Low frequency surface waves in the presence of an external high frequency electric field

The problem of surface sound propagation in the presence of external high frequency dipole electric field is investigated using Vlasov-Poisson equations. The structure of the electric field of these surface waves is also determined. It has been found that the ion sound waves that exist in the presence of external high frequency waves are true surface waves while those without the external field are quasi-surface waves as the former waves decay within one wavelength away from the surface.     

Low frequency surface resonance modes in electron energy loss spectroscopy

Electron energy loss spectroscopy has proved a powerful probe of vibrational modes of a wide variety of adsorbed species. Here the primary focus has been on modes with frequency well above the maximum phonon frequency of the substrate. Examples are internal vibration modes of adsorbed molecules, possibly shifted significantly in frequency from their gas phase analogues, and high frequency vibrations of an adsorbed molecule or atom against the substrate. Recent experiments explore features in the energy loss spectrum with frequency below the maximum phonon frequency of the substrate, for ordered overlayers of atoms adsorbed on low index metal surfaces. We shall summarize our theoretical studies of such spectra for several adsorbate/substrate combinations, with emphasis oh the physical origin of the features which appear in the calculations. We obtain a good account of the existing data, within the framework of a rather simple lattice dynamical model, and the calculations show that the features which appear are quite sensitive to the symmetry of the adsorption sits, and other details of the surface geometry. We shall illustrate this with several specific examples.     

Low frequency ionization waves in helium surface barrier discharge at atmospheric pressure

The low frequency ionization waves in helium surface barrier discharge at atmospheric pressure are reported. Increase in applied voltage increases wave frequency. Further the coherent oscillation excited at low voltage becomes turbulent at high voltage and finally disappears to form uniform discharge. The dispersion relation of such ionization waves is discussed.     

Low frequency effects of surface states on 4H—SiC metal—semiconductor field effect transistor

The process-related surface state effect is investigated the fabrication of SiC devices, and a nonllnear model for 4H-SiC power metal-semiconductor field effect transistor (MESFET) is propose, which takes into account the surface related parameters. The frequency-and temperature-dependent transconductance dispersion is readily demonstrated in terms of the improved model. Simulation results show that larger dispersion and higher transition frequency occur in 4H-SiC MESFET than in GaAs MESFET. The advantage of this analytical model over the two-dimensional numerical simulation is the simplicity of calculations, therefore it is suitable for the processing improvement of SiC devices     

低频声学全吸收点——解决低频噪音的一种有效方法

低频噪音以其超强的穿透力和难以吸收的特性成为一个令人烦恼的工程技术难题。作者在最近的研究工作中发现的低频声学全吸收点是解决低频噪音问题的一种有效方法,即经过一些简单的设计,原本声学上的全反射表面可以借助于一种特别的表面杂化共振实现对空气中声音的阻抗匹配,从而在一些可调的特定频率不产生反射。与此同时,由于也不存在任何透射,声音在这样的表面要么全部被耗散吸收,要么转化为其他形式的能量,比如电流。在实验中,这样的“声—电”能量的转化效率可以高达23%。需要特别指出的是,在这种被设计了亚波长结构的表面(又称“超表面”)上,每一个吸收单元对于声波都如同尺寸可以忽略的“点”,这样的特性不论是在实际应用还是理论上(比如时间反演声学)都有着非常重要的意义。文章介绍了这种低频声学全吸收点的原理和实现方法。     

对低频声波的吸声体

本文考察了对20Hz—100Hz的低频声的有效吸声体。分析表明,电磁感应式表面吸声体是个可行的选择方案。单一表面吸声体的理想吸声系数极限为50%。若在此表面体的背后平行地放置一硬墙壁面就构成共振吸声系统。这样的系统可以在整个低频波段上吸收55%以上的声能,在其中的一些频率区域内还达90%以上。表面体的运动还可以用电子线路来控制从而使得该表面体的等效参数达到最佳值。用这种途径可以较容易地研制成对高强度低频声波的理想吸声系统。     

