大孔载体对米曲霉氨基酰化酶的固定化研究

用合成的大孔丙烯酸甲酯-—二乙烯苯交联共聚物(聚丙烯酸甲酯)、丙烯酰胺-N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺交联共聚物(聚丙烯酰胺)及它们的功能基化产物作为固定化氨基酰化酶的载体。考察了载体性质对固定化氨基酰化酶效果的影响。比较了底物浓度、pH、磷酸缓冲液浓度、温度对氨基酰化酶溶液酶及固定化酶的影响。利用其中一种载体制成固定化酶柱,对DL-蛋氨酸进行了连续拆分,考察固定化酶的操作稳定性。     

中空纤维膜固定化甲酸脱氢酶催化CO_2合成甲酸

以紫外光表面接枝改性的聚乙烯(PE)中空纤维膜为载体,采用共价结合的方式固定化甲酸脱氢酶(FDH),考察了CO2通入方式、溶液pH值、缓冲液种类和还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NADH)的浓度对酶催化CO2合成甲酸反应的影响.结果表明,与加压法相比,CO2鼓泡法更有利于甲酸的生成;磷酸盐缓冲液优于Tris-HCl和盐酸三乙醇胺缓冲液;体系pH值对反应的影响较大,固定化FDH的最佳pH值仍为6.0,但pH耐受性增强;随着辅酶NADH浓度的增加,反应初速度加快,收率下降;游离酶和固定化酶的最大酶活分别为0.246和0.138mmol/(L.h);固定化FDH在4℃贮存两周后活性仅下降4%,而游离酶活性下降50%.FDH催化膜重复利用10次后,活性没有明显降低.     

固定化人工膜动态固载胰蛋白酶的条件优化

以固定化人工膜为载体研究胰蛋白酶的动态固定化,考察缓冲液种类(硼酸盐、磷酸盐和Tris-HCl)、浓度、pH对胰蛋白酶固载率和酶活性的影响.结果显示,pH=8.0的10mmol/L Tris-HCl缓冲液是胰蛋白酶的优化固载条件.在此条件下,初步研究了动态固定化胰蛋白酶酶解器,发现其具有较高酶活性,且胰蛋白酶抑制剂能对其活性进行特异性抑制.     

固定化葡萄糖氧化酶的制备及稳定性研究

选用自制的磁性纳米四氧化三铁为酶固定化的载体,通过交联法来固定葡萄糖氧化酶。通过对酶固定化过程中一系列因素的研究,确定出酶固定化的最佳工艺为:交联剂戊二醛与浓度为0.7 mg/mL酶液的体积比为1:4,固定化时间为0.5 h,固定化温度为室温(≤20 ℃),固定化所用缓冲液pH=7。采用比色法测定其酶活力。结果表明葡萄糖氧化酶经过固定化后,其酶活力较游离酶显著增加。固定化酶的热稳定性、酸碱稳定性、存储稳定性都有很大的提高。     

青霉素酰化酶在甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯共聚物上的固定化

 用共价键合法将青霉素酰化酶固定化在珠状多孔的甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯（GM）共聚物上，研究了固定化反应时间、温度、pH值和酶液用量对固定化青霉素酰化酶的表观活性、表观偶联效率、活性回收及稳定性的影响．将GM共聚物载体加入到磷酸缓冲液（0．1mol／L，pH10．8）与青霉素酰化酶液（每克干载体用酶液1ml）的混合溶液中，在30℃下反应72h，单位质量（干重）固定化酶的表观活性为348U／g，表观偶联效率为66．7％，活性回收为31．7％．     

大孔阴离子树脂DEAE-E/H固定化氨基酰化酶的研究

以弱碱性大孔阴离子树脂DEAE-E/H为载体固定化氨基酰化酶.通过对影响固定化结果的几个因素,如树脂的离子类型、pH值、温度,以及自由酶液浓度等进行系统研究,得到了适宜的固定化条件:将DEAE-E/H转化为Ac-型;自由酶液浓度120U/ml,pH值6.5;固定化温度为常温.在此条件下制备的固定化氨基酰化酶比酶活可达1200U/g～1500U/g,酶活保留率超过60%.DEAE-E/H作为固定化载体,具有价格低廉,物理性能好,固定化方法简便等特点,具有很好的工业应用前景.     

巨大芽胞杆菌环氧水解酶的固定化及其催化性能

考察了多种载体对巨大芽孢杆菌ECU1001环氧水解酶的固定化.以大孔DEAE-纤维素离子交换树脂为载体时,固定化酶的活力回收达70%.进一步考察了温度和pH对固定化酶活力的影响,并使用该固定化酶进行了缩水甘油苯基醚对映选择性水解批次反应.结果表明,在较低的底物浓度下该固定化酶的稳定性较好,10批反应后仍然剩余72.4%的活力.     

