Measurement of flow and turbulence distribution of a free jet by laser photon correlation spectroscopy

The flow and turbulence profile of a free jet is reported by remote sensing techniques using laser Doppler effect and photon correlation spectroscopy.     

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利用朗缪尔探针和发射光谱两种诊断手段,测量了某固体工质等离子体发生器的喷流流场参数。结果表明,在输入功率为2kW时,发生器可持续稳定工作300s;发生器燃烧室内最高温度为800K。稳定工作时,发生器壳体结构正常,没有发现损毁现象;等离子体喷流的电子密度为1011～1012cm–3量级,电子温度为1.5～3.5eV。     

Development of a new atmospheric pressure cold plasma jet generator and application in sterilization

This paper reports that a new plasma generator at atmospheric pressure, which is composed of two homocentric cylindrical all-metal tubes, successfully generates a cold plasma jet. The inside tube electrode is connected to ground, the outside tube electrode is connected to a high-voltage power supply, and a dielectric layer is covered on the outside tube electrode. When the reactor is operated by low-frequency (6 kHz--20 kHz) AC supply in atmospheric pressure and argon is steadily fed as a discharge gas through inside tube electrode, a cold plasma jet is blown out into air and the plasma gas temperature is only 25--30℃. The electric character of the discharge is studied by using digital real-time oscilloscope (TDS 200-Series), and the discharge is capacitive. Preliminary results are presented on the decontamination of E.colis bacteria and Bacillus subtilis bacteria by this plasma jet, and an optical emission analysis of the plasma jet is presented in this paper. The ozone concentration generated by the plasma jet is 1.0×10¹⁶cm^-3 which is acquired by using the ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy.     

An atmospheric-pressure nitrogen-plasma jet produced from microdischarges in a porous dielectric

This report presents an atmospheric-pressure nitrogen-plasma jet generated from microdischarges in a porous dielectric. A plasma jet with a length of 42 mm was produced by feeding nitrogen gas through a porous alumina installed between an outer electrode and a hollow inner electrode and by applying 60 Hz sinusoidal voltage wave to the electrodes. Microdischarges in the porous alumina are ejected as a plasma jet from the outer electrode through a 1 mm hole by increasing the applied voltage, showing that the temperature of the jet decreases to a value close to room temperature. Even at a frequency as low as 60 Hz, the plasma that evolves from a large amount of microdischarge inside a porous dielectric can have characteristics that are similar to those generated at several hundreds of kilohertz. From the electrical measurements, it is expected that not only the steady generation but also the frequency of the pulses resulting from the microdischarges in the porous dielectric play an important role in obtaining a stable plasma jet. We also identified the various excited plasma species produced from the plasma jet by an optical emission spectroscopy.     

Optical study of a pulsed molecular beam

By using absorption spectra in a pulsed molecular beam, the rotational temperature and the flow density of the jet are deduced. By using this technique, a comparison between a pulsed and a continuous beam is also reported for NH₃, CF₂Cl₂, and C₂H₃Cl molecular beams. Moreover, the behaviour of the temperature and density inside the pulsed beam is analyzed as a function of time for pure Ammonia. From these measurements, we deduce that a small improvement is obtained for absorption spectroscopy in the jet by using a pulsed molecular beam.     

LIF diagnostics of hydroxyl radical in a methanol containing atmospheric-pressure plasma jet

In this paper, a pulsed-dc CH_3OH/Ar plasma jet generated at atmospheric pressure is studied by laser-induced fluorescence(LIF) and optical emission spectroscopy(OES). A gas–liquid bubbler system is proposed to introduce the methanol vapor into the argon gas, and the CH3OH/Ar volume ratio is kept constant at about 0.1%. Discharge occurs in a 6-mm needle-to-ring gap in an atmospheric-pressure CH_3OH/Ar mixture. The space-resolved distributions of OH LIF inside and outside the nozzle exhibit distinctly different behaviors. And, different production mechanisms of OH radicals in the needle-to-ring discharge gap and afterglow of plasma jet are discussed. Besides, the optical emission lines of carbonaceous species, such as CH, CN, and C_2 radicals, are identified in the CH_3OH/Ar plasma jet. Finally, the influences of operating parameters(applied voltage magnitude, pulse frequency, pulsewidth) on the OH radical density are also presented and analyzed.     