Low frequency transport measurements in

Low frequency transport measurements are performed on GdSr₂RuCu₂O₈ pellets. The observed current-voltage curves are qualitatively explained in the framework of a simple phenomenological model accounting for coexistence in the sample of ferromagnetism and superconductivity. A Curie temperature T _cM = 133 K and a superconducting critical temperature T _cS = 18 K, with an onset temperature T _cO = 33 K, are extracted from the analysis of the current-voltage curves. Received 18 September 2002 Published online 4 February 2003 RID="a" ID="a"e-mail: canio@sa.infn.it     

An open volume, high isolation, radio frequency surface coil system for pulsed magnetic resonance

We present an open volume, high isolation, RF system suitable for pulsed NMR and EPR spectrometers with reduced dead time. It comprises a set of three RF surface coils disposed with mutually parallel RF fields and a double-channel receiver (RX). Theoretical and experimental results obtained with a prototype operating at about 100 MHz are reported. Each surface RF coil (diameter 5.5 cm) was tuned to f₀ = 100.00 ± 0.01 MHz when isolated. Because of the mutual coupling and the geometry of the RF coils, only two resonances at f₁ = 97.94 MHz and f₂ = 101.85 MHz were observed. We show they are associated with two different RF field spatial distributions. In continuous mode (CW) operation the isolation between the TX coil and one of the RX coils (single-channel) was about −10 dB. By setting the double-channel RF assembly in subtraction mode the isolation values at f₁ or f₂ could be optimised to about −75 dB. Following a TX RF pulse (5 μs duration) an exponential decay with time constant of about 600 ns was observed. The isolation with single-channel RX coil was about −11 dB and it increased to about −47 dB with the double-channel RX in subtraction mode. Similar results were obtained with the RF pulse frequency selected to f₂ and also with shorter (500 ns) RF pulses. The above geometrical parameters and operating frequency of the RF assembly were selected as a model for potential applications in solid state NMR and in free radical EPR spectroscopy and imaging.     

Low frequency and infrasonic noise in transportation

Recently, there has been much interest in infrasound and the possible effects it may have on people. Many industrial, office and home environments have been surveyed and some high levels of infrasound have been found. However, there has been very little spectral data reported at infrasonic frequencies for noise inside various modes of transportation, except for cars and trucks. This paper describes the results of an experimental programme in which infrasonic levels were established inside aircraft, ships, trains and road vehicles.     

Low temperature surface chemistry and nanostructures

The new scientific field of low temperature surface chemistry, which combines the low temperature chemistry (cryochemistry) and surface chemistry approaches, is reviewed in this paper. One of the most exciting achievements in this field of science is the development of methods to create highly ordered hybrid nanosized structures on different organic and inorganic surfaces and to encapsulate nanosized metal particles in organic and polymer matrices. We consider physical and chemical behaviour for the systems obtained by co-condensation of the components vapours on the surfaces cooled down to 4–10 and 70–100 K. In particular the size effect of both types, the number of atoms in the reactive species structure and the thickness of growing co-condensate film, on the chemical activity of the system is analysed in detail. The effect of the internal mechanical stresses on the growing interfacial co-condensate film formation and on the generation of fast (explosive) spontaneous reactions at low temperatures is discussed. The examples of unusual chemical interactions of metal atoms, clusters and nanosized particles, obtained in co-condensate films on the cooled surfaces under different conditions, are presented. The examples of highly ordered surface and volume hybrid nanostructures formation are analysed.     

Low frequency vibrations of macro molecules

The predicted and now experimentally confirmed low frequency vibrations of proteins could on further investigation yield important information on their conformation.     

Low frequency sound measurement in vehicles

Sound pressure level measurements in cars travelling at motorway speeds have shown that, in many cases, the overall level is very high in relation to the dB(A) and octave band levels, suggesting that much of the sound energy is in the low frequency and infrasonic regions. A technique has been developed to extend accurate octave band measurements down to the octave centred on 2 Hz. The system uses a calibrated sound level meter feeding a frequency modulation tape-recorder to record noise below 64 Hz, and an octave band analysis system to analyse the resultant tape recordings. Typical results are presented for a number of vehicles and it is found that sound pressure levels as high as 120 dB can be found in the octave bands between 2 and 16 Hz.     