四种蛋白水解酶在不同分子筛上的吸附固定

系统研究了α-胰凝乳蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、枯草杆菌蛋白酶和嗜热杆菌蛋白酶4种蛋白水解酶在一系列分子筛上的吸附固定. 所用分子筛载体包括微孔分子筛: HY、NaY、NH4Y、MCM-22、Hβ沸石, 改性Y沸石: HDAY、HNH4DAY以及介孔分子筛MCM-41. 结果表明, 不仅分子筛的结构与酶的性质对酶的固定化量与固定化酶的活性有重要影响, 而且吸附固定化条件如缓冲液的pH值和酶的浓度等对酶的吸附固定化也有显著影响. 在多数情况下, pH值为6时蛋白水解酶在分子筛上的吸附固定化的量较高, 随着pH值进一步升高吸附量降低. 探讨了蛋白水解酶与不同分子筛之间的相互作用, 例如α-胰凝乳蛋白酶在Hβ沸石上吸附固定化量最高, 而固定在MCM-22上的α-胰凝乳蛋白酶的活性最高, 这显然与其吸附状态有关.     

固定化醇脱氢酶的制备及性质

以壳聚糖为载体,通过交联结合使醇脱氢酶(ADH)得以固定化。固定化的最适条件为:交联剂戊二醛浓度0.6%,pH值6.8,酶的偶联时间2.5h。对游离酶和固定化酶的动力学性质研究表明,酶促反应的最适pH分别为8.2和8.4,最适温度为34℃和35℃。酶的米氏常数为13mmol·L-1和48mmol·L-1。与游离酶相比,固定化酶在复用性上具有优势。应用固定化酶测定了试样中铬含量。     

固定化脲酶的制备及应用

以壳聚糖作为载体,戊二醛作为交联剂对脲酶进行固定化。固定化的最适条件为:酶的偶联时间60min,戊二醛浓度0.5%,pH值7.0。对游离及固定化脲酶的酶学性质研究表明,酶促反应的最适pH均为7.0,最适温度分别为33℃和70℃。米氏常数分别为29.8mmol/L和13.9mmol/L。与游离酶相比,固定化酶的热稳定性和贮存稳定性更佳。应用固定化酶测定了试样中的微量组分。     

Selection of stabilizing additive for lipase immobilization on controlled pore silica by factorial design

Candida rugosa lipase was covalently immobilized on silanized controlled poresilica (CPS) previously activated with glutaraldehyde in the presence of several additives to improve the performance of the immobilized from in long-term operation. Proteins (albumin and lecithin) and organic molecules (β-cyclodextrin and polyethylene glycol [PEG]-1500) were added during the immobilization procedure, and their effects are reported and compared to the behavior of the immobilized biocatalyst in the absence (lacking) of additive. The selection of the most efficient additive at different lipase loadings (150–450 U/g of dry support) was performed by experimental design. Two 2²full factorial designs with two repetitions at the center point were employed to evaluate the immobilization yield. A better, stabilizing effect was found when small amounts of albumin or PEG-1500, were added simul-taneou sly to the lipase on to the support. The catalytic activity had a maximum (193 U/mg) for lipase loading of 150 U/g of dry support using PEG-1500 as the stabilizing additive. This immobilized system was used to perform esterification reactions under repeated batch cycles (for the synthesis of butyl butyrate as a model). The half-life of the lipase immobilized on CPS in the presence of PEG-150 was found to increase fivefold compared with the control (immobilized lipase on CPS without additive).     

Immobilization and Properties of Lipase from Candida rugosa on Electrospun Nanofibrous Membranes with Biomimetic Phospholipid Moities

Reported here is a protocol to fabricate a biocatalyst with high enzyme loading and activity retention, from the conjugation of electrospun nanofibrous membrane having biomimetic phospholipid moiety and lipase. To improve the catalytic efficiency and activity of the immobilized enzyme, poly（acrylonitrile-co-2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine）s（PANCMPCs） were, respectively, electrospun into nanofibrous membranes with a mean diameter of 90 nm, as a support for enzyme immobilization. Lipase from Candida rugosa was immobilized on these nanofibrous membranes by adsorption. Properties of immobilized lipase on PANCMPC nanofibrous membranes were compared with those of the lipase immobilized on the polyacrylonitrile（PAN） nanofibrous and sheet membranes, respectively. Effective enzyme loading on the nanofibrous membranes was achieved up to 22.0 mg/g, which was over 10 times that on the sheet membrane. The activity retention of immobilized lipase increased from 56.4% to 76.8% with an increase in phospholipid moiety from 0 to 9.6%（molar fraction） in the nanofibrous membrane. Kinetic parameter Km was also determined for free and immobilized lipase. The Km value of the immobilized lipase on the nanofibrous membrane was obviously lower than that on the sheet membrane. The optimum pH was 7.7 for free lipase, but shifted to 8.3-8.5 for immobilized lipases. The optimum temperature was determined to be 35 ℃ for the free enzyme, but 42-44℃ for the immobilized ones, respectively. In addition, the thermal stability, reusability, and storage stability of the immobilized lipase were obviously improved compared to the free one.     

