Electrochemical extraction of alkaloids of the tropane group from plant raw material

Summary 1. In a study of the carbohydrates ofEremurus regeli Vved., according to the period of development of the plant, it has been found that in the leaves the maximum amount of pectin substances is present in the period of the ripening of the seeds. In the tuber roots, water-soluble polysaccharides form the main component and they are present in maximum amount after the withering of the epigeal part.2. A preliminary investigation of the pectin substances from the leaves has shown that they belong to the heteropolysaccharides consisting of galacturonic acid and the neutral monosaccharides xylose, rhamnose, arabinose, and galactose.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 4, pp. 429–432, July–August, 1974.     

Electrochemical extraction of alkaloids of the tropane group from plant raw material

Summary 1. The possibility has been shown of studying the isolation of alkaloids from model systems with a quantitative yield of salt of up to 92%.2. The alkaloids of the tropane group have been isolated from acid extracts of belladonna by the electrochemical method. The conditions ensuring the maximum yield of alkaloids into the catholyte as a function of the time of electrodialvsis have been determined.Zaporozh'e State Medical Institute. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 4, pp. 497–500, July–August, 1976.     

The electrochemical extraction of alkaloids of the pyrrolizidine series from plant raw material. I

Summary 1. Alkaloids of the pyrrolizidine series (platyphylline and seneciphylline) have been isolated by an electrochemical method from the herbSenecio platyphylloides. The amount of alkaloids extracted into the catholyte depends on the current strength and the time of electrodialysis.2. It has been established that the N-oxide forms of the alkaloids are reduced during the dialysis process.Zaporozh'e Medical Institute. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 831–834, November–December, 1977.     

Crystal modification of calcium sulfate dihydrate in the presence of some surface-active agents

The effect of surface-active agents (surfactants), as additives, on the crystallization of gypsum was studied under conditions of the simulated dihydrate process of phosphoric acid production. Calcium hydrogen phosphate and sulfuric acid were mixed with dilute phosphoric acid at 80 degrees C, and the turbidity of the reaction mixture was measured at different time periods to determine the induction time of gypsum crystal formation. Two types of surfactants, namely, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a cationic surfactant and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as an anionic surfactant were added to investigate their effects on the crystallization of gypsum. Addition of CTAB decreased the induction time and increased the growth efficiency, while addition of SDS increased the induction time and decreased the growth efficiency compared with the baseline (without additives). The surface energy increased with CTAB and decreased with SDS compared with the baseline. The percentage of fine crystals decreased in the presence of CTAB and increased in the presence of SDS compared with the baseline. Gypsum morphology changed from needle-like in the absence of additives to tabular in the presence of CTAB.     

Preparation and characterization of fragrance by extracting the essential oils from different raw materials

The extraction is a simple process and it is widely used to extract the fragrances in fragrance industries from essential oils. There are number of compounds (i.e. flowers, oils, leaves etc.) from which we can prepare the fragrance by extracting the essential oils from them. In this work, we have prepared the fragrance from the essential oils by the liquid-liquid extraction process, where the essential oil presented as the concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds. We used the combination of Gas chromatography and Mass spectrometry (GC/MS) characterization techniques to make our product more useful, convenient and compitative with the other fragrance available in the market. This study would be helpful to understand the preparation of the fragrance from the concentrated hydrophobic liquid type essential oils which contains volatile aroma compounds by using a significant liquid-liquid extraction process.     

Study of the kinetics of the extraction of flavonoids from plant raw material I. Extraction of rutin fromSida hermaphrodita

The influence of the concentration of ethanol (50, 60, and 70%, of the degree of grinding of the plant raw material, and of the time of maceration, on the yield of rutin from the epigeal part ofVirginia sida, family Malvaceae has been studied. It has been established that the highest yield of rutin can be obtained from raw material ground to 2.5–3.0 mm with the use of 70% ethanol and a time of maceration of 12 h. In an investigation of the influence of the concentration of ethanol and the time of steeping on the yield of rutin from raw material ground to 2.5–2.0 mm, regression equations for 50, 60, and 70% ethanolic extractions have been derived.     

Enzyme-assisted extraction of arsenic species from plant material

Investigations regarding the transfer and metabolism of arsenic species in plants require mild extraction conditions to conserve the original composition of arsenic species. Beside the use of water or water/methanol for extraction of arsenic species from plant samples, enzymes can assist this procedure by digestion of cellulose and other constituents of cell walls, resulting in a faster, more efficient extraction technique which preserves the arsenic species. The investigations presented here were focused on the stability of certain arsenic species in enzymatic solutions, optimal conditions for their chromatographic separation and detection namely by means of ion chromatography–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and improvements with respect to extraction efficiency. With commercially available enzymes and enzyme mixtures, the digestion rate of soluble starch as model cellulose was determined using high-performance anion exchange chromatography–pulsed amperometric detection analysis of glucose as the major digestion product. The most effective digestion rate (80% within 4?h) was obtained with Viscozyme®. This enzyme mixture was applied to extracted arsenic species from algae and terrestrial plant materials. Qualitative and quantitative differences in the results between enzyme-assisted and water extractions were obtained and discussed. The results show that the application of enzymes in mild extraction protocols should be evaluated as an additional step for the identification of As-metabolics in organisms. Careful selection of suitable enzyme mixtures can overcome the disadvantage that extraction efficiency is very organism-specific.     