Atomic jet with ionization detection for laser spectroscopy of Rydberg atoms under collisions and fields

An efficient atomic jet setup offering many unprecedented advantages over a conventional heat pipe setup used in multi-photon spectroscopy, mainly of alkaline-earth metals, has been constructed by a scheme in which the sample material is encapsulated in a disposable cartridge oven located inside a thermally stabilised heat-pipe and is made to effuse in to a row of atomic beams merging to form a jet target. This novel scheme combines the advantages of both high density atomic beam with convenient geometry for orthogonal excitation and high sensitive ionisation detection capabilities of thermionic diodes, besides eliminating several problems inherent in the usual heat-pipe operation. Out of various designs, typical results are presented for a linear heat-pipe with vertical atomic jet used in two-photon spectroscopy of highly excited states of Sr I. Controlled excitations of both Rydberg and non-Rydberg states, which cannot otherwise be accessed from the ground state due to parity and spectroscopic selection rules, have been achieved by employing a weak electric field complimented by collisions. The atomic jet setup is also found very useful for the study of collisional broadening and shift of excited states and time evolution of Rydberg atoms. PACS 32.80.Rm     

Fabricating a reactive surface on the fibroin film by a room-temperature plasma jet array for biomolecule immobilization

A simple dielectric barrier discharge(DBD) jet array was designed with a liquid electrode and helium gas.The characteristics of the jet array discharge and the preliminary polymerization with acrylic acid(AA) monomer were presented.The plasma reactor can produce a cold jet array with a gas temperature lower than 315 K,using an applied discharge power between 6 W and 30 W(V dis × I dis).A silk fibroin film(SFF) was modified using the jet array and AA monomer,and the treated SFF samples were characterized by atomic force microscopy(AFM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),and contact angle(CA).The deposition rate of the poly acrylic acid(PAA) was able to reach 300 nm/min,and the surface roughness and energy increased with the AA flow rate.The FTIR results indicate that the modified SFF had more carboxyl groups(-COOH) than the original SFF.This latter characteristic allowed the modified SFF to immobilize more quantities of antimicrobial peptide(AP,LL-37) which inhibited the Escherichia coli(E.Coli) effectively.     

棒-环电极大气压等离子体射流的光谱特性

通过设计新型的交流电压激励的氩气等离子体射流,在棒电极的上游与下游区域均产生了大气压非平衡态等离子体羽。该射流与平行场射流和交叉场射流不同,它的电场与气流方向的夹角可以在一定范围内变化。结果表明,随着外加电压或夹角的增加,上游羽的长度增加而下游羽的长度减小。利用光学和电学的方法,研究发现随着外加电压的增加,上下游放电脉冲的个数均增加。利用放电的光学发射谱,发现上游羽有Ar和OH的谱线,而下游羽除了Ar和OH的谱线外,还可以观察到N₂的谱线。并且下游羽的谱线强度比上游羽的略高。基于碰撞辐射模型,通过谱线强度比的方法研究了上下游羽的电子密度和电子激发温度。结果表明上下游羽的电子密度随着外加电压的增加而增加。上下游羽的电子激发温度也随着外加电压的增加而增加。并且,在同一外加电压时下游羽的电子密度和电子激发温度均比上游羽的高。此外,利用OH发射光谱研究了上下游羽的气体温度,发现下游羽的气体温度也比上游羽的略高。     

Laser spectroscopy with a pulsed, narrowband infrared optical parametric oscillator system: a practical, modular approach

-1 in a single scan. The potential of the OPO system for linear and nonlinear-optical spectroscopy is demonstrated by recording high-resolution photoacoustic absorption and coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectra of methane, as a gas and in a pulsed supersonic free jet. This narrowband tunable infrared source is shown to scan reliably with an optical bandwidth as small as 0.007 cm^-1 (210 MHz) full width half maximum (fwhm), close to the fourier-transform limit. Received: 5 February 1998/Revised version: 6 March 1998     

