On thermopower in hopping transport

Certain general aspects of hopping transport in the context of thermopower are reinvestigated. Onsager symmetry of the macroscopic kinetic coefficients is derived from detailed balance of the microscopic coefficients of the kinetic equation by an expansion of the kinetic equation around local equilibrium in an external potential and temperature gradient. The resulting expression for the thermopower differs from expressions proposed in the literature. The difference however, seems to be small.     

Electron diffusion thermopower of alkali metals

The electron diffusion thermopower of K, Rb and Cs is calculated and analysed by using an accurate phonon spectrum generated from neutron scattering data. It is found that electron-phonon normal scattering generates a negative thermopower which is linear in temperature. On the other hand, Umklapp scattering produces a large positive and extremely non-linear thermopower. Since the individual contributions are weighted by the respective thermal resistivities, the positive Umklapp component dominates for Rb and Cs, whereas the negative normal component does so for K. Although the observed sign anomaly of the thermopower is generally attributed to the phonon drag effect, we see that the electron diffusion thermopower also plays a significant role.     

Thermopower of a multilevel quantum dot coupled with leads in Coulomb blockade

We study the thermopower of a multilevel quantum dot which is coupled with the two leads. From our theoretic results, the thermopower of a multilevel quantum dot shows an oscillatory dependence on the gate voltage, which has been found in a lot of experiment data. The Fano effect of the electronic transport through the multilevel quantum dot is also shown as an obvious asymmetric line shape of the thermopower which come from the interference between the resonant and nonresonant multilevel paths of the conductive electrons. In addition, at the higher temperature, to thermopower, not conductance, it is the multilevel that is much easier to do contribution to the Fano effect.     

D相AlCuCo准晶各向异性热电势的测量

采用激光交流加热的方法测量了D相AlCuCo准晶周期与准周期两个方向的热电势,温度测量区间为300—1200 K.通过测量发现沿周期方向的热电势符号为负,沿准周期方向的热电势符号为正;沿周期方向在1123 K（850 ℃）热电势有一个跳变;在高温区,热电势并不是单调变化的;实验所用方法能比较灵敏地测量材料相变时的温度点. 关键词： AlCuCo准晶 高温 热电势 交流测量法     

Temperature dependence of transport coefficients in liquid and amorphous metals

We apply the muffin-tin effective medium approximation to calculate the temperature dependence of the resistivity and thermopower of amorphous and liquid metals. The results show unambiguously that a large resistivity is accompanied by a negative temperature coefficient, in agreement with the experimental situation. This behavior is shown to result from a pseudo-gap which opens in the one-particle spectrum due to strong scattering at the quasi zone boundary and which tends to close under an increase in temperature. In turn the thermopower is found to have non-trivial density and temperature dependences.     

Calculating thermopower due to fluctuation-assisted tunnelling with application to carbon nanotube ropes

We show how Sheng's theory of fluctuation-assisted tunnelling can be used to calculate thermopower due to the presence of quantum mechanical tunnelling barriers. For a hole-like situation, this calculated thermopower behaviour increases approximately linearly with increasing temperature (commencing from zero in the zero temperature limit) until a knee is reached, after which the thermopower continues to increase linearly but with a reduced slope. In Sheng's theory, the amplitude for the barrier fluctuations increases with increasing temperature and the knee occurs when the thermal fluctuations become comparable to the magnitude of the tunnelling barriers. Interestingly, this thermopower behaviour compares quite favourably with that measured for systems of metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNs) and, in particular, the knee seen in the temperature dependence of the carbon nanotube thermopower data at T∼100 K arises naturally in our calculation. For a system of carbon nanotubes, tunnelling barriers could occur either between individual carbon nanotubes or else due to defects within the carbon nanotubes.     

Thermopower of iron-boron metallic glasses

The thermopower of Fe-B metallic glasses has been measured from 300 K to 800 K. The thermopower is negative over the entire temperature range and the temperature dependence varies for various boron concentrations. The effects of crystallization processes and of possible spin dependent scattering process on the temperature dependence of the thermopower are discussed.The author expresses her thanks to P. Duhaj for the preparation of the samples and to P. Mrafko for the computer data processing.     

