Processing impact on tocopherols and triglycerides composition of soybean oil and its deodorizer distillate evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography

In the present study, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for the separation of tocopherols and triglycerides of processed soybean oil and deodorizer distillate (DD). The results of normal and reversed-phase modes of HPLC revealed that concentrations of tocopherols and triglycerides content were decreased during the neutralization, bleaching, and deodorization processes. The loss of individual tocopherols ranged between 55.16% and 63.25%. During processing, triglycerides containing stearic-oleic-linoleic (SOL) moieties and palmitic-palmitic-linoleic (PPL) fragments showed greater reduction up to 38.14% and 37.69%, respectively. Among tocopherols and triglycerides; γ-tocopherol and oleic-oleic-oleic (OOO) were found to be in greater concentrations 5.53% and 19.78%, respectively in DD as compared to their counterparts. A maximum reduction of tocopherols was observed in the deodorization step. DD was found to be a rich source of bioactive components; therefore, it could be used for many industrial applications including pharmaceutical formulations, cosmetics, and food industries.     

桦甸页岩油柴油馏分加氢精制生产清洁燃料油的研究

柴油馏分(200℃~360℃)在桦甸页岩油中约占41%。其中,硫、氮及不饱和烃含量较高,含硫化合物以苯并噻吩类及二苯并噻吩类化合物为主,而氮化物中的碱性氮化物和非碱性氮化物的含量相当。实验中分别以硫化态的CoMo/Al2O3及NiW/Al2O3为催化剂,利用固定床小型加氢反应装置,考察了不同工艺条件对桦甸页岩油柴油馏分加氢脱硫及加氢脱氮效果的影响。结果表明,反应温度升高,增大反应压力,降低体积空速,对脱硫、脱氮都是有利的,特别是对加氢脱氮影响最为明显,而氢油体积比的影响相对较小。两种催化剂活性比较发现,对于该页岩馏分油而言,两种催化剂的加氢脱硫效果相差不大,而NiW/Al2O3的加氢脱氮效果却明显好于CoMo/Al2O3。在选择的工艺条件下,对桦甸页岩油柴油馏分进行加氢精制得到的产品油中杂原子和不饱和烃含量低,密度小,芳香烃含量少,可作为优质清洁柴油直接使用。     

Simplex optimization of extraction of soybean oil by supercritical pentane

Summary Fractional factorial designs were used to estimate the relative significance of the effects of the variables on the extraction of soybean oil by supercritical pentane. Product recovery depends upon the pressure and the extraction time employed as well as on the size of the bean flour. On the other hand, the effect of temperature on the extraction process was negligible within the limits investigated. A modified simplex method was then used to determine optimum conditions for the most important variables to maximize product recovery. The extract obtained by SFE was compared to that obtained by a conventional extraction method.     

An improved method for determination of light hydrocarbons in stabilized crude oil

Summary This paper reports a quick, and simple method for quantitative determination of C₂ to C₆ hydrocarbons in stabilized crude oil without using a back flush system. A mixture of crude oil and internal standard is injected into a GC equipped with a 6 meter length of fused silica capillary as a guard column. The light hydrocarbons are separated individually up to the last peak of the hexane group with the heavier components trapped in the guard column. The total analysis time for each sample is 15 minutes. The base line is table for up to 15 consecutive analyses. The guard column and the injector port are then reconditioned by simply heating them for one hour at 300 °C.     

Rapid determination of 95 pesticides in soybean oil using liquid-liquid extraction followed by centrifugation, freezing and dispersive solid phase extraction as cleanup steps and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection

A multi-residue method using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) followed by centrifugation, freezing and dispersive solid phase extraction (dispersive SPE) as clean up steps and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection has been developed for the determination of trace levels of 95 pesticides in soybean oil. LLE has been optimized to extract these pesticide residues from soybean oil by studying the effect of different partitions between (i) acetonitrile (MeCN) saturated with petroleum ether and a soybean oil solution dissolved in petroleum ether saturated with MeCN, (ii) partition between MeCN and a soybean oil solution dissolved in petroleum ether saturated with MeCN, (iii) partition between MeCN and a soybean oil solution dissolved in petroleum ether, (iv) partition between MeCN saturated with n-hexane and a soybean oil solution dissolved in n-hexane saturated with MeCN, (v) partition between MeCN and a soybean oil solution, (vi) partition between MeCN and a soybean oil solution dissolved in n-hexane and (vii) partition between MeCN and a soybean oil solution dissolved in mixture of acetone and n-hexane (3:2) to the highest recovery yield of pesticides and the lowest co-extract fat residue in the final extract. Experiments were carried out in order to study the efficiency of using centrifugation and freezing steps as well as the used of primary secondary amine (PSA), florisil, graphite carbon black (GCB) and C18 for dispersive SPE on clean up stages to minimize the co-extract fat. The recoveries obtained ranged from 80 to 114% and the relative standard deviation (RSDs) from 2 to 14% for spiking levels of 0.040, 0.080 and 0.160 mg kg^− 1. The limits of quantification (LOQs) of almost all compounds were below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) established by the Korean legislations for soybean oil.     

