A Bayesian approach to matched field processing in uncertain ocean environments

An approach of Bayesian Matched Field Processing （MFP） was discussed in the uncertain ocean environment. In this approach, uncertainty knowledge is modeled and spatial and temporal data received by the array are fully used. Therefore, a mechanism for MFP is found, which well combines model-based and data-driven methods of uncertain field processing. By theoretical derivation, simulation analysis and the validation of the experimental array data at sea, we find that （1） the basic components of Bayesian matched field processors are the cor- responding sets of Bartlett matched field processor, MVDR （minimum variance distortionless response） matched field processor, etc.; （2） Bayesian MVDR/Bartlett MFP are the weighted sum of the MVDR/Bartlett MFP, where the weighted coefficients are the values of the a posteriori probability; （3） with the uncertain ocean environment, Bayesian MFP can more correctly locate the source than MVDR MFP or Bartlett MFP; （4） Bayesian MFP can better suppress sidelobes of the ambiguity surfaces.     

Passive ranging based on acoustic field interference structure using double arrays(elements)

Two kinds of passive ranging algorithms are proposed combined with waveguide invariant theory based on the important characteristic of the ocean waveguide that the interference structure is stable and can be observed in the low-frequency acoustic field,in order to explore the passive ranging method suitable for the towed line array sonar.The double arrays (elements)model is adopted,so the LOFARgram and bearing-time records of the each array (element)can be obtained.Then the frequency-time records can be extracted by processing the LOFARgram via Radon transform,so the passive ranging can be achieved combined the corresponding ranging algorithms.And the feasibility of the algorithms has been verified by simulation researches and positioning accuracy analysis.     

基于声场干涉结构的双水平阵(元)被动测距

为探寻适用于拖曳线列阵声呐的被动测距方法,基于海洋波导的重要特征一低频声场具有稳定可观察的干涉结构,结合波导不变量理论提出了两种被动测距算法。采用双水平阵(元)模型,分别获得各阵(元)的LOFAR图和方位时间历程后,对LOFAR图进行Radorn变换提取干涉条纹的频率时间历程,进而结合各测距算法实现被动测距。并通过仿真研究和定位精度分析,验证了算法的可行性。     

利用宽带引导声源重构拷贝声场的目标声源定位

为了避开传统的匹配场目标定位技术对环境先验知识的依赖性,提出了在均匀浅海环境中只知道少量环境参数的情况下,利用垂直接收阵和不同距离上的两枚宽带引导声源重构声场对目标声源进行定位的一种方法。这种方法主要基于简正波估计和声场重构两种关键技术,同时省去了匹配场定位技术中大量的拷贝声场计算。数值仿真主要采用线性Bartlett匹配处理器分析了目标定位效果,在信噪比高于10 d B的情况下,定位效果良好。     

时域开槽天线阵列的接收特性

 利用自建的时域测量系统对接收阵元数不同、相邻阵元间距不同、阵元数相同接收方向不同的开槽天线阵列接收电场进行了测试。时域天线的时域波形、归一化能量方向图、归一化峰值方向图的分析结果表明：时域天线方向性具有时变性,与观察方向和时间段有关,接收波形峰值随主接收方向偏离主轴程度的增大而减小;阵列某一面的方向图仅与该面的阵元数及相邻阵元间距有关,与其它面的阵列无关;阵列单元越多,相邻单元间距越大,方向图波束越窄。     

时域开槽天线阵列的接收特性

利用自建的时域测量系统对接收阵元数不同、相邻阵元间距不同、阵元数相同接收方向不同的开槽天线阵列接收电场进行了测试。时域天线的时域波形、归一化能量方向图、归一化峰值方向图的分析结果表明：时域天线方向性具有时变性,与观察方向和时间段有关,接收波形峰值随主接收方向偏离主轴程度的增大而减小;阵列某一面的方向图仅与该面的阵元数及相邻阵元间距有关,与其它面的阵列无关;阵列单元越多,相邻单元间距越大,方向图波束越窄。     

A method of improving overall resolution in ultrasonic array imaging using spatio-temporal deconvolution

In this paper a beamforming method for ultrasonic array imaging is presented that performs both spatial and temporal deconvolution based on a minimum mean square error (MMSE) criteria. The presented MMSE receive mode beamformer performs a regularized inversion of the propagation operator for the ultrasonic array system at hand. The MMSE beamformer accounts for the transmit and receive processes, defined in terms of finite array element sizes, transmit focusing laws and electrical transducer characteristics. The MMSE beamformer is compared to the traditional delay-and-sum (DAS) beamformer with respect to both resolution and signal-to-noise ratio. The two algorithms are compared using both simulated and measured data. The simulated data was obtained using ultrasonic field simulations and the measured data was acquired using a linear phased array imaging wire targets in water. The results show that the MMSE beamformer has superior temporal and lateral resolution compared to DAS. It is also shown that the MMSE beamformer can be expressed as a filter bank, which enables parallel processing at high frame rates.     

