乙苯光氧化产生二次有机气溶胶的化学成分及反应机理分析

在自制的烟雾腔内,研究羟基自由基(OH·)启动的乙苯的光氧化反应和一系列后续反应,产生了二次有机气溶胶. 采用空气动力学直径粒谱分析仪分析了气溶胶粒子的尺寸分布;并用自制的气溶胶飞行时间质谱仪快速、实时地测量了单个二次有机气溶胶粒子的分子组分. 初步探讨了这些组分的可能反应机理.     

Low‐Molecular Weight and Oligomeric Components in Secondary Organic Aerosol from the Photooxidation of p‐Xylene

A laboratory study was performed to investigate the composition of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) products from photooxidation of the aromatic hydrocarbon p‐xylene. The experiments were conducted by irradiating p‐xylene/CH₃ONO/NO/air mixtures in a home‐made smog chamber. The aerosol time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS) was used to measure the size and the chemical composition of individual secondary organic aerosol particles in real‐time. According to a large number of single aerosol diameters and mass spectra, the size distribution and chemical composition of SOA were determined statistically. Experimental results showed that aerosol created by p‐xylene photooxidation is predominantly in the form of fine particles, which have diameters less than 2.5 μm (i.e. PM2.5), and aromatic aldehyde, unsaturated dicarbonys, hydroxyl dicarbonys, and organic acid are major product components in the SOA after 2 hours photooxidation. After aging for more than 8 hours, about 10% of the particle mass consists of oligomers with a molecular mass up to 600 daltons. The possible reaction mechanisms leading to these products are also proposed.     

Mass Spectrometry Study of OH-initiated Photooxidation of Toluene

The composition of products formed from photooxidation of the aromatic hydrocarbon toluene was investigated. The OH-initiated photooxidation experiments were conducted by irradiating toluene/CH₃ONO/NO/air mixtures in a smog chamber, the gaseous products were detected under the supersonic beam conditions by utilizing vacuum ultraviolet pho-toionization mass spectrometer using synchrotron radiation in real-time. And an aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer was used to provide on-line measurements of the individ-ual secondary organic aerosol particle resulting from irradiating toluene. The experimen-tal results demonstrated that there were some differences between the gaseous products and that of particle-phase, the products of glyoxal, 2-hydroxyl-3-oxo-butanal, nitrotoluene, and methyl-nitrophenol only existed in the particle-phase. However, furane, methylglyoxal, 2-methylfurane, benzaldehyde, cresol, and benzoic acid were the predominant photooxidation products in both the gas phase and particle phase.     

Chemical Composition and Reaction Mechanisms for Aged p‐Xylene Secondary Organic Aerosol in the Presence of Ammonia

A laboratory study was carried out to investigate the chemical composition of aged aromatic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed from the photoxidation of p‐xylene in the presence of ammonia (NH₃). The experiments were conducted by irradiating p‐xylene/CH₃ONO/NH₃ air mixtures without and with NO in a home‐made smog chamber. The particulate products of aged p‐ xylene SOA in the presence of NH₃ were measured by UV–vis spectrophotometry, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy, and aerosol laser time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (ALTOFMS) coupled with the fuzzy C‐means (FCM) clustering algorithm. The experimental results show that NH₃ does not alter the gas–particle partitioning in the photoxidation of p‐xylene without NO and that 2,5‐dimethylphenol is the predominant NH₃‐aged p‐xylene SOA without NO. However, NH₃ has a significant promotional effect on the formation of organonitrogen compounds in the OH‐initiated oxidation of p‐xylene with NO. Organic ammonium salts such as ammonium glyoxylate and p‐methyl ammonium benzoate, which are formed from NH₃ reactions with gaseous organic acids, were detected as the major particulate organonitrogen products of NH₃‐aged p‐xylene SOA with NO. 1H‐Imidazole, 4‐methyl‐1H‐imidazole, and other imidazole products of the heterogeneous reactions between NH₃ and dialdehydes of p‐xylene SOA were newly measured. The possible reaction mechanisms leading to these organonitrogen products are also discussed and proposed. The formation of imidazole products suggests that some ambient particles containing organonitrogen compounds may be the result of this mechanism. The results of this study may provide valuable information for discussing anthropogenic SOA aging mechanisms.     