Fluidized-bed extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from contaminated soil samples

Summary Due to the carcinogenity and ubiquity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the environment they are of ongoing interest to analytical chemistry. In this study, a comparison of the classic Soxhlet extraction and, fluidized-bed extraction, has been conducted. The extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by this technique has been optimized considering as experimental variables the variation of the number of extraction cycles and the holding time after reaching the heating temperature by means of a surface response design. The significance of the operational parameters of the fluidized-bed extraction on the performance characteristics has been investigated. For the determination of the analytes a selective clean-up of the extracts followed by a fast gas chromatography method with mass spectrometric detection was used, resulting in low limits of detection (0.2 pg μL⁻¹). The accuracy of the complete analytical method was established by extraction and analysis of reference materials.     

Optimization of a chromatographic method for the gram-scale preparative fractionation of soybean phospholipids

Summary To enable the study of the functional properties of pure soybean phospholipids, a chromatographic method was developed for the preparative fractionation of soybean lecithin. A coarse and irregularly shaped silica gel was used as the stationary phase, whereas the mobile phase consisted of three mixtures of hexane, 2-propanol and water of increasing polarity. These solvents were included in a step gradient, formed by an isocratic pump connected to a solvent changer. To reduce solvent consumption, the procedure was optimised using a method development column. The solvent program and the sample load were shown to affect mainly the purity and recovery of phosphatidylinositol.     

A novel direct synthesis of polyol from soybean oil

As the oil crisis and environment concerning deepen,the uses of renewable resources have attracted considerable attention.Polyol intended for synthesis of polyurethane polymers was prepared by a novel direct hydroxylation of soybean oil,alternative to petroleumbased process.The transformation can afford soybean oil polyol in excellent yield with a hydroxyl number up to 467.7 mg KOH/g in the presence of OsO 4 as catalyst and NMO as oxidant.The major advantages of this approach are:two hydroxyl groups can be readily added to one double bond,replacing conventional two-step methods by an epoxidation step and then a ring opening step;a wide range of hydroxyl numbers can be obtained via varying catalyst loadings;the reaction can be performed at room temperature.The chemical structure of the polyol prepared was further characterized by chemical methods(hydroxyl number and iodine number) and spectra(1 H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy),which confirmed the cleavage of the double bonds and the produce of hydroxyl groups.     

稠油中饱和烃复杂混合物成分解析及其意义

利用两根极性不同的毛细柱,在全二维气相色谱上分析辽河油田遭受严重生物降解形成的稠油饱和烃组分,可以将传统色谱分析时形成的“基线鼓包”即不可分辨的复杂混合物（Unresolved Complex Mixtures）分开．根据饱和烃全二维气相色谱谱图的族分离特点和瓦片效应,结合飞行时间质谱提供的质谱信息初步解析不可分辨的复杂混合物主要成分．发现常规色谱分析时形成的所谓“基线鼓包”是由成千上万、含量相对较低的不同取代基的环状化合物组成,这些化合物在一维色谱上以分子量递增的顺序排列,在二维色谱上以极性的差异或者环的多少排列．C24之前的第一组不可分辨的复杂混合物主要由环己烷为基本单元的单环、双环和三环烷烃类化合物组成,信噪比在100以上的化合物数量约为饱和烃总数量的75％,质量分数是饱和烃总量的80％以上,是饱和烃的主要组成部分．C24之后出现的第二组不可分辨的复杂混合物主要由四个环或者五个环为基本单元的化合物组成,信噪比在100以上的化合物数量约为饱和烃总数量的17％,质量分数是饱和烃总量的0．5％．对稠油中这些不可分辨的复杂混合物的解析有助于对其成因机理的认识和高效开采方案的制定．     

Evaluation of alternative solvents for improvement of oil extraction from rapeseeds

This present study was designed to evaluate the performances of five alternative solvents (alcohols: ethanol, isopropanol and terpenes: d-limonene, α-pinene, p-cymene) compared to n-hexane in rapeseed oil extraction. The extracted oils were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed to compare the solvents’ performances in terms of kinetics, fatty acid compositions, lipid yields, and classes. Moreover, micronutrients in extracted oils were also respectively quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC). In addition, the interactions between alternative solvents and rapeseed oil have been theoretically studied with the Hansen solubility methodology to get a better comprehension of dissolving mechanisms. The results indicated that p-cymene could be the most promising solvent for n-hexane substitution with higher lipid yield and good selectivity, despite the micronutrient contents were relatively low.     

