Recent applications of carbon-based nanomaterials in analytical chemistry: critical review

The objective of this review is to provide a broad overview of the advantages and limitations of carbon-based nanomaterials with respect to analytical chemistry. Aiming to illustrate the impact of nanomaterials on the development of novel analytical applications, developments reported in the 2005-2010 period have been included and divided into sample preparation, separation, and detection. Within each section, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and composite materials will be addressed specifically. Although only briefly discussed, included is a section highlighting nanomaterials with interesting catalytic properties that can be used in the design of future devices for analytical chemistry.     

Analytical application of carbon nanotubes,fullerenes and nanodiamonds in nanomaterials-based chromatographic stationary phases: A review

An overview of the most significative results so far attained in the application of carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and nanodiamonds as chromatographic separation media is presented. In particular, the authors focus on their use in capillary and packed-column gas chromatography, in high performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography, paying also attention to recently developed stationary phases for fast chromatography and nanochromatography. The performance of the nanomaterials is compared to that of planar and amorphous carbon sorbents and critically discussed in regard to retentive capability and selectivity. A wide part of this review is devoted to the most recent improvements achieved in terms of selectivity by use of functionalized nanotubes and by combination of carbon nanotubes with ionic liquids. Practical aspects of synthetic procedures in preparing novel stationary phases in relationship with their chromatographic behaviour are also commented.     

基于新型纳米传感材料的DNA生物传感器的应用

DNA是构建纳米技术和生物传感技术新设备的良好构建体.DNA生物传感器由于具有灵敏度高、选择性好等特点,近年来获得了飞速发展.研究发现,金属纳米粒子(MNPs)、碳基纳米材料等一系列纳米材料在传感器设计中提高了电化学DNA传感器的传感性能.本文侧重介绍了场效应晶体管、石墨烯、碳纳米管等新型纳米传感材料,以及基于这些材料...     

Role of carbon nanotubes in electroanalytical chemistry: a review

This review covers recent advances in the development of new designs of electrochemical sensors and biosensors that make use of electrode surfaces modification with carbon nanotubes. Applications based on carbon nanotubes-driven electrocatalytic effects, and the construction and analytical usefulness of new hybrid materials with polymers or other nanomaterials will be treated. Moreover, electrochemical detection using carbon nanotubes-modified electrodes as detecting systems in separation techniques such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or capillary electrophoresis (CE) will be also considered. Finally, the preparation of electrochemical biosensors, including enzyme electrodes, immunosensors and DNA biosensors, in which carbon nanotubes play a significant role in their sensing performance will be separately considered.     

碳纳米管在样品前处理中的应用

碳纳米管是一维碳基纳米材料,具有独特的管状结构、良好的化学稳定性、热稳定性和高比表面积.近年来,碳纳米管在有机小分子、金属离子和生物大分子分离富集方面得到了广泛的应用.本文综述了碳纳米管及功能化碳纳米管在固相萃取、固相微萃取、中空纤维膜保护固相微萃取和液膜萃取等样品前处理技术中的应用.     

Multi-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as delivery carriers: promote the targeting uptake and antitumor efficacy of doxorubicin

Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry - As one of carbon-based nanomaterials, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are widely regarded as potentially potent drug delivery...     

基于碳纳米材料的毛细管电色谱固定相研究进展

碳纳米材料由于其具有独特的纳米结构、大的比表面积、较强的热稳定性、良好的导电性以及较好的吸附性能等物理化学性质,因而在分析科学、生命科学、材料科学及环境科学等领域得广泛的应用.结合国内外最新文献,对近5年来碳纳米材料在毛细管电色谱新型固定相的制备研究方面进展进行了评述,包括毛细管电色谱的分类及分离机理、毛细管电色谱柱的制备方法和优缺点,碳纳米材料(石墨烯、碳纳米管、氧化石墨烯、还原氧化石墨烯、富勒烯)的结构性质及制备方法、碳纳米材料在毛细管电色谱柱固定相中的应用及作用机理等,并对其在色谱应用领域的方向进行了展望.     

Application of carbon-based nanomaterials in sample preparation: A review

In this paper, a broad overview on the applications of different carbon-based nanomaterials, including nanodiamonds, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanocones-disks and nanohorns, as well as their functionalized forms, in sample preparation is provided. Particular attention has been paid to graphene because many papers regarding its application in this research field are becoming available. The distinctive properties, derivatization methods and application techniques of these materials were summarized and compared. According to their research status and perspective, these nanomaterials were classified in four groups (I: graphene and carbon nanotubes; II: carbon nanofibers; III: fullerenes; and IV: nanodiamonds, carbon nanocones/disks and carbon nanohorns) and characteristics and future trends of every group were discussed.     

Impact of nanomaterials on high-throughput separation methodologies

Due to the unique properties, such as their large surface to volume ratio and easy modification, nanomaterials have recently been studied as effective sorbents in the field of separation science. It has proven to be more effective and efficient to use nanoparticles (NPs) as a stationary phase in solid-phase extraction separation. In addition, NPs can be also used as buffer additives in capillary electrophoresis separation. This review highlights recent developments in high-throughput separation methodologies employing nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, gold nanoparticles and magnetic NPs etc.     