大气压氩气射流等离子体的光谱特性研究

等离子体喷枪是一种重要的等离子体源,已成为近几年低温等离子体研究的一个重要课题。本文利用钨针-钨丝网电极制作了直流喷枪装置,在大气压空气中产生了稳定的等离子体羽,并采用发射光谱的方法,对等离子体羽的等离子体参数进行了研究。在钨针电极与钨丝网电极之间放出耀眼的白光,钨丝网电极出口的气流下游有火苗形状的等离子体羽喷出。在电压保持不变的条件下(13.5 kV),等离子体羽长度随气体流量增加而增大;在气体流量保持不变的条件下(10 L·min-1),羽长度随外加电压的增大而增大。在气体流量一定的条件下,放电电压和放电电流呈反比例关系,即电压随着电流的增大而减小,说明放电属于辉光放电。采集了该喷枪在300～800 nm范围内的放电发射光谱,通过玻尔兹曼方法对放电等离子体电子激发温度进行了测量。结果表明,电子的激发温度随外加电压的增大而降低,随着工作气体流量的减小而升高。利用放电的基本理论对上述现象做了解释。这些研究结果对大气压均匀放电等离子体源的研制和工业应用具有重要意义。     

Chemical analysis of products obtained by nanosecond laser ablation

The chemical analysis of a laser jet was performed with a combination of laser back mass transfer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was revealed that, as compared to the source material, films deposited from the jet under laser mass transfer in air show increased oxidizability and changed chemical composition.     

Formation of sub-micron size carbon structures by plasma jets emitted from a pulsed capillary discharge

We have performed an experimental investigation of the potential use of intense plasma jets produced in a repetitive pulsed capillary discharge (PCD) operating in methane gas, to irradiate Si (1 0 0) substrates. The surface modifications induced by the plasma jet using two different material inserts at the capillary end, graphite and titanium, are characterized using standard surface science diagnostic tools, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and Raman spectroscopy (RS). It has been found that the application of methane plasma jet results in the formation of sub-micron size carbon structures. It is observed that the resulting plasma irradiated surface morphologies are different, depending on the different material inserts used at the capillary end, at otherwise identical operational conditions. To investigate the species responsible for the observed surface changes in different material inserts to the capillary, optical-emission spectroscopy (OES) was recorded using a 300-1000 nm spectrometer. The OES results show the presence of H, CH and C₂ Swan band in the discharge plasma, which play a significant role in the formation of the carbon structures.     

Millimeter-Wave Spectroscopy of Kr-CO and Xe-CO Using a Coaxial Jet Spectrometer

A new pulsed supersonic jet millimeter-wave spectrometer with coaxial propagation of the molecular jet and millimeter-waves has been constructed. The coaxial configuration provides greater sensitivity which has been demonstrated by observing b-type transitions of five isotopomers of Kr-(12)C(16)O and seven isotopomers of Xe-(12)C(16)O. These results were analyzed together with a-type transitions obtained by FTMW spectroscopy to determine improved rotational parameters for each isotopomer. The ground vibrational state K = 1 <-- 0 intervals have thus been precisely determined for Kr-CO and Xe-CO. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.     

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采用浓度调制光谱技术研究了连续交流放电产生的氮等离子体喷束。当放电峰峰电压VPP大于9.6kV时,氮离子以脉冲形式产生,每个放电电压周期产生一次。此时监测到交流放电电流上有一反向电流尖峰,该电流尖峰是等离子体喷束中氮离子惯性运动形成的,其强度与浓度调制光谱的强度成正比。根据浓度调制光谱的1f/2f检测结果,提出了一个理论模型,解释了上述现象。     

大气压直流氩等离子体射流工作特性研究

介绍了一种新型大气压直流双阳极等离子喷枪,并对其电特性参数和发射光谱进行了测量.通过对氩等离子体射流的电信号进行时域和频域分析,研究了载气流量和弧电流的变化对射流脉动的影响,结果表明氩等离子体电弧的伏安特性呈上升趋势,射流脉动属于接管模式,电源特性中的交流分量引起的电压波动是影响氩等离子体射流脉动的主要因素. 通过光谱法测量了氩等离子体射流在弧室内和弧室出口的发射光谱,利用玻尔兹曼曲线斜率法计算了射流的激发温度,根据Ar I谱线的斯塔克展宽得到了射流的电子密度,并对等离子体射流满足局域热力学平衡(LTE) 关键词： 等离子喷枪 射流脉动 激发温度 局域热力学平衡     

Flow visualization of a compound swirl jet with a thick rim

The conventional push-pull type ventilating system has two different functions: collection and ventilation. The entrainment flow of the jet is available for collecting suspended materials such as smoke, vapor and dust. In order to achieve more effective cleaning of dirty air, a compound swirl jet, which is composed of a coaxial annular swirl jet and a round free jet with a thick rim was proposed by the authors. A compound swirl flow has been shown to be very useful for the push-pull type ventilator by selecting the flow ratio of the annular swirl jet to the round free jet. As a fundamental study on the compound swirl flow, flow visualization was carried out using the smoke method to clarify the structure of the flow interaction between the round free jet and the annular swirl jet, respectively. As a result, a most suitable flow ratio for a push flow of the push-pull type ventilator was found to exist.     