Low-pressure solubility of propane and n-butane in refined soybean oil

This work reports gas-solubility data of pure propane and n-butane in refined soybean oil in the temperature range from (283 to 333) K, and pressures up to 0.4 MPa. For this purpose, a simple laboratory apparatus containing a glass equilibrium cell was used and the methodology consisted basically of injecting and storing the gas in the system at a pre-established pressure and then allowing gas dissolution. The liquid phase compositions were calculated through an iterative procedure considering the pure fugacity in the gas of the lighter component. From the experimental (gas + liquid) equilibrium results, P–x diagrams were constructed and exhibited for both light components an almost linear relationship, with observed negative deviations from ideal behaviour at all temperatures investigated.     

Separation of the mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons of three and more aromatic rings from those of one or two aromatic rings

An analytical method was developed for the quantitation of the mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons in cosmetic raw materials separating those of one or two aromatic rings from those of three and more aromatic rings. Normal phase high performance liquid chromatography was used with donor‐acceptor complex chromatography. The composition of both fractions and the quantities of respective compounds were determined by comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography with time of flight mass spectrometry and by liquid chromatography coupled to gas chromatography with flame ionization detection.     

高效制备液相色谱柱技术的研究进展

本文概述了高效制备液相色谱柱的柱型结构、填料以及柱填充方法等研究的最新进展,讨论了制备柱与分析柱的不同特征,对目前普遍使用的压缩型制备柱的类型、结构及填充方法作了较为全面的评述,总结比较了工业化制备色谱填料不同于分析色谱填料的特点,探讨了高效制备液相色谱柱技术的应用和发展前景.     

Stepped collisional energy MSAll: an analytical approach for optimal MS/MS acquisition of complex mixture with diverse physicochemical properties

The analysis of complex mixtures is becoming increasingly important in various fields, such as nutrition, medicinal plants and metabolomics. The components contained in such complex mixtures are always characterized with diverse physiochemical properties that pose a major challenge during the optimization of various parameters using liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometer (LC‐MS). The parameter ‘CE energy’ that is normally set at a fixed value with a moderate range of CE spread during data‐dependent acquisition (DDA) analysis, a prevalent approach for untargeted identification, often fails to generate sufficient MS/MS fragment ions for untargeted identification of components from complex mixtures. Here we developed a simple and generally applicable acquisition method named stepped MS^All (sMS^All) in this study, aiming to obtain optimal MS/MS spectra for identification of chemically diverse compounds from complex mixtures. sMS^All collects serial MS^All scans acquired at low CE to gradually ramped‐up high CE values in a cycle that conventional DDA scans cannot afford. The resultant MS/MS spectra of each compound were compared and evaluated among serial MS^All scans, and the optimal spectra were used for identification. An untargeted data analysis strategy was then employed to analyze these optimal MS/MS spectra by searching common diagnostic ions and connecting the diagnostic ion families into a network via bridging components. This sMS^All‐based route enables identification of 71 natural products from a herbal preparation, whereas only 53 out of 71 compounds were identified using the classical DDA approach. Therefore, the sMS^All‐based approach is expected to find its wide applications for characterization of vastly diverse compounds with no priori knowledge from various complex mixtures. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

玉米芯快速热解油特性研究

利用层析法对玉米芯快速热解油进行分析。结果表明,裂解温度对热解油产率及其族馏分构成的影响很大。通过气相色谱(GC)分析表明,脂肪族馏分碳数分布主要在C12~34,在烷烃碳数分布上,脂肪族馏分与柴油相当。并利用傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)分析了600℃下得到的热解油特征,表明玉米芯快速热解油作为燃料和高品位化学品原料来源具有潜在的发展前景。     

Formation and stability of dispersed particles composed of vitamin K1, soybean oil and phosphatidylcholine

The purpose of this study was to develop an intravenous formulation composed of vitamin K₁ (VK) for the treatment of blood coagulation with warfarin-induced hypoprothrombinaemia. VK was dispersed using sonication with soybean phosphatidylcholine (PC) and the dispersion mechanism was evaluated by characterizing the dispersed particles with dynamic light scattering, fluorescence spectroscopy and surface monolayer techniques. VK has an appreciable solubility in PC bilayers (approximately 20 mol%). Within the VK molar fraction of 0.1–0.9, the size of the dispersed particles increased at room temperature within 3 months. By addition of soybean oil (SO) to VK (molar ratio of VK:SO=1:1), the solubility of the VK/SO mixtures in PC bilayers was decreased (approximately 5 mol%). The size of the aqueous dispersions at molar fractions of 0.1–0.7 was 50–70 nm and did not change for 3 months at room temperature. The solubility of the VK and VK/SO in PC bilayers is crucially important in the production of the stable aqueous dispersions of VK particles. Received: 1 August 2000 Accepted: 20 December 2000     