The 38 K transition in TTF-TCNQ viewed as a percolation phenomenon

The d.c. conductivity, static dielectric constant and thermopower of TTF-TCNQ have been calculated for temperatures below 54 K within a self-consistent effective medium approximation. TTF-TCNQ is assumed to consist of small regions which are semiconducting and others which are highly conducting. The conducting regions have a large negative dielectric constant, a large d.c. conductivity and a negative thermopower; the semiconducting portions have a large positive dielectric constant, an activated d.c. conductivity and a large positive thermopower. The volume fraction of conductor increases from zero at T = 0 to unity at 54 K. The model is the first to reproduce the observed metal-insulator transition (e.g. the d.c. conductivity anomaly) near 38 K. The dielectric constant is calculated to rise initially with temperature and then become negative as the temperature increases above 38 K. The thermopower changes sign below 54 K and increases very rapidly at 38 K.     

Thermopower of Bio-SiC and SiC/Si ecoceramics prepared from sapele tree wood

The thermopower coefficients of bio-SiC and SiC/Si ecoceramics prepared from sapele tree wood have been measured in the temperature interval 5–300 K. The measurements have been performed both along and perpendicular to empty (bio-SiC), as well as empty and partially silicon-filled (SiC/Si) channels in the samples. In bio-SiC, a contribution to thermopower associated with electron drag by phonons has been shown to exist within the temperature interval 5–200 (250) K. No such effect is realized in SiC/Si. This is assumed to derive from the presence in this material of heavily doped silicon embedded in SiC channels and the dominant part it plays in the behavior of the thermopower of this ceramics. The results obtained for the thermopower are compared with the available data for bio-SiC prepared from white eucalyptus tree wood and heavily doped bismuth.     

量子点接触中的电导与热功率：磁场与温度的影响

在有限温度和不同磁场下，精确计算了各种鞍形量子点接触中的量子化电导和热功率.量子点接触的形状影响体系的量子化特征.随磁场的增加，量子化电导的台阶加宽，热功率共振峰之间的距离加长，共振峰的数量减少.当温度升高时，电导的量子化被破坏，热功率的峰状结构也逐渐消失. 关键词： 量子点接触 量子化电导 热功率 磁场     

Thermopower of biomorphic silicon carbide

The thermopower coefficients of cubic bio-SiC, a high-porosity semiconductor with cellular pores prepared from the biocarbon template of white eucalyptus wood, and single-crystal β-SiC taken as a reference are measured in the temperature range 5–280 K. It is revealed that, in the low-temperature range, the samples are characterized by a thermopower contribution associated with the electron drag by phonons. The thermopower of the bio-SiC samples is measured both along and across the empty pore channels and is found to be anisotropic. Two models are proposed to account for the anisotropy of the thermopower in cubic bio-SiC.     

新型超导体MgB_2的热电势和电阻率研究

测量了MgB-2的热电势和电阻率与温度的依赖关系.在100K—300K区间,热电势呈近似线性温度依赖关系,其斜率为正,表明载流子为空穴型且与能带贡献的图像相一致.与此对应,在此温区电阻率呈T2依赖关系.在100K以下,热电势和电阻率各自转变了其高温区的温度依赖关系.热电势在超导转变温度Te(零电阻36.6K)到100K间有一宽峰,具有声子曳引峰的特征,表明电子-声子相互作用很强.估算了一些重要的参数,如带米能EF、能带宽度等.     

Thermopower of composites containing metallic cobalt nanoparticles embedded in the Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis></Subscript> dielectric matrix

The concentration and temperature dependences of the thermopower of composites containing Co nanoparticles embedded in the Al₂O _n dielectric matrix are investigated. Below the percolation threshold, i.e., in the tunneling conduction region, the absolute values of the thermopower of the composites under investigation are less than those above the percolation threshold. It is revealed that, in the tunneling conduction region, the slope of the temperature dependences of the thermopower changes at a temperature of ～205 K. This can indicate that the thermopower is sensitive to a change in the mechanism of conduction from the Mott law ln(σ) ∝ (1/T)^1/4 to a power relation that corresponds to the model of inelastic resonant tunneling through a chain of localized states in the dielectric matrix. The introduction of oxygen in the course of sputtering brings about a decrease in the absolute values of the thermopower; however, the character of variation in the concentration and temperature dependences of the thermopower remains unchanged.     