Carbon nanotubes‐A resin for electrochemically modulated liquid chromatography

Electrochemically modulated liquid chromatography is a special form of ion exchange chromatography in which the separation process is controlled by applying an electric potential to the stationary phase. This form of chromatography has so far only been applied in research studies. The present study shows that multiwalled carbon nanotubes are an effective resin material for an electrochemically modulated chromatography process. The experiments are carried out in a newly designed column that enables the packing of nanomaterials. We investigate the influence of the applied potential on the retention and elution of maleic acid, determine the dynamic binding capacity, and calculate the utilization degree of the electrical charge in the adsorption process. Moreover, the stability of the resin and the membrane over more than 200 working hours are presented. In addition to the stability, their sturdiness and inexpensive price are important qualities that make multiwalled carbon nanotubes interesting for application as the stationary phase in an electrochemically driven process. The investigated chromatography technique represents a promising separation process for future applications as a preparative step in biotechnology as well as other life science fields.     

基于碳基磁性材料的磁固相萃取技术在食品分析应用中的研究进展

食品中残留的痕量有毒物质严重威胁人体健康,对其进行分析十分必要。然而,食品中有毒物质种类多、量少、基质复杂,需选择适当的样品预处理技术进行提取和净化。磁固相萃取(MSPE)因具有操作简单、省时快速、无需离心过滤、环境友好等优点,被认为是一种高效的样品预处理技术并应用于食品分析中。MSPE中使用的磁性吸附剂的吸附容量和选择性是影响MSPE萃取效率和选择性高低的关键,对所建立分析方法的准确度起着关键作用。碳基磁性材料是具有价格低廉、来源丰富、比表面积大、化学稳定性好、吸附容量高、绿色环保等优点的一类新型功能性磁性材料,可以富集不同性质的有机、无机分析物,在环境分析、生物检测、污染治理等多个领域取得了较大进展。近年来,基于碳基磁性材料的MSPE技术在食品分析预处理领域逐渐得到应用,但尚处于起步阶段,存在巨大的应用潜力。该文以碳基类别(碳纳米管、石墨烯、金属有机骨架衍生碳、活性炭等)为主线,综述了采用MSPE技术,以碳基磁性材料为吸附剂,对食品样品中酯类、真菌毒素、多环芳烃、抗生素、生物碱、酚类、维生素、抗菌药等物质进行萃取,进而采用液相色谱法等进行分析的应用实例,同时阐述了该技术存在的问题,并对其发展方向做出了展望。该综述将为基于碳基磁性材料的MSPE技术在食品分析中的广泛应用提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

Dispersions, novel nanomaterial sensors and nanoconjugates based on carbon nanotubes

Nanomaterials are structures with dimensions characteristically much below 100 nm. The unique physical properties (e.g., conductivity, reactivity) have placed these nanomaterials in the forefront of emerging technologies. Significant enhancement of optical, mechanical, electrical, structural, and magnetic properties are commonly found through the use of novel nanomaterials. One of the most exciting classes of nanomaterials is represented by the carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes, including single-wall carbon nanotubes, multi-wall carbon nanotubes, and concentric tubes have been shown to possess superior electronic, thermal, and mechanical properties to be attractive for a wide range of potential applications They sometimes bunch to form “ropes” and show great potential for use as highly sensitive electronic (bio)sensors due to the very small diameter, directly comparable to the size of single analyte molecules and that every single carbon atom is in direct contact with the environment, allowing optimal interaction with nearby molecules. Composite materials based on integration of carbon nanotubes and some other materials to possess properties of the individual components with a synergistic effect have gained growing interest. Materials for such purposes include conducting polymers, redox mediators and metal nanoparticles. These tubes provide the necessary building blocks for electronic circuits and afford new opportunities for chip miniaturization, which can dramatically improve the scaling prospects for the semiconductor technologies and the fabrication of devices, including field-effect transistors and sensors. Carbon nanotubes are one of the ideal materials for the preparation of nanoelectronic devices and nanosensors due to the unique electrical properties, outstanding electrocatalytic properties, high chemical stability and larger specific surface area of nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes are attractive material for supercapacitors due to their unique one-dimensional mesoporous structure, high specific surface area, low resistivity and good chemical stability. Nanoscaled composite materials based on carbon nanotubes have been broadly used due to their high chemical inertness, non-swelling effect, high purity and rigidity. The integration of carbon nanotubes with organics, biomaterials and metal nanoparticles has led to the development of new hybrid materials and sensors. Hybrid nanoscale materials are well established in various processes such as organic and inorganic compounds, nucleic acid detachment, protein separation, and immobilization of enzymes. Those nanostructures can be used as the building blocks for electronics and nanodevices because uniform organic and metal coatings with the small and monodisperse domain sizes are crucial to optimize nanoparticle conductivity and to detect changes in conductivity and absorption induced by analyte adsorption on these surfaces. The highly ordered assembly of zero-dimensional and one-dimensional nanoparticles is not only necessary for making functional devices, but also presents an opportunity to develop novel collective properties.     

