-), and Br(-) was induced by 0 to 20 eV electrons. Dissociative electron attachment, below 12 eV, and dipolar dissociation, above 12 eV, are responsible for the formation of these anions. The comparison of the results obtained for the native and brominated trimers suggests that the main pathways of TBrXT degradation correspond to the release of the hydride and bromide anions. Significantly, the presence of bromine in oligonucleotide trimers blocks the electron-induced degradation of nuclobases as evidenced by a dramatic decrease in CN(-) desorption. An increase in the yields of OH(-) is also observed. The debromination yield of particular oligonucleotides diminishes in the following order: BrdU?>?BrdA?>?BrdG?>?BrdC. Based on these results, 5-bromo-2(')-deoxyuridine appears to be the best radiosensitizer among the studied bromonucleosides.     

低温区CsI掺杂的12CaO·7Al2O3型发射材料负离子的发射特性

本文利用潮湿浸渍法将碘化铯(CsI)掺杂至12CaO·7Al2O3(C12A7)型负离子存储发射材料的表面并对其的结构与存储特性进行了X射线衍射和电子顺磁共振的表征,与此同时还对该材料的发射特性、离子发射分支比以及温度对发射强度的影响等方面进行了研究和分析。将实验和表征结果与未掺杂的C12A7进行对比后发现,C12A7表面上CsI的掺入很大程度上改善了该材料的发射特性。掺杂CsI后,在800 V·cm-1的引出场下,发射温度由570℃降低至470℃,与此同时,在同样的发射条件下,其发射强度也明显增强。低温区(<500℃)氧负离子O-的发射纯度接近100%。以上结果表明掺杂CsI至C12A7表面是一种在低温下获得氧负离子O-源的有效途径。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备多孔晶体材料C12A7-C1~-

利用溶胶-凝胶法制备了多孔晶体材料C12A7-Cl~-(Ca_(12)Al_(14)O_(32)Cl_2),制备凝胶的原料是四水合硝酸钙、九水合硝酸铝、氯化钙、尿素和乙二醇.混合溶液经过搅拌2-3 h形成溶胶,再经350℃热处理后形成凝胶体,最终在流动氩气气氛中1000℃烧结后得到材料.用X射线衍射,场发射扫描电子显微镜,热重分析,电子顺磁共振和离子色谱等方法表征合成的C12A7-Cl~-多孔晶体材料.结果表明,利用溶胶.凝胶法成功地生成了C12A7结构,氯负离子是材料中存储的主要负离子.此外,从C12A7-Cl~-晶体材料表面发射的氯负离子也被飞行时间质谱观测到.上述结果说明溶胶-凝胶法可被用于制备C12A7-Cl~-晶体材料.     

Infrared study on solvent-solute interactions of 2-acetylthiophene in binary mixtures

The infrared absorption spectra of the carbonyl stretching vibrations of 2-acetylthiophene (AcTh) have been investigated in cyclo-hexane/alcohol mixtures (C6(12/C2H5OH; (6H12/n-C4H9OH; C6H12/i-C3H7OH and C6H12/t-C5H11OH). Five types of carbonyl stretching vibration bands for AcTh are found with the change of the mole fraction of the aprotic solvent C6H12 (x(C6H12)) in binary solvent mixtures. The dependencies of the frequencies of carbonyl stretching vibrations (nu(C=O)) on x(C6H12) allow a distinction and assignment of all species resulting from the solvent-solute interactions. Linear correlations between the nu(C=O) of each species and x(C6H12) are found. The influence on the transformation of some species caused by the self association of alcohols is discussed.     

Kinetic and mechanistic studies on the reaction of nitric oxide with a water-soluble octa-anionic iron(III) porphyrin complex

The polyanionic water-soluble and non-mu-oxo-dimer-forming iron porphyrin iron(III) 5(4),10(4),15(4),20(4)-tetra-tert-butyl-5(2),5(6),15(2),15(6)-tetrakis[2,2-bis(carboxylato)ethyl]-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin, (P(8-))Fe(III) (1), was synthesized as an octasodium salt by applying well-established porphyrin and organic chemistry procedures to bromomethylated precursor porphyrins and characterized by standard techniques such as UV-vis and (1)H NMR spectroscopy. A single pK(a1) value of 9.26 was determined for the deprotonation of coordinated water in (P(8-))Fe(III)(H(2)O)(2) (1-H(2)()O) present in aqueous solution at pH <9. The porphyrin complex reversibly binds NO in aqueous solution to give the mononitrosyl adduct, (P(8-))Fe(II)(NO(+))(L), where L = H(2)O or OH(-). The kinetics of the binding and release of NO was studied as a function of pH, temperature, and pressure by stopped-flow and laser flash photolysis techniques. The diaqua-ligated form of the porphyrin complex binds and releases NO according to a dissociative interchange mechanism based on the positive values of the activation parameters DeltaS() and DeltaV() for the "on" and "off" reactions. The rate constant k(on) = 6.2 x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1) (24 degrees C), determined for NO binding to the monohydroxo-ligated (P(8-))Fe(III)(OH) (1-OH) present in solution at pH >9, is markedly lower than the corresponding value measured for 1-H(2)O at lower pH (k(on) = 8.2 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1), 24 degrees C, pH 7). The observed decrease in the reactivity is contradictory to that expected for the diaqua- and monohydroxo-ligated forms of the iron(III) complex and is accounted for in terms of a mechanistic changeover observed for 1-H(2)O and 1-OH in their reactions with NO. The mechanistic interpretation offered is further substantiated by the results of water-exchange studies performed on the polyanionic porphyrin complex as a function of pH, temperature, and pressure.     