宽带高功率贴片天线阵列辐射特性

 为提高宽带高功率微波辐射天线的总体功率容量和增益,研究了2×2宽带高功率贴片天线阵列的阵元互耦特性、馈电功分器设计及对宽带电磁脉冲的辐射特性。阵元采用宽带高功率双层贴片天线,分析了阵元反射和互耦系数随阵元间距的变化关系,结合增益变化曲线,选取阵元间距为30 cm。优化设计了1分4的同轴功分器,采用阻抗渐变方法,提高了功分器的带宽,使其在224~415 MHz时的反射系数小于0.1。模拟了带功分器的完整天线阵,结果表明天线阵带宽达到了57.4％,280~390 MHz频带范围内的增益大于12 dB,在360 MHz时达到最大增益14.23 dB,对中心频率320 MHz,带宽10％的宽带电磁脉冲辐射效率为868％,峰值功率增益大于11 dB。     

单声线水声MIMO信道容量的研究

本文对水声MIMO(Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output)信道容量受收发阵元数目、间距,收发阵位置、方向,平均接收信噪比以及声速剖面的斜率的影响,在收发阵元之间只存一条声线的情况下,通过WKB近似进行了初步的研究。从计算结果可以看出,当收发阵元对之间只存在一条声线时,阵元间距会对MIMO信道容量产生重要影响:当收发阵元间距足够大时, MIMO系统的信道容量将随着接收信噪比和收发阵元数线性增加,一个m×m的MIMO系统的信道容量将为相应的 SISO(Single-Input-Single-Output)系统的m倍,收发阵的方向也会对MIMO系统信道容量产生较大的影响,另外,收发阵的深度、距离也会对水声MIMO信道容量产生影响,声速剖面的斜率在一般水声信道的声速变化范围内,对信道容量的影响不大。     

Laser generation of narrow-band and directed ultrasound

An aluminium hemicylindrical sample has been irradiated with an array of laser lines, with each line acting as a source of acoustic waves. Detection of the generated ultrasonic waves was performed using both a wide-band stabilized Michelson interferometer and a 20 MHz piezoelectric transducer. Experimental and theoretical results are presented which reveal that the use of a spatially modulated laser source produces significant narrow-banding of the detected ultrasound, compared with a single point or single line source case. Additionally, for a given line spacing, ultrasound of a particular frequency can be directed. Owing to the nature of the acoustic signals generated by each individual array element, superposition of several signals does not result in any energy directivity similar to that encountered in phase electromagnetic array antennas. While time or frequency feature enhancement may be obtained in a desired direction, in most cases the far field energy directivity pattern is simply the incoherent sum of the energy directivity of each array element.     

凹面线性相控阵聚焦与扫描成像

研究了凹面线性相控阵聚焦声场的聚焦特性与扫描成像处理,首先对凹面线性相控阵聚焦声场进行了深入的分析,对凹面线阵聚焦中变迹处理、阵元间距及f数等参数对相控阵瞬态声场聚焦特性的影响进行了分析和讨论;然后,分析了相控阵聚焦声场在散射物体上产生的散射声场特性,得到了利用凹面线性相控阵进行线性查扫的B扫图像,在此基础上,利用凹面线性相控阵辐射声场在非均匀体上的散射声场进行了扫描成像研究和处理,针对实际管材质量的相控阵检测问题,得到了管材纵波扫描整个区域的检测图像。     

不确实海洋环境下的贝叶斯匹配场处理

讨论了一种不确实海洋环境下贝叶斯匹配场处理方法。该方法在不确实环境下匹配场处理时,对不确实知识进行建模,同时,充分利用阵接收的空时数据,找到了匹配场处理时一种结合模基和数据驱动的机制。经理论推导、仿真分析以及实验海试数据验证,结果表明:(1)最小方差无偏响应(MVDR)、Bartlett等匹配场处理器是贝叶斯处理器的基本单元;(2)贝叶斯匹配场处理是对应的MVDR匹配场处理、Bartlett匹配场处理器等匹配场处理方法的后验概率加权和;(3)不确实海洋环境下,贝叶斯方法比对应的MVDR处理器和Bartlett处理器能更准确地对目标进行定位;(4)贝叶斯方法能较有效地抑制旁瓣。     

Non-line-of-sight sound source localization using matched-field processing

Acoustic diffraction allows sound to travel around opaque objects and therefore may allow beyond-line-of-sight sensing of remote sound sources. This paper reports simulated and experimental results for localizing sound sources based on fully shadowed microphone array measurements. The generic geometry includes a point source, a solid 90° wedge, and a receiving array that lies entirely in the shadow defined by the source location and the wedge. Source localization performance is assessed via matched-field (MF) ambiguity surfaces as a function of receiving array configuration, and received signal-to-noise ratio for the Bartlett and minimum variance distortionless (MVD) MF processors. Here, the sound propagation model is developed from a Green's function integral treatment. A simple 16 element line array of microphones is tested in three mutually orthogonal orientations. The experiments were conducted using an approximate 50-to-1-scaled tabletop model of a blind city-street intersection and produced ambiguity surfaces from source frequencies between 17.5 and 19 kHz that were incoherently summed. The experimental results suggest that a sound source may be localized by the MVD processor when using fully shadowed arrays that have significant aperture parallel to the edge of the wedge. However, this performance is reduced significantly for signal-to-noise ratios below 40 dB.     

