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1.
The gas-phase reaction of the NO3 radical with NO2 was investigated, using a flash photolysis-visible absorption technique, over the total pressure range 25–400 Torr of nitrogen or oxygen diluent at 298 ± 2 K. The absolute rate constants determined (in units of 10?13 cm3 molecule?1 s?1) at 25, 100, and 400 Torr total pressure were, respectively, (4.0 ± 0.5), (7.0 ± 0.7), and (10 ± 2) for M = N2 and (4.5 ± 0.5), (8.0 ± 0.4), and (8.8 ± 2.0) for M = O2. These data show that the third-body efficiencies of N2 and O2 are identical, within the error limits, and that previous evaluations for M = N2 are applicable to the atmosphere. In addition, upper limits were determined for the rate constants of the reactions of the NO3 radical with methanol, ethanol, and propan-2-ol of ?6 × 10?16, ?9 × 10?16, and ?2.3 × 10?15 cm3 molecule?1 s?1, respectively, at 298 ± 2 K.  相似文献   

2.
The ultraviolet absorption spectrum of CF3CFClO2 and the kinetics of the self reactions of CF3CFCl and CF3CFClO2 radicals and the reactions of CF3CFClO2 with NO and NO2 have been studied in the gas phase at 295 K by pulse radiolysis/transient UV absorption spectroscopy. The UV absorption cross section of CF3CFCl radicals was measured to be (1.78 ± 0.22) × 10?18 cm2 molecule?1 at 220 nm. The UV spectrum of CF3CFClO2 radicals was quantified from 220 nm to 290 nm. The absorption cross section at 250 nm was determined to be (1.67 ± 0.21) × 10?18 cm2 molecule?1. The rate constants for the self reactions of CF3CFCl and CF3CFClO2 radicals were (2.6 ± 0.4) × 10?12 cm3 molecule?1 s?1 and (2.6 ± 0.5) × 10?12 cm3 molecule?1 s?1, respectively. The reactivity of CF3CFClO2 radicals towards NO and NO2 was determined to (1.5 ± 0.6) × 10?11 cm3 molecule?1 s?1 and (5.9 ± 0.5) × 10?12 cm3 molecule?1 s?1, respectively. Finally, the rate constant for the reaction of F atoms with CF3CFClH was determined to (8 ± 2) × 10?13 cm3 molecule?1 s?1. Results are discussed in the context of the atmospheric chemistry of HCFC-124, CF3CFClH. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.  相似文献   

3.
The rate constants k1 for the reaction of CF3CF2CF2CF2CF2CHF2 with OH radicals were determined by using both absolute and relative rate methods. The absolute rate constants were measured at 250–430 K using the flash photolysis–laser‐induced fluorescence (FP‐LIF) technique and the laser photolysis–laser‐induced fluorescence (LP‐LIF) technique to monitor the OH radical concentration. The relative rate constants were measured at 253–328 K in an 11.5‐dm3 reaction chamber with either CHF2Cl or CH2FCF3 as a reference compound. OH radicals were produced by UV photolysis of an O3–H2O–He mixture at an initial pressure of 200 Torr. Ozone was continuously introduced into the reaction chamber during the UV irradiation. The k1 (298 K) values determined by the absolute method were (1.69 ± 0.07) × 10?15 cm3 molecule?1 s?1 (FP‐LIF method) and (1.72 ± 0.07) × 10?15 cm3 molecule?1 s?1 (LP‐LIF method), whereas the K1 (298 K) values determined by the relative method were (1.87 ± 0.11) × 10?15 cm3 molecule?1 s?1 (CHF2Cl reference) and (2.12 ± 0.11) × 10?15 cm3 molecule?1 s?1 (CH2FCF3 reference). These data are in agreement with each other within the estimated experimental uncertainties. The Arrhenius rate constant determined from the kinetic data was K1 = (4.71 ± 0.94) × 10?13 exp[?(1630 ± 80)/T] cm3 molecule?1 s?1. Using kinetic data for the reaction of tropospheric CH3CCl3 with OH radicals [k1 (272 K) = 6.0 × 10?15 cm3 molecule?1 s?1, tropospheric lifetime of CH3CCl3 = 6.0 years], we estimated the tropospheric lifetime of CF3CF2CF2CF2CF2CHF2 through reaction with OH radicals to be 31 years. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 36: 26–33, 2004  相似文献   