用于大气化学反应和二次有机气溶胶研究的实验室烟雾箱系统的搭建、测试与初步实验

为了从本质上认识和了解大气氧化反应进程以及二次有机气溶胶的形成机制,设计并搭建了一套实验室模拟烟雾箱系统．将质子转移反应质谱、同步辐射光电离质谱及气溶胶激光飞行时间质谱等特色质谱检测系统与烟雾箱结合,用于大气氧化反应气相和粒子相产物的定量与定性分析．通过一系列表征实验获得了该系统的基本参数,如烟雾箱内温度和光强特征,气体化合物和颗粒物的壁损耗速率,零空气的背景反应性及实验结果的可重复性．臭氧氧化α-蒎烯定量化实验和OH启动异戊二烯光氧化反应的定性检测结果进一步表明了该系统能够满足大气化学反应过程中气相和粒子相化学成分的定性分析及二次有机气溶胶的定量化研究的需要.     

苯乙烯-NOx光照的二次有机气溶胶生成

在烟雾箱内研究了温度为(301±2) K时苯乙烯-NO_x-air光照体系生成的二次有机气溶胶(SOA). 分别探讨了高相对湿度(RH＝72%)对SOA的化学组分、数浓度、产率等的影响. 通过长光程傅立叶红外(FTIR)得到苯乙烯-NO_x光照体系的气相产物主要有甲醛、苯甲醛、甲酸和CO等. 采用聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)膜对SOA进行富集, 用FTIR对其化学组分进行分析, 推得SOA的主要物种有过氧苯甲酸硝酸酯、苯甲酸羟基苯基甲酯和苯甲酸. 高相对湿度时气相产物中甲酸量显著提高, 同时SOA红外谱图中新增加了苯甲酸, 而酯中的羰基吸收峰却比低相对湿度时降低了, 从而证实了H₂O与Criegee双自由基反应生成苯甲酸的路径, 同时也间接地说明了Criegee双自由基与苯甲醛反应生成苯甲酸羟基苯基甲酯的存在. 高相对湿度时SOA的数浓度比低相对湿度时降低了约36%～44%, 但根据在膜上的SOA质量得到高相对湿度时SOA产率比低相对湿度时提高了约40%, 说明高相对湿度增大了SOA的粒子尺度.     

用于研究大气氧化过程和机制的双反应器烟雾箱的评估和应用

设计并搭建了一个新的双反应器烟雾箱, 用于研究可生成臭氧或二次有机气溶胶(SOAs)的大气氧化过程. 该烟雾箱包括一个绝热的箱体及其内部两个体积为5 m³的氟化乙丙烯(FEP)薄膜反应器, 箱内的温度可以精确控制在-10到40 ℃之间. 利用该烟雾箱研究了光源对丙烯气相氧化机理的影响, 发现相对于传统的黑光灯光源, 采用的多重光源所得到的结果可以与模型更好地匹配. 进行了丙烯和间二甲苯的光氧化的初步实验, 发现该烟雾箱可用于模拟可产生臭氧或SOAs的气相氧化过程, 并可以通过不同初始浓度的对比实验找寻不同物种对反应过程的影响. 间二甲苯在不同NO_x条件下光氧化得到的SOA产率与之前的研究比较符合, 这表明该烟雾箱可以实现气-粒转化过程的模拟. 双反应器可以实现在一个关键条件的存在区别, 而其他条件完全一致的情况下的对比实验, 从而帮助我们进一步理解在大气复合污染过程中起关键作用的因素.     

硫酸钙及硫酸铵气溶胶对二次有机气溶胶生成的影响

二次有机气溶胶(SOA)是大气光化学反应的产物, 也是城市和郊区大气中细粒子的主要成分. 本研究致力于考察高浓度无机气溶胶颗粒对SOA生成的影响. 实验系统采用2 m³的温控烟雾箱, 以干燥的CaSO₄和(NH₄)₂SO₄为无机种子气溶胶, 研究了间二甲苯/NO_x/空气体系光氧化生成SOA的过程. 实验结果显示间二甲苯和NO_x在紫外光照下会产生大量SOA, SOA产率可用单产物模型表征. CaSO₄气溶胶的存在对SOA产率曲线没有明显的影响, 而(NH₄)₂SO₄气溶胶的存在使气相半挥发性氧化产物的生成量增加36%, 显著地增加了SOA的产率. (NH₄)₂SO₄粒子在含水有机物作用下显现的弱酸性可能是导致这一影响的主要原因. 该实验结果有助于更详尽地阐明中国颗粒物污染严重城市SOA的生成机理, 从而为进一步修正空气质量模型提供依据.     