The nature of the H3O+ hydronium ion in benzene and chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents. Conditions of existence and reinterpretation of infrared data

Salts of the C(3v) symmetric hydronium ion, H(3)O(+), have been obtained in the weakly basic solvents benzene, dichloromethane, and 1,2-dichloroethane. This is made possible by using carborane counterions of the type CHB(11)R(5)X(6)(-) (R = H, Me, Cl; X = Cl, Br, I) because they combine the three required properties of a suitable counterion: very low basicity, low polarizability, and high chemical stability. The existence of the H(3)O(+) ion requires the formation of three more-or-less equivalent, medium-to-strong H-bonds with solvent or anion bases. With the least basic anions such as CHB(11)Cl(11)(-), IR spectroscopy indicates that C(3v) symmetric trisolvates of formulation [H(3)O(+) .3Solv] are formed with chlorocarbon solvents and benzene, the latter with the formation of pi bonds. When the solvents and anions have comparable basicity, contact ion pairs of the type [H(3)O(+).nSolv.Carborane] are formed and close to C(3v) symmetry is retained. The conditions for the existence of the H(3)O(+) ion are much more exacting than previously appreciated. Outside of the range of solvent basicity bounded at the lower end by dichloromethane and the upper end by tributyl phosphate, and with anions that do not meet the stringent requirements of weak basicity, low polarizability of high chemical stability, lower symmetry species are formed. One H-bond from H(3)O(+) to the surrounding bases becomes stronger than the other two. The distortion from C(3v) symmetry is minor for bases weaker than dichloromethane. For bases stronger than tributyl phosphate, H(2)O-H(+)-B type species are formed that are more closely related to the H(5)O(2)(+) ion than to H(3)O(+). IR data allow criteria to be defined for the existence of the symmetric H(3)O(+) ion. This includes a linear dependence between the frequencies of nu(max)(OH) and delta(OH(3)) within the ranges 3010-2536 cm(-1) for nu(max)(OH) and 1597-1710 cm(-1) for delta(OH(3)). This provides a simple way to assess the correctness of the formulation of the proton state in monohydrated acids. In particular, the 30-year-old citation classic of the IR spectrum believed to arise from H(3)O(+) SbCl(6)(-) is re-interpreted in terms of (H(2)O)(x)().HSbCl(6) hydrates. The correctness of the hydronium ion formulation in crystalline H(3)O(+)A(-) salts (A(-) = Cl(-), NO(3)(-)) is confirmed, although, when A(-) is a fluoroanion, distortions from C(3)(v)() symmetry are suggested.     

Two new "onium" fluorosilicates, the products of interaction of fluorosilicic acid with 12-membered macrocycles: structures and spectroscopic properties

Two novel compounds, (L(1)H)(2)[SiF(6)] x 2H(2)O (1) and (L(2)H)(2)[SiF(5)(H(2)O)](2) x 3H(2)O (2), resulting from the reactions of H(2)SiF(6) with 4'-aminobenzo-12-crown-4 (L(1)) and monoaza-12-crown-4 (L(2)), respectively, were studied by X-ray diffraction and characterised by IR and (19)F NMR spectroscopic methods. Both complexes have ionic structures due to the proton transfer from the fluorosilicic acid to the primary amine group in L(1) and secondary amine group incorporated into the macrocycle L(2). The structure of 1 is composed of [SiF(6)](2-) centrosymmetric anions, N-protonated cations (L(1)H)(+), and two water molecules, all components being bound in the layer through a system of NH[...]F, NH[...]O and OH[...]F hydrogen bonds. The [SiF(6)](2-) anions and water molecules are assembled into inorganic negatively-charged layers via OH[dot dot dot]F hydrogen bonds. The structure of 2 is a rare example of stabilisation of the complex anion [SiF(5)(H(2)O)](-), the labile product of hydrolytic transformations of the [SiF(6)](2-) anion in an aqueous solution. The components of 2, i.e., [SiF(5)(H(2)O)](-), (L(2)H)(+), and water molecules, are linked by a system of NH[...]F, NH[...]O, OH[...]F, OH[dot dot dot]O hydrogen bonds. In a way similar to 1, the [SiF(5)(H(2)O)](-) anions and water molecules in 2 are combined into an inorganic negatively-charged layer through OH[...]F and OH[...]O interactions.