三维荧光偏导数光谱结合平行因子算法对石油类混合油液的检测

石油类混合油液的组分检测是三维荧光光谱领域重要的研究内容,由于实际获得的混合油液三维荧光光谱数据存在不同组分光谱重叠严重、数据三线性较差等问题,通过平行因子算法解析时,会出现解析谱与标准谱差异过大或者不能正确判断油种的情况。在验证三维荧光偏导数光谱应用平行因子算法具有可行性的基础上,将三维荧光偏导数光谱与平行因子算法结合,能够提高平行因子算法得到的混合油解析谱与标准谱的拟合程度,实现石油类混合油液组分的准确检测。首先,以十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）溶液作为溶剂,配制航空煤油、润滑油不同浓度的纯油溶液各15份,将航空煤油、润滑油按照不同浓度比配制9份混合油溶液;并利用FS920荧光光谱仪得到39份三维荧光光谱数据。然后,对三维荧光光谱数据进行预处理：通过扣除空白法去除拉曼散射,并将瑞利散射区域扣除,再利用分段三次hermite插值方法对扣除区域进行插值;利用小波变换阈值去噪法去除光谱数据中的高频噪声,得到预处理完成后的三维荧光光谱数据。最后,利用Savitzky-Golay拟合求导方法求三维荧光光谱的一阶偏导数光谱,并利用平行因子算法对三维荧光光谱和三维荧光偏导数光谱进行解析。将解析谱与纯油标准谱进行比较,实验结果表明：利用平行因子算法对混合油液的三维荧光光谱进行解析时,得到的润滑油解析结果较好,但航空煤油的解析结果存在较大问题。而三维荧光偏导数光谱经平行因子算法解析后,在保证润滑油解析结果的同时,显著提高了航空煤油的解析结果：航空煤油解析谱与标准谱之间的相关系数提升了12.0%（发射光谱）、6.7%（激发光谱）,均方根误差减少了70.4%（发射光谱）、20.6%（激发光谱）。在三维荧光光谱数据三线性较差的情况下,三维荧光偏导数光谱结合平行因子分析方法优于三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析方法,实现了对混合油液组分准确检测的目的。     

Characterization of an atmospheric pressure plasma jet for surface modification and thin film deposition

In this paper, an experimental study is presented to characterize a commercially available atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) kINPen which can be used for local surface modification, e.g. changing the wettability as well as for thin film deposition with silicon-organic and metal-organic precursors to enhance scratch resistance or to lower the gas permeability. Characterization of the jet discharge has been carried out by three methods: (i) measurement of the energy influx from the jet plasma to a substrate by a calorimetric probe, (ii) spatial resolved investigation of the plasma beam by optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and (iii) observation of the plasma jet by video imaging. The deposited SiO _x and AlO _x films were analyzed by XPS measurements.     

Anode jet in a high-current vacuum arc

A stable intense jet with a clear-cut bright sheath has been detected on the anode of a 10-ms-long high-current vacuum arc with a current amplitude of 15 kA. The jet is adjacent to the hot spot of a molten metal on the anode surface. The primary light of the jet is emitted by neutrals. The sheath of the jet is surrounded by an ion-induced diffuse glow. The anode jet arises from interaction between the cathode and anode plasmas. Because of this, the size of the jet inversely depends on the current of the arc and the jet becomes observable only by the end of the current pulse. This object (anode jet with a bright sheath) is well reproducible when the arc is initiated between copper-chromium electrodes. In the case of pure copper electrodes, such objects occur randomly and appear at long projections of the molten metal, where heat release is hampered, and at large drops moving in the interelectrode gap. This means that the anode evaporation intensity is crucial for the appearance of bright-sheath jets.