Study of the kinetics of the extraction of flavonoids from plant raw material I. Extraction of rutin fromSida hermaphrodita

The influence of the concentration of ethanol (50, 60, and 70%, of the degree of grinding of the plant raw material, and of the time of maceration, on the yield of rutin from the epigeal part ofVirginia sida, family Malvaceae has been studied. It has been established that the highest yield of rutin can be obtained from raw material ground to 2.5–3.0 mm with the use of 70% ethanol and a time of maceration of 12 h. In an investigation of the influence of the concentration of ethanol and the time of steeping on the yield of rutin from raw material ground to 2.5–2.0 mm, regression equations for 50, 60, and 70% ethanolic extractions have been derived.Pyatigorsk Pharmaceutical Institute. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 665–667, September–October, 1987.     

Chromato-spectrophotometric method of determining ecdysterone in plant raw material

Summary A chromato-spectrophotometric method is proposed for determining ecdysterone in the epigeal part of the roots ofRhaponticwn orientate andRh, integrifotium, the limit of detection of ecdysterone being 60 jig.Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 737–740, November-December, 1978. Original article submitted June 30, 1978.     

Isolation of essential oils from tobacco by gas co-distillation/solvent extraction

Summary The essential oils have been isolated from tobacco leaves using a simple gas co-distillation apparatus. The method involves co-distillation with water under the continuous stream of an inert gas with subsequent single solvent extraction of the distillate. The extract is analysed on GC and GC/MS in splitless injection mode without further concentration. The method was evaluated for reproducibility using n-octadecane as an internal standard. The distillation-extraction procedure was reporducible with an average deviation of ±3% for the major constituents. The present method was applied to the analyses of the essential oils of other agricultural products.Dedicated to Dr. L. S. Ettre on the occasion of his 60th birthday.     

Superheated water extraction of essential oils of Origanum micranthum

Superheated water extraction is used to extract essential oil of leaves of Origanum micranthum. The effect of different temperatures on the essential oil profile and rate of extraction as a function of time is investigated. The components of essential oil of Origanum micranthum are removed from the aqueous extract by C18 solid-phase extraction. The identification of components is carried out using comprehensive gas chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry. The number of extracted components is almost the same; however, the concentrations change with changing temperature. The highest yield (0.64%) is found at a temperature of 150 degrees C, 2 mL/min and 60 bar for 30 min. The increasing temperature from 100 degrees C to 175 degrees C increased the rate of extraction of six selected components of essential oil of Origanum micranthum. cis-Sabinenehydrate exhibits the fastest rate of extraction at all temperatures studied. Some degradation products are observed at a temperature of 175 degrees C.     

Production of levulinic acid from wood raw material in the presence of sulfuric acid and its salts

The catalytic activities of sulfuric acid and of cobalt(II), iron(III), and aluminum sulfates in the thermal splitting of the cellulose and wood of various species in the presence of superheated steam at 250–350°C under flow conditions and at 150–250°C under autoclave conditions have been studied. The yield of levulinic acid from cellulose reaches 35 wt-% and from wood 16.0–18.0 wt-%.Spruce, according to Table 3 and the experimental part-Translator.Institute of the Chemistry of Natural Organic Raw Material, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, fax (3912) 43 93 42. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 226–230, March–April, 1998.     

Polarographic determination of alkaloids of the pyrrolizidine series in plant raw material

A polarographic method has been developed for the determination of platiphylline, sarracine, and seneciphylline in the epigeal part of the groundselSenecio platyphylloides at a dropping mercury electrode in 0.5 M tetraethylammonium iodide solution.     

Polarographic determination of alkaloids of the pyrrolizidine series in plant raw material

A polarographic method has been developed for the determination of platiphylline, sarracine, and seneciphylline in the epigeal part of the groundselSenecio platyphylloides at a dropping mercury electrode in 0.5 M tetraethylammonium iodide solution.Zaporozh'e Medical Institute. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 674–676, September–October, 1979.     

Ionic hydrogenation in the presence of surface-active substances

Conclusions Surface-active substances can be efficient catalysts of the ionic hydrogenation reaction.Deceased.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimichekaya, No. 4, pp. 941–942, April, 1984.