机动车尾气二次有机气溶胶生成研究

二次有机气溶胶(SOA)是大气细颗粒物(PM_2.5)的重要组分,对大气能见度、公众健康以及区域或全球气候变化具有重要影响。在城市地区,机动车尾气排放的气态前体物在大气中氧化产生高浓度SOA,是城市空气质量下降的重要因素。本文综述了近些年机动车尾气SOA生成的相关研究成果,重点关注关键前体物的识别与排放表征、SOA生成特征、演化过程与影响因素,对比了不同研究得到的机动车SOA生成因子的差异,并提出新测量技术、新反应机制和新参数化方案将是未来研究重点关注的方向。     

若干气溶胶单粒子化学成分的实时测量

利用激光解吸附电离飞行时间质谱技术获得了若干已知化学成分的气溶胶粒子的飞行时间质谱,分析标识了各类气溶胶粒子的特征离子谱峰,并对一些特征峰的形成机理进行了探讨。在此基础上,对烟花火药以及纸张燃烧产生的烟气气溶胶粒子进行了实时在线测量,通过对质谱图的分析,获得了有关此两类燃烧过程产生的烟气气溶胶单粒子的化学组成信息。     

气溶胶单粒子化学成分的实时测量

自行设计了国内第一台可实时测量气溶胶单粒子化学成分的气溶胶飞行时间质谱仪,并用该仪器对两类燃烧过程产生的气溶胶粒子进行了实时测量。实验结果展示了本仪器能够同时实现实时在线测量和单粒子检测,从而克服了传统的离线检测方法如色谱法、化学方法的局限性。     

二次有机气溶胶估算方法比较研究

为研究北京夏季二次有机气溶胶（SOA）浓度,比较多种SOA估算方法的不确定性和在我国的适用性,在CAREBEIJING 2008大型观测期间在城市点北大点和郊区点榆垡点采集大气颗粒物PM_2.5样品,利用多种方法对二次有机碳（SOC）的浓度进行了估算,估算方法包括二次有机示踪物产率法、非一次源OC法、非生物质燃烧水溶性有机碳法（WSOC）和元素碳示踪有机碳/元素碳比值法.估算结果表明,二次有机气溶胶已经成为北京颗粒有机物的重要组成部分,夏季SOC可以占总有机碳（OC）的50%甚至更高。通过模拟我国典型的生物质燃烧,实测建立适合我国的获得了非生物质燃烧WSOC方法中的重要参数,即获得方法中重要参数生物质燃烧排放颗粒物中WSOC/OC的比值,我国生物质燃烧颗粒物中该比值平均为0.48±0.04.多种方法结果均表明,SOA已经成为北京颗粒有机物的重要组成部分,所占比例可以达到50%甚至更高.利用化学质量守恒模型（CMB）和示踪物产率法对颗粒有机物来源进行闭合发现,依靠目前的示踪物技术北京大气颗粒有机物中仍然有20%～27%的来源不清楚.通过综合比较了多种SOC估算方法,确定了各方法在我国的适用性： 示踪物产率法、非一次源OC法和EC示踪OC/EC比值法可适用于我国大气中SOC的估算,但是非生物质燃烧WSOC方法仅适用于我国大气中水溶性SOC的估算,但是不同方法之间存在的系统误差.本研究还对这几种方法的不确定性做了初步的分析,为其他研究者选择估算方法提供参考和依据.示踪物产率法仅估算了几种特定VOCs前体物对SOC贡献,因此低估了总的SOC,但是这种方法是目前唯一一种可以估算特定VOCs前体物对SOC贡献的方法;同样地,非生物质燃烧WSOC法仅估算了水溶性的SOC,因此也低估了总的SOC;非一次源OC法高估了SOC,这主要是由于未能解析出的一次源OC造成的.而且这种高估在城市地区更为显著,主要是因为城市地区一次源相对比较复杂造成的;非生物质燃烧WSOC法低估了总的SOC,而且这种方法仅适用于我国水溶性SOC的估算;EC示踪OC/EC比值法的主要不确定性来自于一次源OC/EC比值的确定,由于这个比值造成的单点误差最高可高估54%或低估64%.     