Development of an improved analytical method for the determination of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in transformer oil

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are natural constituents of transformer oils and are essential in prolonging transformer in-service lifetime. Issues concerning PAH carcinogenicity demand methods that provide qualitative and quantitative information on the PAH composition of new and in-service oils to allow informed operational decisions to be made. However, current analytical methods focus on PAH fingerprinting, as opposed to quantitative analysis and are also cumbersome, relying on the use of large (>100 ml) volumes of organic solvents, some of which are hazardous. This paper reports a method for the improved quantification of carcinogenic PAHs in transformer oils that is both simple and repeatable. The method uses commercially available solid-phase extraction columns and millilitre volumes of relatively non-hazardous solvents. Extraction efficiencies of > or =74% were obtained for the Environmental Protection Agency priority PAHs. The method has potential for automation and high-throughput analysis and thus is of interest to industries that use transformer oils.     

Studies on column size scale-up and flow profile in conical shape liquid chromatographic column of 10° by visualization method

An improved visualization device made of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was used to study the 3D flow profile inside conical columns of a 10° opening angle packed with C₁₈ phase. The outside wall of the conical columns was rectangular in shape in order to improve the transparency property of the column wall and reduce the deformation of the image for better observation of the flow profiles of colored solutes inside the column. The influence of flow rate, particle size and shape on the flow profile of a colored band were studied on a 5-cm-long column and a scaled-up column of four fold in volume. It was found that the flow rates of the mobile phase had little influence on the flat flow profile of the iodine band while the properties of the stationary phase had a certain influence on them. We observed that the flow profiles of the scaled-up column were flat during the whole chromatographic process, and the efficiency and resolution of the column were also increased in accordance with theoretical prediction. The experimental results proved that the 10° conical columns can be proportionally scaled up while still keeping the flat flow profile, sample load per unit volume of packing material, and column efficiency, which are superior to the conventional column. __________ Translated from Chemical Journal of Chinese Universities, 2006, 27 (1) (in Chinese)     

Improvement of mineral oil saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons determination in edible oil by liquid–liquid–gas chromatography with dual detection

Mineral oils, which are mainly composed of saturated hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons, are widespread food contaminants. Liquid chromatography coupled to gas chromatography with flame ionization detection represents the method of choice to determine these two families. However, despite the high selectivity of this technique, the presence of olefins (particularly squalene and its isomers) in some samples as in olive oils, does not allow the correct quantification of the mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons fraction, requiring additional off‐line tools to eliminate them. In the present research, a novel on‐line liquid chromatography coupled to gas chromatography method is described for the determination of hydrocarbon contamination in edible oils. Two different liquid chromatography columns, namely a silica one (to retain the bulk of the matrix) and a silver‐ion one (which better retains the olefins), were coupled in series to obtain the mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons hump free of interfering peaks. Furthermore, the use of a simultaneous dual detection, flame ionization detector and triple quadrupole mass spectrometer allowed us not only to quantify the mineral oil contamination, but also to evaluate the presence of specific markers (i.e. hopanes) to confirm the petrogenic origin of the contamination.     

Determination of lecithin and soybean oil in dietary supplements using partial least squares-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Lecithin and soybean oil in dietary supplements were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry transmission measurements in dichloromethane in combination with a partial least squares (PLS) regression. Two different PLS models were developed, using 16 synthetic mixtures of analytes in dichloromethane, making measurements in the spectral range from 931.8 to 1252.3 cm⁻¹ for lecithin and from 911.4 to 1246.9 cm⁻¹ and 1695.3 to 1774.5 cm⁻¹ for soybean oil. Seven products from the Spanish market with lecithin concentrations between 21.1% and 99.1% and soybean oil concentrations between 0% and 37.2% were analyzed by the proposed method and the data was compared to a chromatographic reference procedure obtaining accurate results. For samples spiked with amounts between 50 and 250 mg of lecithin and soybean oil recovery percentages between 98.0% and 102.1% and between 93.6% and 102.0% with an average precision of 0.35% and 0.41% were achieved for lecithin and soybean oil, respectively. This method can be applied for the quality control of dietary supplements.