铁氨基黏土纳米结构脂肪酶的构筑 及催化特性

以铁氨基黏土(Fe-aminoclay)为载体, 1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐(EDC)为共价交联剂, 构筑了铁氨基黏土纳米结构脂肪酶催化剂(Feclay-lipase). 利用X射线衍射(XRD)、 透射电子显微镜(TEM)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)等技术对Feclay-lipase进行了表征, 并通过酶动力学对比研究了游离脂肪酶和Feclay-lipase的酶学特性. 结果表明, Fe-aminoclay的载酶量为414.4 mg/g, 固定化效率可达82.88%, Feclay-lipase的酶活较游离酶提高了3倍, 最适反应温度提高了10 ℃, 最适反应 pH向碱性偏移, 储存稳定性更好, 在4 ℃下贮存30 d后其酶活无明显减弱.     

Enzyme Entrapped in Polymer‐Modified Nanopores: The Effects of Macromolecular Crowding and Surface Hydrophobicity

Macromolecular crowding is an ubiquitous phenomenon in living cells that significantly affects the function of enzymes in vivo. However, this effect has not been paid much attention in the research of the immobilization of enzymes onto mesoporous silica. Herein, we report the combined effects of macromolecular crowding and surface hydrophobicity on the performance of an immobilized enzyme by accommodating lipase molecules into a series of mesoporous silicas with different amounts of inert poly(methacrylate) (PMA) covalently anchored inside the nanopores. The incorporation of the PMA polymer into the nanopores of mesoporous silica enables the fabrication of a crowded and hydrophobic microenvironment for the immobilized enzyme and the variation in polymer content facilitates an adjustment of the degree of crowding and surface properties of this environment. Based on this system, the catalytic features of immobilized lipase were investigated as a function of polymer content in nanopores and the results indicated that the catalytic efficiency, thermostability, and reusability of immobilized lipase could all be improved by taking advantage of the macromolecular crowding effect and surface hydrophobicity. These findings provide insight into the possible functions of the macromolecular crowding effect, which should be considered and integrated into the fabrication of suitable mesoporous silicas to improve enzyme immobilization.     

Physical and Covalent Immobilization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lipase</Emphasis> onto Amine Groups Bearing Thiol-Ene Photocured Coatings

In this study, amine groups containing thiol-ene photocurable coating material for lipase immobilization were prepared. Lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) from Candida rugosa was immobilized onto the photocured coatings by physical adsorption and glutaraldehyde-activated covalent bonding methods, respectively. The catalytic efficiency of the immobilized and free enzymes was determined for the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl palmitate and also for the synthesis of p-nitrophenyl linoleate. The storage stability and the reusability of the immobilized enzyme and the effect of temperature and pH on the catalytic activities were also investigated. The optimum pH for free lipase and physically immobilized lipase was determined as 7.0, while it was found as 7.5 for the covalent immobilization. After immobilization, the optimum temperature increased from 37 °C (free lipase) to 50–55 °C. In the end of 15 repeated cycles, covalently bounded enzyme retained 60 and 70 % of its initial activities for hydrolytic and synthetic assays, respectively. While the physically bounded enzyme retained only 56 % of its hydrolytic activity and 67 % of its synthetic activity in the same cycle period. In the case of hydrolysis V _max values slightly decreased after immobilization. For synthetic assay, the V _max value for the covalently immobilized lipase was found as same as free lipase while it decreased dramatically for the physically immobilized lipase. Physically immobilized enzyme was found to be superior over covalent bonding in terms of enzyme loading capacity and optimum temperature and exhibited comparable re-use values and storage stability. Thus, a fast, easy, and less laborious method for lipase immobilization was developed.     