4.
The kinetics of the gas-phase reaction of Cl atoms with CF3I have been studied relative to the reaction of Cl atoms with CH4 over the temperature range 271–363 K. Using k(Cl + CH4) = 9.6 × 10?12 exp(?2680/RT) cm3 molecule?1 s?1, we derive k(Cl + CF3I) = 6.25 × 10?11 exp(?2970/RT) in which Ea has units of cal mol?1. CF3 radicals are produced from the reaction of Cl with CF3I in a yield which was indistinguishable from 100%. Other relative rate constant ratios measured at 296 K during these experiments were k(Cl + C2F5I)/k(Cl + CF3I) = 11.0 ± 0.6 and k(Cl + C2F5I)/k(Cl + C2H5Cl) = 0.49 ± 0.02. The reaction of CF3 radicals with Cl2 was studied relative to that with O2 at pressures from 4 to 700 torr of N2 diluent. By using the published absolute rate constants for k(CF3 + O2) at 1–10 torr to calibrate the pressure dependence of these relative rate constants, values of the low- and high-pressure limiting rate constants have been determined at 296 K using a Troe expression: k0(CF3 + O2) = (4.8 ± 1.2) × 10?29 cm6 molecule?2 s?1; k(CF3 + O2) = (3.95 ± 0.25) × 10?12 cm3 molecule?1 s?1; Fc = 0.46. The value of the rate constant k(CF3 + Cl2) was determined to be (3.5 ± 0.4) × 10?14 cm3 molecule?1 s?1 at 296 K. The reaction of Cl atoms with CF3I is a convenient way to prepare CF3 radicals for laboratory study. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.  相似文献   

5.
The gas phase reaction of the hydroxyl radical with the unsaturated peroxyacyl nitrate CH2 ? C(CH3)C(O)OONO2 (MPAN) has been studied at 298 ± 2 K and atmospheric pressure. The OH-MPAN reaction rate constant relative to that of OH + n-butyl nitrate is 2.08 ± 0.25. This ratio, together with a literature rate constant of 1.74 × 10?12 cm3 molecule?1 s?1 for the OH + n-butyl nitrate reaction at 298 K, yields a rate constant of (3.6 ± 0.4)× 10?12 cm3 molecule?1 s?1 for the OH-MPAN reaction at 298 ± 2 K. Hydroxyacetone and formaldehyde are the major carbonyl products. The yield of hydroxyacetone, 0.59 ± 0.12, is consistent with preferential addition of OH at the unsubstituted carbon atom. Atmospheric persistence and removal processes for MPAN are briefly discussed. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.  相似文献   

6.
A fast-flow apparatus with mass spectrometric detection was used to study the system F + CHFO between 2 and 3.5 mbar total pressure. The rate constant of the primary reaction was evaluated directly to yield at 298 K k(1) = (8.8 ± 1.4) * 10?13 cm3 * molecule?1 * s?1. Numerical modelling was used to determine the rate constant at 298 K of the subsequent reaction CFO + CFO → CF2O + CO: k(2) = (4.9 ± 2.0) * 10?11 cm3 * molecule?1 * s?1. The possible occurrences of secondary reactions, CFO + F + M → CF2O + M, and CFO + F2 → CF2O + F, can be excluded under the present conditions. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.  相似文献   

7.
Azulene, which is isomeric with naphthalene, was studied to determine whether it behaves like a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon or an alkene in its gas-phase reactions with OH and NO3 radicals and O3. Using relative rate methods, rate constants for the reactions of azulene with OH and NO3 radicals and O3 of (2.73 ± 0.56) × 10?10 cm3 molecule?1 s?1, (3.9) × 10?10 cm3 molecule?1 s?1, and <7 × 10?17 cm3 molecule?1 s?1, respectively, were obtained at 298 ± 2 K. The observation that the NO3 radical reaction did not involve NO2 in the rate determining step indicates that azulene behaves more like an alkene than a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in this reaction. No conclusive evidence for the formation of nitroazulene(s) from either the OH or NO3 radical-initiated reaction of azulene (in the presence of NOx) was obtained.  相似文献   