Carbon nanotubes combined with inorganic nanomaterials: Preparations and applications

The unique structure carbon of nanotubes endues them with superior electronic, optoelectronic, mechanical, and chemical performance. When combining with inorganic nanomaterials, the resultant composites show additional properties and broader applications. This review summarizes the handling of carbon nanotubes, the preparation of inorganic nanomaterial/carbon nanotube composites, and the application of such composites in a wide variety of fields.     

电化学方法在荧光碳点研究中的应用

作为以碳为骨架结构的新型纳米材料,碳点具有许多优良的性能,如发射波长可调、良好的光稳定性、抗光漂白、良好的水溶性以及易于生物偶联等. 正是因为这些优点,碳点和其它碳质纳米材料（富勒烯、碳纳米管、石墨烯）一样受到了广泛的关注. 电化学方法制备碳点具有条件温和、费用低廉、后处理简单等特点. 另外,电化学方法在材料的表面结构分析以及发光机理的研究中也有其独特的优势. 本文即就电化学方法在荧光碳点的制备以及发光机理探讨中的应用作了综述,并简略介绍了碳点在传感器中的应用,提出了优化电化学方法制备碳点的某些设想.     

刺激响应纳米碳杂化材料

碳纳米管和石墨烯是碳纳米材料的典型代表,其纳米尺度赋予了其优异的光、电、热以及机械性能。然而,这些碳纳米材料间存在较强的范德华力,导致其溶解性差,后续加工处理困难。为提高碳纳米材料的溶解性,通常利用聚合物或其它小分子物质对其进行修饰。而利用刺激响应性聚合物或化合物功能化碳纳米材料,不仅可以提高其溶解性,还可以赋予其环境刺激响应功能。本文主要综述了近年来利用温度、pH、光以及CO2响应聚合物或小分子化合物对碳纳米管和石墨烯进行共价键、非共价键修饰并赋予其环境刺激响应特性的方法、功能和相关应用,展望了修饰得到的纳米碳杂化材料的应用前景及下一步发展方向。     

新型碳纳米材料在低温燃料电池催化剂中的应用

 碳纳米管及其衍生纳米碳材料是一种介于富勒烯与石墨之间的碳的存在形式,具有独特的电子性质. 碳纳米材料可与其表面负载的金属活性相产生一种特殊的载体-金属相互作用; 纳米管中电子转移的动力学行为极佳,并且其特殊的纳米级孔道结构有利于反应物及产物的传质,因此作为低温燃料电池催化剂载体备受关注. 综述了多种新型碳纳米材料如碳纳米管、碳纳米纤维、碳纳米盘、碳纳米角和碳纳米分子筛等在低温燃料电池催化剂中的应用,并对其存在的问题和可能的发展方向进行了讨论.     

Application of carbon sorbents for the concentration and separation of metal ions.

Solid-phase extraction is an attractive approach in the preparation of many kinds of samples prior to analysis; highly selective sorbents are desirable for this purpose. The objective of this review is to provide updated information about carbon-based sorbents, their interaction modes and potential application for the concentration and separation of metal ions from environmental samples prior to their determination. New selective phases such as fullerenes and carbon nanotubes are described. Selected examples illustrate the potential of these sorbents.     

Nanoparticles as stationary and pseudo-station+ary phases in chromatographic and electrochromatographic separations

To improve selectivity, chemical stability, and separation efficiency of chromatography, many past papers reported on nanoparticles (NPs) being used as stationary phases in chromatography. This article covers applications of NPs, including carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, gold NPs, silica NPs, zirconia NPs, and titanium-oxide NPs, as stationary phases in gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography.We discuss the advantages and the disadvantages of nanomaterials as stationary phases compared to other materials, including traditional stationary phases. We also discuss future possibilities for developing nanomaterial-based stationary phases.     

The Application of Carbon Nanomaterials in Sensing,Imaging, Drug Delivery and Therapy for Gynecologic Cancers: An Overview

Gynecologic cancers are one of the main health concerns of women throughout the world, and the early diagnosis and effective therapy of gynecologic cancers will be particularly important for the survival of female patients. As a current hotspot, carbon nanomaterials have attracted tremendous interest in tumor theranostics, and their application in gynecologic cancers has also been developed rapidly with great achievements in recent years. This Overview Article summarizes the latest progress in the application of diverse carbon nanomaterials (e.g., graphenes, carbon nanotubes, mesoporous carbon, carbon dots, etc.) and their derivatives in the sensing, imaging, drug delivery, and therapy of different gynecologic cancers. Important research contributions are highlighted in terms of the relationships among the fabrication strategies, architectural features, and action mechanisms for the diagnosis and therapy of gynecologic cancers. The current challenges and future strategies are discussed from the viewpoint of the real clinical application of carbon-based nanomedicines in gynecologic cancers. It is anticipated that this review will attract more attention toward the development and application of carbon nanomaterials for the theranostics of gynecologic cancers.