二次有机气溶胶形成的化学过程

挥发性有机化合物的光氧化过程和光氧化产物的气态/粒子态均分过程是二次有机气溶胶形成的重要原因.二次有机气溶胶形成的化学机理主要涉及到挥发性有机化合物的光氧化过程及其一系列的后续反应,它们导致了对流层中臭氧浓度的增加和二次有机气溶胶的形成.本文将重点介绍二次有机气溶胶形成的重要化学过程和量子化学计算研究.     

适用于HCCI燃烧研究的甲苯参比燃料化学动力学简化模型

提出了一个适用于均质压燃着火(HCCI)燃烧过程的甲苯参比燃料简化机理模型, 包含70种组分和196个反应. 低温简化机理选用Tanaka等人构建的基础燃料氧化机理中的部分反应, 加入本文构建的甲苯简化子机理中. 高温简化机理主要利用到Patel等人的研究成果, 同时加入关键反应[H+O₂+M=O+OH+M]. 简化机理分别对替代混合物中的单组分、双组分、三组分物质进行了着火延迟期的预测计算, 预测结果与实验结果较为吻合. 与HCCI发动机实验的验证表明, 对于各工况下甲苯参比燃料的缸内计算, 该机理的预测能力是令人满意的. 由此可知, 本文提出的TRF简化机理在HCCI燃烧方面的预测性能是可靠的. HCCI发动机工况下最大放热率时刻的敏感性分析表明, 随着压力的升高, C₆H₅与O₂的反应变得更加重要; 甲醛是非常重要的中间产物, 是不应当被忽略的.     

挥发性和半挥发性有机物向二次有机气溶胶转化的机制*

从近20年二次有机气溶胶形成机制的研究成果可发现,挥发性和半挥发性有机物转化为二次有机气溶胶的主要物理化学过程可概述为光化学氧化机制、成核过程、凝结和气/粒分配机制以及非均相反应机制。本文系统总结了这些物理化学反应的发生过程及其影响因素,重点阐述了异戊二烯和甲苯同系物的光氧化机制,总结了二次有机气溶胶气/粒分配的两种理论--吸收机制和吸附机制,评述了发生在颗粒相上的非均相反应对二次有机气溶胶形成的重要作用。最后,对二次有机气溶胶形成机制研究的发展方向进行了展望。     

Laser Desorption Ionization of Melamine and Identification of Fragmentation Channels from Ion Velocity Distribution Measurements

Fragmentation frequently accompanies intact laser desorption ionization of a parent non-volatile compound, desorption and dissociation dynamics has been a subject of intense studies over the past decade. As a preliminary lest system for future laser desorption study of energetic compounds such as explosives and propellents, we studied UV laser desorption ionization of melamine at a laser power density of approximately 4.4 MW/cm². Several gas-phase dissociation channels of the parent and fragment ions formed in UV laser desorption ionization of melamine films can be identified from their velocity distributions. A phenomenological desorption temperature of the order of 20000 K is estimated from fitting the experimental velocity distributions to Maxwellian functions.     

Electron Transfer and Charge Transfer: Twin Themes in Unifying the Mechanisms of Organic and Organometallic Reactions

The broad varieties of organic and organometallic reactions merge into a common unifying mechanism by considering all nucleophiles and electrophiles as electron donors (D) and electron acceptors (A), respectively. Comparison of outer-sphere and inner-sphere electron transfers with the aid of Marcus theory provides the thermochemical basis for the generalized free energy relationship for electron transfer (FERET) in Equation (37) and its corollaries in Equations (43) and (44) that have wide predictive applicability to electrophilic aromatic substitutions, olefin additions, organometallic cleavages, etc. The FERET is based on the conversion of the weak nucleophile–electrophile interactions extant in the ubiquitous electron donor—acceptor (EDA) precursor complex [D, A] to the radical ion pair [D^⊕, A^?], for which the free energy change can be evaluated from the charge-transfer absorption spectra according to Mulliken theory. FERET analysis thus indicates that the charge-transfer ion pairs [D^⊕, A^?] are energetically equivalent to the transition states for nucleophile/electrophile transformations. The behavior of such ion pairs can be directly observed immediately following the irradiation of the charge-transfer bands of various EDA complexes with a 25-ps laser pulse. Such studies confirm the radical ion pair [Arene^⊕, NO₂] as a viable intermediate in electrophilic aromatic nitration, as presented in the electron-transfer mechanism between arenes and the nitryl cation (NO) electrophile.     