8.
The kinetics and mechanism for the reaction of NH2 with HONO2 have been investigated by ab initio calculations with rate constant prediction. The potential energy surface of this reaction has been computed by single‐point calculations at the CCSD(T)/6‐311+G(3df, 2p) level based on geometries optimized at the B3LYP/6‐311+G(3df, 2p) level. The reaction producing the primary products, NH3 + NO3, takes place via a precursor complex, H2N…HONO2 with an 8.4‐kcal/mol binding energy. The rate constants for major product channels in the temperature range 200–3000 K are predicted by variational transition state or variational Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus theory. The results show that the reaction has a noticeable pressure dependence at T < 900 K. The total rate constants at 760 Torr Ar‐pressure can be represented by ktotal = 1.71 × 10?3 × T?3.85 exp(?96/T) cm3 molecule?1 s?1 at T = 200–550 K, 5.11 × 10?23 × T+3.22 exp(70/T) cm3 molecule?1 s?1 at T = 550–3000 K. The branching ratios of primary channels at 760 Torr Ar‐pressure are predicted: k1 producing NH3 + NO3 accounts for 1.00–0.99 in the temperature range of 200–3000 K and k2 + k3 producing H2NO + HONO accounts for less than 0.01 when temperature is more than 2600 K. The reverse reaction, NH3 + NO3 → NH2 + HONO2 shows relatively weak pressure dependence at P < 100 Torr and T < 600 K due to its precursor complex, NH3…O3N with a lower binding energy of 1.8 kcal/mol. The predicted rate constants can be represented by k?1 = 6.70 × 10?24 × T+3.58 exp(?850/T) cm3 molecule?1 s?1 at T = 200–3000 K and 760 Torr N2 pressure, where the predicted rate at T = 298 K, 2.8 × 10?16 cm3 molecule?1 s?1 is in good agreement with the experimental data. The NH3 + NO3 formation rate constant was found to be a factor of 4 smaller than that of the reaction OH + HONO2 producing the H2O + NO3 because of the lower barrier for the transition state for the OH + HONO2. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 42: 69–78, 2010  相似文献   

9.
The rate constant for the reaction of CFCl2 with oxygen is measured in the pressure range 0.2–12 Torr using pulsed-laser photolysis and time-resolved mass spectrometry. CFCl2 radicals are generated by photolysis of CFCl3 at 193 nm. The reaction kinetics are recorded by monitoring the build-up of the CFCl2O2 radical concentration. The reaction is in its fall-off region, and the parameters of the relation for the treatment of the fall-off are for M = N2: k(0) = (5.0 ± 0.8) × 10?30 cm6 molecule?2 s?1. k(∞) = (6.0 ± 1.0) × 10?12 cm3 molecule?1 s?1. This value of k(∞) is consistent with results obtained at low pressure taking Fc = 0.6, but the uncertainty in the high-pressure limit is much higher. The results are compared to measurements performed with CH3 and CF3. Estimates of the relative third-body efficiencies of He and N2 are given for CFCl2 and CF3.  相似文献   

10.
The reaction IO + CH3SCH3 → products (3) was studied at room temperature and near 1 Torr pressure of He, using the discharge flow mass spectrometric technique. The rate constant was found to be k3 = (1.5 ± 0.5) × 10?11 cm3 molecule?1 s?1. CH3S(O)CH3 was detected as a product suggesting the following channel: IO + CH3SCH3 → CH3S(O)CH3 + I. The rate constant of the reaction IO + IO → products (1) was also measured: k1 = (3 ± 0.5) × 10?11 at 298 K and 1 Torr pressure. The atmospheric implication of reaction (3) is discussed. The results indicate that this reaction could be a potential important sink of CH3SCH3 in marine atmosphere.  相似文献   

11.
The rate coefficients for the removal of Cl atoms by reaction with three HCFCs, CF3CHCl2 (HCFC-123), CF3CHFCl (HCFC-124), and CH3CFCl2 (HCFC 141b), were measured as a function of temperature between 276 and 397 K. CH3CF2Cl (HCFC-142b) was studied only at 298 K. The Arrhenius expressions obtained are: k1 = (3.94 ± 0.84)× 10?12 exp[?(1740 ± 100)/T] cm3 molecule?1 s?1 for CF3CHCl2 (HCFC 123); k2 = (1.16 ± 0.41) × 10?12 exp[?(1800 ± 150)/T] cm3 molecule?1 s?1 for CF3CHFCl (HCFC 124); and k3 = (1.6 ± 1.1) × 10?12 exp[?(1800 ± 500)/T] cm3 molecule?1 s?1 for CH3CFCl2 (HCFC 141b). In case of HCFC 141b, non-Arrhenius behavior was observed at temperatures above ca. 350 K and is attributed to the thermal decomposition of CH2CFCl2 product into Cl + CH2CFCl. In case of HCFC-142b, only an upper limit for the 298 K value of the rate coefficient was obtained. The atmospheric significance of these results are discussed. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.  相似文献   