Thermal transport in CuCl2 intercalated pitch-derived carbon fibers

The effect of intercalation with CuCl₂ on the temperature variation of the thermal conductivity, thermopower and electrical resistivity of pitch-derived carbon fibers in the temperature range 2<T<300 K is studied. At high temperature, the lattice thermal conductivity is smaller than that of the pristine fibers while at low temperature an enhancement of both the lattice and the electronic thermal conductivities is observed. The thermopower is positive and exhibits a temperature dependence very similar to that generally reported in acceptor-type graphite intercalation compounds.     

超巨磁电阻材料Pr2/3Sr1/3MnO3薄膜输运性质的研究

对1/f噪声缺口的超巨磁电阻Pr_2/3Sr_1/3MnO₃薄膜样品从10K到室温的热电势值进行了测量，热电势为负值，低温下随温度线性变化，表现为金属扩散热电势，在150K开始急剧减小，过渡到与温度T成反比的变化关系，与小极化子模型相符.结合在电阻极大温度附近对电阻和1/f噪声行为的讨论，对于发生在电阻极大温度附近的相变过程，结果支持源于相分离的渝渗模型. 关键词： 稀土锰氧化物 热电势 渝渗模型     

Measurements of anisotropic thermopower of magnetically aligned YBa2Cu3O7−δ ceramics: evidence of successful texturing techniques

Aligned YBa₂Cu₃O_7−δ ceramics have been obtained using a field of 1 T without being embedded in epoxy. Thermopower, XRD, and SEM are used to characterize the aligned ceramics. For the sample with δ=0.05, the thermopower exhibits a strong anisotropy. The ab-plane thermopower behaves distinctly from that along the c-axis. The ab-plane thermopower shows remarkable similarities to that along the b-axis in an untwinned single crystal. The magnitude and temperature dependence of the c-axis thermopower are almost identical to those of a twinned single crystal. For samples with larger oxygen deficiency, the anisotropy remains. These measurements indicate that these ceramics are well aligned along their crystallographic directions. This also makes available the anisotropic thermopower measurements of ceramic samples by aligning polycrystallites using magnetic forces.     

Thermopower of interacting GaAs bilayer hole systems in the reentrant insulating phase near nu=1

We report thermopower measurements of interacting GaAs bilayer hole systems. When the carrier densities in the two layers are equal, these systems exhibit a reentrant insulating phase near the quantum Hall state at total filling factor nu=1. Our data show that, as the temperature is decreased, the thermopower diverges in the insulating phase. This behavior indicates the opening of an energy gap at low temperature, consistent with the formation of a pinned Wigner solid. We extract an energy gap and a Wigner solid melting phase diagram.     

Thermoelectric power of mixed electronic-ionic conductors I. Basic equations

The present work considers thermopower of oxide materials within n-p transition regime. Specifically, basic equations describing the effect of thermocell reactions on both ionic and electronic component of thermoelectric power are derived. The proposed formalism considers the impact of gas/solid reactions on the relationship between thermopower and electrochemical potential within a system involving a metal oxide of nonstoichiometric composition and a metal (such as Pt) that is applied as a measuring electrode. The derived theoretical model allows the determination of the thermopower components corresponding to different charge carriers, including ions, electrons and electron holes, for metal oxides. The proposed model may be used for derivation of defect chemistry models based on thermopower data that are free of the ionic component.     

新型超导体MgB2的热电势和电阻率研究

测量了MgB₂的热电势和电阻率与温度的依赖关系.在100K—300K区间,热电势呈近似线性温度依赖关系,其斜率为正,表明载流子为空穴型且与能带贡献的图像相一致.与此对应,在此温区电阻率呈T²依赖关系.在100K以下,热电势和电阻率各自转变了其高温区的温度依赖关系.热电势在超导转变温度T_c(零电阻366K)到100K间有一宽峰,具有声子曳引峰的特征,表明电子-声子相互作用很强.估算了一些重要的参数,如带米能E_F、能带宽度 关键词： 新型超导体 热电势 电阻率     

液态InSb电阻率和热电势与温度的关系

利用直流四电极法和微差法分别测量了液态InSb的电阻率和热电势与温度的关系,得到了高精度的数据.发现液态InSb的电阻率温度系数在熔点附近随温度升高而增大;在高于617℃的高温区,该液体的电阻率与温度呈较好的线性关系.热电势温度系数在617℃左右也同样存在较明显的变化.结合其他物理性质随温度的变化规律及接近熔点温度的结构特点,可以认为液态InSb在熔点以上存在结构变化. 关键词： 电阻率 热电势 液态InSb 结构转变