低相噪光学频率梳

光学频率梳是光钟的重要组成部分,相噪是光梳的基本特性。文章从光梳相噪的描述方法入手,对光学频率梳相噪产生的几种常见来源及相噪抑制技术进行了综述,详细介绍了业已实现的几种低相噪光学频率梳。文末展望了未来低相噪光学频率梳的发展新趋势。     

Low frequency antenna for gravitational radiation

We report on a resonant antenna for gravitational radiation at $\text{ω}\text{2π}\text{= 44}\text{Hz}$. The 14 kg aluminum antenna works in a torsional vibration mode and has a decay time τ = 1.4 × 10⁵s , namely, a quality factor Q = 4.0 × 10⁷, at 4 K.     

Low frequency noise in bipolar transistors

Ural Polytechnic Institute. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 33, No. 5, pp. 624–631, May, 1990.     

Low frequency acoustic and dielectric measurements on glasses

The acoustic and dielectric properties of different glasses at audio frequencies and temperatures below 1 K have been investigated with the vibrating reed and a capacitance bridge technique. We found the temperature dependence of the absorption of vitreous silica (Suprasil W) to agree with the predictions of the tunneling model which is commonly used to explain the low temperature behaviour of amorphous materials. The variation of the sound velocity and of the dielectric constant, however, shows significant deviations from the expected behaviour which cannot be accounted for by a simple modification of the model. Instead, it seems to be necessary to introduce a temperature dependence of some relevant model parameters. Moreover, at very low temperatures (T < 0.1 K) the sound velocity strongly depends on the excitation levels. The absence of this effect at higher temperatures proves that it can be ascribed to a nonlinear response of tunneling systems. Similar results were found in sound velocity measurements on a cover glass and on a superconducting metallic glass (Pd₃₀Zr₇₀, T_c = 2.6 K), which indicates that these features are a general aspect of the dynamics of tunneling states in glasses. In contrast to the insulating glasses we found that in Pd₃₀Zr₇₀ also the internal friction is strain dependent.     

Solid state surface science volume 1

October 1969, 432 pages, illustrated, $18.50     

Low frequency sound propagation in activated carbon

Activated carbon can adsorb and desorb gas molecules onto and off its surface. Research has examined whether this sorption affects low frequency sound waves, with pressures typical of audible sound, interacting with granular activated carbon. Impedance tube measurements were undertaken examining the resonant frequencies of Helmholtz resonators with different backing materials. It was found that the addition of activated carbon increased the compliance of the backing volume. The effect was observed up to the highest frequency measured (500 Hz), but was most significant at lower frequencies (at higher frequencies another phenomenon can explain the behavior). An apparatus was constructed to measure the effective porosity of the activated carbon as well as the number of moles adsorbed at sound pressures between 104 and 118 dB and low frequencies between 20 and 55 Hz. Whilst the results were consistent with adsorption affecting sound propagation, other phenomena cannot be ruled out. Measurements of sorption isotherms showed that additional energy losses can be caused by water vapor condensing onto and then evaporating from the surface of the material. However, the excess absorption measured for low frequency sound waves is primarily caused by decreases in surface reactance rather than changes in surface resistance.     

Low frequency acoustic radiation from duct walls

The use of line source theoretical models, to predict low frequency radiation from the walls of rectangular ducts, has been investigated in some detail. A model which incorporates two travelling waves has proved successful in preducting both the far field directivity of radiation at discrete frequencies (a relatively severe test of the theory) and the total radiated power in frequency bands, insofar as generally good agreement has been obtained between theory and experiment. A random vibration model is also described here, by contrast to the travelling wave model, although it fails to describe the radiation processes properly.