12.
The UV absorption spectrum and kinetics of CH2I and CH2IO2 radicals have been studied in the gasphase at 295 K using a pulse radiolysis UV absorption spectroscopic technique. UV absorption spectra of CH2I and CH2IO2 radicals were quantified in the range 220–400 nm. The spectrum of CH2I has absorption maxima at 280 nm and 337.5 nm. The absorption cross-section for the CH2I radicals at 337.5 nm was (4.1 ± 0.9) × 10?18 cm2 molecule?1. The UV spectrum of CH2IO2 radicals is broad. The absorption cross-section at 370 nm was (2.1 ± 0.5) × 10?18 cm2 molecule?1. The rate constant for the self reaction of CH2I radicals, k = 4 × 10?11 cm3 molecule?1 s?1 at 1000 mbar total pressure of SF6, was derived by kinetic modelling of experimental absorbance transients. The observed self-reaction rate constant for CH2IO2 radicals was estimated also by modelling to k = 9 × 10?11 cm3 molecule?1 s?1. As part of this work a rate constant of (2.0 ± 0.3) × 10?10 cm3 molecule?1 s?1 was measured for the reaction of F atoms with CH3I. The branching ratios of this reaction for abstraction of an I atom and a H atom were determined to (64 ± 6)% and (36 ± 6)%, respectively. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.  相似文献   

13.
The reaction of CF3 with NO2 was studied at 296 ± 2K using two different absolute techniques. Absolute rate constants of (1.6 ± 0.3) × 10−11 and (2.1 −0.3+07) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 were derived by IR fluorescence and UV absorption spectroscopy, respectively. The reaction proceeds via two reaction channels: CF3 + NO2 → CF2O + FNO, (70 ± 12)% and CF3 + NO2 → CF3O + NO, (30 ± 12)%. An upper limit of 11% for formation of other reaction products was determined. The overall rate constant was within the uncertainty independent of total pressure between 0.4 to 760 torr. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.  相似文献   

14.
The mechanisms of the OH‐initiated oxidation of methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein have been studied at 300 K and 100 Torr total pressure, using a turbulent flow technique coupled with laser‐induced fluorescence detection of the OH radical. The rate constants for the OH + methyl vinyl ketone and OH + methacrolein reactions were measured to be (1.78 ± 0.08) × 10?11 and (3.22 ± 0.10) × 10?11 cm3 molecule?1 s?1, respectively, and were found to be in excellent agreement with previous studies. In the presence of O2 and NO, the OH radical propagation and the loss of OH through radical termination resulting from the production of methyl vinyl ketone‐ and methacrolein‐based alkyl nitrates were measured at 100 Torr total pressure and compared to the simulations of the kinetics of these reaction systems. The results of these experiments are consistent with an overall rate constant of (2.0 ± 1.3) × 10?11 cm3 molecule?1 s?1 for both the methyl vinyl ketone‐based peroxy radical + NO and methacrolein‐based peroxy radical + NO reactions, each with branching ratios of 0.90 ± 0.10 for the bimolecular channel (oxidation of NO to NO2) and 0.10 ± 0.10 for the termolecular channel (production of methyl vinyl ketone‐ and methacrolein‐based alkyl nitrates). © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 36: 12–25, 2003  相似文献   

15.
The laser photolysis‐laser‐induced fluorescence method was used for measuring the kinetic parameters of the reaction of OH radicals with CF3CH2OCH2CF3 (2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl ether), in the temperature range of 298–365 K. The bimolecular rate coefficient at 298 K, kII(298), was measured to be (1.47 ± 0.03) × 10?13 cm3 molecule?1 s?1, and the temperature dependence of kII was determined to be (4.5 ± 0.8) × 10?12exp [?(1030 ± 60)/T] cm3 molecule?1 s?1. The error quoted is 1σ of the linear regression of the respective plots. The rate coefficient at room temperature is very close to the average of the three previous measurements, whereas the values of Ea/R and the A‐factor are higher than the two previously reported values. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 42: 519–525, 2010  相似文献   