基于实验室模拟研究二次有机气溶胶生成及老化机制

由于二次有机气溶胶(SOA)对气候变化、区域污染和人体健康具有明显的影响,因此受到了广泛的关注.基于实验室的方法可以在稳定可控的条件下探讨SOA的生成机制,其中环境烟雾箱和气溶胶生成潜势反应器是最常用的两种模拟工具.本文综述了基于这两种模拟工具对SOA产率的影响因素、SOA生成机制和SOA老化过程中性质演变特征的研究.影响SOA产率的因素主要包括OH暴露量,NO_x水平(VOCs/NO_x),种子颗粒物的浓度及种子颗粒物的化学组成. SOA产率随着OH暴露量、VOCs/NO_x比值的增加均先增后减;种子颗粒物的存在会通过提高气态中间产物的凝结汇,从而促进物质从气相到颗粒相的转化;酸性种子颗粒物可以通过提高摄取系数并提供酸催化条件促进SOA的生成;种子颗粒物中的金属离子和矿物质也会通过催化作用或者影响氧化剂的产生等过程对SOA的生成和老化产生作用.本综述还总结了不同源排放气态前体物SOA的生成潜势以及生成SOA的特征.等效光氧化龄约为2～3 d时,汽油发动机排放生成SOA量达到最高值,增长倍数(SOA/POA, POA即为一次有...     

大气半/中等挥发性有机物的组成及其对有机气溶胶贡献

本文综述了大气半/中等挥发性有机物S/IVOCs的测量技术、来源、大气行为及对有机气溶胶生成的贡献。S/IVOCs测量技术的进步主要依托于质谱技术的发展,分为离线和在线测量质谱测量技术。离线测量物种鉴别能力好,但预处理复杂、时间分辨率低;在线测量技术可以获得高时间分辨率的组分及气粒分配信息,对揭示化学反应机理具有重要作用。S/IVOCs的来源包括一次和二次源。目前对一次源排放的研究主要针对机动车和生物质燃烧。研究结果表明,汽油车、柴油车和生物质燃烧排放S/IVOCs分别为POA的2.9~8.5倍、4.5~20.4倍和0.83~5.57倍。汽油车排放的S/IVOCs氧化可贡献总SOA的34%~76%,柴油车则高达90%,生物质燃烧占80%。基于外场观测数据的模型模拟表明S/IVOCs对实际大气中SOA的贡献可达40%~85%,是不可或缺的SOA前体物。未来研究中,开发新的测量技术、定量分析源排放和环境大气中S/IVOCs浓度及其对SOA贡献是研究的关键,将外场观测、实验室模拟与模型模拟相结合,能够为S/IVOCs生成SOA机制探讨提供思路。     

Stereochemistry of Reaction Paths as Determined from Crystal Structure Data—A Relationship between Structure and Energy

The three-dimensional structure of frequently occurring molecular fragments has been studied systematically. Molecular subunits which were examined include hydrogen bridges (O—H?O), triiodide anions (I^?₃), other linear triatomic fragments (Cl—Sb?Cl, S—S?S, Mo—O?Mo), tetrahedral ions (SO^2?₄, PO^3?₄, AlCl^?₄) and related species (MSO₃, etc.), molecules containing both keto- and amino-groups (mostly alkaloids), substituted [10]annulenes and cycloheptatrienes, organic five-membered rings, and five-coordinated metal and nonmetal atoms. The bond distances and angles describing the structure of a giving fragment cover a range that is many times larger than the range of the experimental standard deviations. The changes of the various structural parameters of a fragment are correlated with each other. The observed mutual dependence (structural correlation) may be described by means of Pauling's equation relating bond length r to bond number n:r = r₀ - clogn. The bond numbers n are expressed in terms of bond angles. The sum of bond numbers at a given atom is roughly constant and does not depend on the environment. “Standard bond lengths” of a fragment are determined by a least-squares procedure based on all available data. They are supplemented by curves that describe the observed distortions. The shape of these correlation curves is reminiscent of the structural changes occurring along the pathways of chemical reactions, e.g. nucleophilic substitution at tetrahedrally coordinated atoms (S_N1 and S_N2), nucleophilic addition to carbonyl groups, electrocyclic ring closure of polyenes, pseudo-rotation of five-membered rings or Berry pseudo-rotation. For many of these reactions approximate energy hypersurfaces have been obtained from quantum mechanical calculations, model force fields and from spectroscopic information (IR, NMR). Comparison between reaction pathways determined from structural correlations with those obtained from models of the energy surfaces shows fair agreement.