Preparation and characterization of lipase immobilized on reversibly soluble-insoluble N-(2-carboxylbenzoyl) chitosan

N-(2-carboxylbenzoyl) chitosan (CBC), a reversibly soluble-insoluble polymer with pH change, was prepared by modifying chitosan backbone with phthalic anhydride and employed as carrier for lipase immobilization. The obtained CBC exhibited reversible solubility in aqueous solution; it was soluble at pH above 3.8 and precipitated at pH below 3.4. The porcine pancreatic lipase was covalently immobilized on CBC with glutaraldehyde as the crosslinking agent. Under the optimal immobilization condition, the retention activity of the immobilized lipase was found to be 69.8 %. The maximum activity of lipase immobilized on CBC was observed at 40 °C, pH 8.0, while the free lipase presented maximum activity at 37 °C, pH 7.5. The lipase immobilized on CBC exhibited improved thermal and storage stabilities and retained 58.7 % of its initial activity after 9 times of repeated use.     

Covalent Immobilization of Lipase on Poly（ acrylonitrile-co-maleic acid） Ultrafiltration Hollow Fiber Membrane

IntroductionLipases are biotechnologically important enzymes,which are able to catalyze the hydrolysis/synthesis of awide range of soluble or insoluble carboxylic acid estersand amides.In this way,the enzymes have been wide-ly used biotechnologically in dairy industry,oil pro-cessing,the production of surfactants,and the prepara-tion of enantiomerically pure pharmaceuticals[1,2].However,like mostenzymes for industrial applica-tions,lipases are unstable and easy to lose their cata-lytic activit…     

Enzymatic ring-opening polymerization of 2,2-dimethyltrimethylene carbonate catalyzed by PPL immobilized on silica nanoparticles

Silica nanoparticles were first used as the carrier for the porcine pancreas lipase (PPL) immobilization. The result of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the immobilized lipase was still in nanosize after enzyme immobilization. The ring-opening polymerization of 2,2-dimethyltrimethylene carbonate (DTC) catalyzed by this immobilized PPL (IMPPL) was explored. ¹H NMR spectra suggested no evidence of decarboxylation during propagation. Influences of IMPPL concentration and reaction temperature on the molecular weight and yield of poly(DTC) were studied. The recovery and reuse of IMPPL for the ring-opening polymerization of DTC was also investigated. The recycling IMPPL showed even higher catalytic activity and a higher molecular weight of polycarbonate could be achieved.     

改性Ultrastable-Y分子筛固定化对非水相中脂肪酶拆分(R,S)-2-辛醇的影响

采用改性Ultrastable-Y分子筛固定Penicillium expansum PED-03 脂肪酶(PEL), 利用固定化PEL在非水相中对(R,S)-2-辛醇进行手性拆分, 考察了改性Ultrastable-Y分子筛固定化处理对PEL催化性能的影响. 结果表明, 与游离PEL及经其它载体固定化的PEL相比, 改性Ultrastable-Y分子筛固定的PEL所催化的拆分反应的转化率(c)和对映体过量值(ee)以及对映体选择性(E)均得到了较大提高. 经固定化处理后, PEL的最适反应温度明显升高, 适宜反应温度范围变宽, 其稳定性也得到了明显改善, 而适宜反应pH值则具有“记忆”性. 在间歇式反应器中利用Ultrastable-Y分子筛固定化PEL对(R,S)-2-辛醇进行手性拆分, 50 ℃反应24 h转化率(c)可达理论值的97.68%, 对映体过量值(ee)可达98.75%. 连续8批拆分反应的结果表明: 改性Ultrastable-Y分子筛固定化脂肪酶催化效率高、立体选择性强(平均E 值＞460), 且催化性能稳定, 显示了该固定化酶在(R,S)-2-辛醇的手性拆分方面具有良好的应用前景.     

Immobilized Lipase from Candida sp. 99–125 on Hydrophobic Silicate: Characterization and Applications

Lipase Candida sp. 99–125 has been proved to be quite effective in catalyzing organic synthesis reactions and is much cheaper than commercial lipases. Mesoporous silicates are attractive materials for the immobilization of enzymes due to their unique structures. The present research designed a hydrophobic silicate with uniform pore size suitable for the comfort of lipase Candida sp. 99–125 for improving its activity and stability. The resulting immobilized lipase (LP@PMO) by adsorption was employed to catalyze hydrolysis, esterification, and transesterification reactions, and the performances were compared with the lipase immobilized on hydrophilic silicate (LP@PMS) and native lipase. The LP@PMO showed as high activity as that of native lipase in hydrolysis and much increased catalytic activity and reusability in the reactions for biodiesel production. Besides, LP@PMO also possessed better organic stability. Such results demonstrate that immobilization of lipase onto hydrophobic supports is a promising strategy to fabricate highly active and stable biocatalysts for applications.