16.
The temperature dependence of the rate constant for the reaction HO2 + HO2 → H2O2 + O2 (2k1) has been determined using flash photolysis techniques, over the temperature range 298–510 K, in a nitrogen diluent at a total pressure of 700 Torr. The overall second order state constant is given by k1 = (4.14 ± 1.15) × 10?13 exp[(630 ± 115)/T] cm3 molecule?1 s?1, where the quoted errors refer to one standard deviation. This result is compared with previous findings and the negative activation energy is shown to be consistent with the observation that the rate constant is pressure dependent at 700 Torr.  相似文献   

17.
Rate constants for the gas‐phase reactions of CH3OCH2CF3 (k1), CH3OCH3 (k2), CH3OCH2CH3 (k3), and CH3CH2OCH2CH3 (k4) with NO3 radicals were determined by means of a relative rate method at 298 K. NO3 radicals were prepared by thermal decomposition of N2O5 in a 700–750 Torr N2O5/NO2/NO3/air gas mixture in a 1‐m3 temperature‐controlled chamber. The measured rate constants at 298 K were k1 = (5.3 ± 0.9) × 10?18, k2 = (1.07 ± 0.10) × 10?16, k3 = (7.81 ± 0.36) × 10?16, and k4 = (2.80 ± 0.10) × 10?15 cm3 molecule?1 s?1. Potential energy surfaces for the NO3 radical reactions were computationally explored, and the rate constants of k1k5 were calculated according to the transition state theory. The calculated values of rate constants k1k4 were in reasonable agreement with the experimentally determined values. The calculated value of k5 was compared with the estimate (k5 < 5.3 × 10?21 cm3 molecule?1 s?1) derived from the correlation between the rate constants for reactions with NO3 radicals (k1k4) and the corresponding rate constants for reactions with OH radicals. We estimated the tropospheric lifetimes of CH3OCH2CF3 and CHF2CF2OCH2CF3 to be 240 and >2.4 × 105 years, respectively, with respect to reaction with NO3 radicals. The tropospheric lifetimes of these compounds are much shorter with respect to the OH reaction. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 490–497, 2009  相似文献   

18.
A relative rate method has been used to determine rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of a series of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) at 298 ± 2 K and atmospheric pressure of air. Based on a rate constant for the reaction of the Cl atom with CH4 of (1.0 ± 0.2) ? 10?13 cm3 molecule?1 s?1 at 298 K, the following Cl atom reaction rate constants (in units of 10?15 cm3 molecule?1 s?1) were obtained: CH3F, 340 ± 70; CH3CHF2, 240 ± 50; CH2FCl, 110 ± 25; CHFCl2, 21 ± 4; CHCl2CF3, 14 ± 3; CHFClCF3, 2.7 ± 0.6; CH3CFCl2, 2.4 ± 0.5; CHF2Cl, 2.0 ± 0.4; CH2FCF3, 1.6 ± 0.3; CH3CF2Cl, 0.37 ± 0.08; and CHF2CF3, 0.24 ± 0.05. These Cl atom reaction rate constants are compared with literature data and with the corresponding OH radical reaction rate constants. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.  相似文献   

19.
The rate constant for the reaction of OH with 3‐methylfuran was measured at 2, 4, and 6 Torr using discharge‐flow techniques coupled with laser‐induced fluorescence detection of OH. The measured rate constant (k) at 298 ± 2 K was (9.1 ± 0.3) × 10?11 cm3 molecule?1 s?1, where the quoted uncertainty reflects twice the standard error of the measurements. This result is in good agreement with previously reported relative rate constant measurements at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. An Arrhenius expression of k = (3.2 ± 0.4) × 10?11 e(310 ± 40)/T cm3 molecule?1 s?1 was determined from measurements of the rate constant between 273 and 368 K. The negative temperature dependence agrees with previously reported theoretical calculations for the reaction of OH with 3‐methylfuran and previously reported measurements of the temperature dependences of the rate constants for the reaction of OH with similar heterocyclic organics such as furan and thiophene.  相似文献   

20.
The third order rate coefficients for the addition reaction of Cl with NO2, Cl + NO2 + M → ClNO2 (ClONO) + M; k1, were measured to be k1(He) = (7.5 ± 1.1) × 10?31 cm6 molecule?2 s?1 and k1(N2) = (16.6 ± 3.0) × 10?31 cm6 molecule?2 s?1 at 298 K using the flash photolysis-resonance fluorescence method. The pressure range of the study was 15 to 500 torr He and 19 to 200 torr N2. The temperature dependence of the third order rate coefficients were also measured between 240 and 350 K. The 298 K results are compared with those from previous low pressure studies.  相似文献   

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