类视网膜阵列结构的光纤相控阵方法研究

出射光束阵列布局对光纤相控阵的高功率激光相干合成性能有着重要影响.针对现有光纤相控方法的阵元间距难以突破半个波长,导致能量合成效率低的问题,提出了类视网膜多环形光纤相控方法,设计了具有圆形对称分布的结构,在保持中心阵元以及最外环阵元位置不变的情况下,通过粒子群算法优化环间其余阵元间距以获得最佳的远场相干合成性能.仿真结...     

可模式识别的水声成像方法

提出一种在自由环境中可以进行模式识别的水声成像方法。利用角域滤波将空间不同入射方向的平面波在阵元域中进行分离,在成像扇面内按要求设计一系列角域带通滤波器,这些滤波器的输出就是从角通带内入射的平面波在阵元域中的快拍数据,可以实现要求输入为阵元域特性数据的目标识别和底质分类等专用的模式识别算法,角域滤波器输出的平面波快拍数据的幅度作为像素值进行水声成像。采用角域滤波的方法可以进行水声成像得到所需要的声图,并且每个像素对应着相应点目标远场平面波入射到接收阵时所产生的快拍数据。仿真和实验数据处理结果表明,采用角域滤波和利用常规波束形成所得到的声图是一样的,并且两种成像方法具有相同的稳健性。     

超小间距纳米柱阵列中的谐振调制

本文首先研究了具有通常柱间距（大于100 nm）的纳米柱阵列在近红外波段的光学特性并实现了通过改变阵列参数（如周期）来调制局域表面等离子体谐振. 随后,通过使用电子束直写和离子束刻蚀的方法制备出具有超小柱间距（小于50 nm）和超高密度（ultrahigh density）的纳米柱阵列并通过对表面等离子体谐振的调制实现了在可见光波段滤出不同颜色的单色光. 本文中所展示的纳米柱功能阵列可以与现有的数字光处理（digital light processing,DLP）技术相兼容进而构造具有超小像素的显示屏,可以在显示、成像等领域取得广泛的应用. 关键词： 纳米柱 超小间距 超高密度 显示     

Experimental testing of the noise-canceling processor

Signal-processing techniques for localizing an acoustic source buried in noise are tested in a tank experiment. Noise is generated using a discrete source, a bubble generator, and a sprinkler. The experiment has essential elements of a realistic scenario in matched-field processing, including complex source and noise time series in a waveguide with water, sediment, and multipath propagation. The noise-canceling processor is found to outperform the Bartlett processor and provide the correct source range for signal-to-noise ratios below -10 dB. The multivalued Bartlett processor is found to outperform the Bartlett processor but not the noise-canceling processor.     

输气管道泄漏的波达时差交叉定位方法*

为了实现对管道泄漏位置的三维定位,该文提出一种基于波达时差法的交叉定位方法。将传感器阵列布放在不同位置,通过波达时差法获取远场泄漏声源的两组空间方位信息,对两组方位交叉求取空间伪交点从而完成定位。建立泄漏定位实验平台,分析了多种互相关方法以及阵列孔径、布放间距、泄漏位置等因素对延时估计和定位精度的影响。实验结果表明:选取基本互相关法对泄漏信号的10 500 Hz分量进行互相关分析,能够获取稳定的延时估计结果;在有效信号检测范围内,增大阵列孔径和布放间距能有效减少误差;该文方法相较于现有波达时差法能有效提高距离原点4 m以上泄漏位置的定位精度。     

从阵元域到模态域阵列信号处理

阐述了模态域阵列信号处理技术。以球面阵为例,从阵元域信号处理基础出发,推导了对应的模态域阵列信号处理表达式,其中重点推导了模态域波束形成器与时域宽带波束形成器设计及其实现方法,设计实例验证了方法的有效性。结果表明模态域处理与经典的阵元域处理具有相似的形式,因此可以将比较成熟的阵元域算法推广到模态域。相比于阵元域处理,模态域处理对声场传播与信号处理的结合更紧密,模态域波束形成具有能将波束导向与波束图综合解耦处理,以及减少信号处理通道数等优点。但模态域阵列信号处理技术适用范围也有限,仅适用于能够将声场进行谐波分解的阵形,如球面阵和圆柱阵等。     

Locating wide band acoustic sources using higher order statistics

The conventional array processing algorithms are effective when the propagation model and the array geometry are known and when the additive noise is white or with a known covariance matrix. In several real situations these assumptions are not verified, hence a degradation of their performances. To cope with this problem, we resort to the higher order statistics of the received signals. The interest of the published papers was the separation of the narrow band and uncorrelated acoustic sources. In this paper, we propose a cumulant based algorithm to characterize the wide band and fully correlated signals. This algorithm removes the additive Gaussian noise and then improves the existing narrow band array processing techniques. This method consists in combining the different information contained in the analysis band by using the optimal transformation matrices. The basic idea is based on both the fourth order statistics and the whitening processing of the received data. This leads to cleaned data and then to improve the source separation. The performance of the proposed algorithm is obtained by simulations for several test cases of interest.