Synthesis and photoluminescence properties of zinc sulfide nanoparticles doped with copper using effective surfactants

Zinc sulfide（ZnS）,various concentrations of Cu²⁺（0.25%-1.25%）-doped ZnS and ZnS:Cu²⁺ nanoparticles capped with various surfactants have been successfully synthesized by a chemical precipitation method in ambient air at 80℃.The synthesized particles were characterized by UV-visible absorption（UV-vis）,X-ray diffraction（XRD）,transmission electron microscopy（TEM）,and Fourier transform infrared（FT-IR）and photoluminescence（PL） spectroscopy.The absorption peaks of the synthesized nanoparticles were noticeably blue-shifted from the bulk material.The XRD analysis confirmed the formation of a cubic phase for all samples.The average size of the particles ranged from 3.2 to 5.3 nm.The TEM analysis showed that the particles were highly monodispersed and spherical in shape.Particles with increased Cu²⁺ concentrations had a red shift in their PL emission spectra.Enhanced PL emissions were observed for surfactant-capped particles.The experimental results indicate that,as expected,the PL spectrum confirms the presence of Cu²⁺ ions in the ZnS nanoparticles.     

Continuous synthesis of iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles via thermal decomposition

Iron oxide nanoparticles have become of great interest in the medical field for their potential uses in areas such as biomagnetic imaging and hypothermia cancer treatment. Traditionally, particles for these applications are produced through batch-based methodologies. Herein, we demonstrate an alternative continuous flow production method for the synthesis of Fe₃O₄ iron oxide nanoparticles. Advantages of continuous flow over the batch method include consistent formation of uniformly spherical particles, thorough mixing of reactants, and capacity for high-volume particle production. In this study, a continuous flow reaction mechanism was proposed in which stoichiometric control of reactants had the potential to control final particle size. The project was conducted under the supposition that the iron oleate/ligand ratio in the precursor was the greatest size control factor, with a higher ratio resulting in smaller particles. The resulting particles produced by this continuous method were characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and magnetometry.     

Controlled growth of silver nanoparticles in a hydrothermal process

A two-step synthesis was used to control the shape of silver nanoparticles prepared via reduction of Ag^＋ ions in aqueous Ag（NH3）2NO3 by poly（N-vinyl-2 First, a few spherical silver nanoparticles,-10 nm in size, were pyrrolidone） （PVP）. Then, in a subsequent hydrothermal treatment, the remaining Ag^＋ ions were reduced by PVP into polyhedral nanoparticles, or larger spherical nanoparticles formed from the small spherical seed silver nanoparticles in the first step. The morphology and size of the resultant particles depend on the hydrothermal temperature, PVP/Ag molar ratio and concentration of Ag^＋ ions. By using UV-visible spectroscopy （UV-vis）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and powder X-ray diffraction （XRD）, the possible growth mechanism of the silver nanoparticles was discussed. 2007 Chinese Society of Particuology and Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V.     

Biopolymer-assisted synthesis of yttrium oxide nanoparticles

Yttrium oxide nanopowder was prepared by a novel technique using an alginate biopolymer as a precursor. The technique is based on thermal decomposition of an yttrium alginate gel, which is produced in the form of beads by ionic gelation between the yttrium solution and sodium alginate. The effect of post-annealing temperature on the particle size of the nanocrystals was investigated at various tempera- tures. The products were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The size of the nanocrystalline Y2O3 particles varied from 22.7 to 38.7 nm, depending on the annealing temperature and time. The grain size distribution （GSD） was also determined. The GSD became more non-symmetrical as the annealing temperature increased, and the width of the distributions for the powders produced using the alginate method was less affected by heat treatment. This alginate method was compared with the conventional glycine combustion method, on the basis of particle size. The particles obtained using the proposed technique were smaller than those obtained using the combustion method. Alginate-assisted thermal decomposition is therefore an easy and cost-effective method for preparing nanosized Y2O3 crystals.     

Mild hydrothermal preparation of a layered metal hydroxide salt with microtube/rod morphology

Microtubes/rods of the layered metal hydroxide salt compound Cd2(OH)3(DS).nH2O, where DS stands for dodecyl sulfate sandwiched between two adjacent inorganic sheets, have been synthesized for the first time through a mild hydrothermal reaction route. The microtubes/rods have a diameter of about 1 μm and a length ranging from several microns to 20 μm. The growth process of microtubes/rods under the experimental conditions employed follows a dissolution-recrystallization route.     

Ultrasonic cavitation assisted solvothermal synthesis of superparamagnetic zinc ferrite nanoparticles

Nanoparticles of cubic zinc ferrites(Fd3m,a= 8.41(3)-8.44(l)A) were synthesized as a single phase by an ultrasonic cavitation-assisted solvothermal technique using ethyl alcohol-water mixed solvents at temperatures of 150 C or higher for 18h or more.The influences of the ultrasonic cavitation and the use of C2H5OH-H2O mixed solvents in diminishing average particle size and in improving particle size uniformity were illustrated.The largest average size of nanoparticles obtained was 20 nm as measured from SEM photographs,with crystallite size of approximately 10nm as estimated from XRD results.The room-temperature field-dependent magnetization of the nanoparticles obtained showed a characteristic S feature with magnetization of 24.32 emu/g at 1 T.     

Surface-effects-dominated thermal and mechanical responses of zinc oxide nanobelts

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are carried out to characterize the mechanical and thermal responses of -oriented ZnO nanobelts with lateral dimensions of 21.22 Å×18.95 Å, 31.02 Å × 29.42 Å and 40.81Å × 39.89 Å over the temperature range of 300-1000 K. The Young's modulus and thermal conductivity of the nanobelts are evaluated. Significant surface effects on properties due to the high- surface-to-volume ratios of the nanobelts are observed. For the mechanical response, surface-stress-induced internal stress plays an important role. For the thermal response, surface scattering of phonons dominates. Calculations show that the Young's modulus is higher than the corresponding value for bulk ZnO and decreases by ~ 33% as the lateral dimensions increase from 21.22 Å × 18.95 Å to 40.81 Å × 39.89 Å. The thermal conductivity is one order of magnitude lower than the corresponding value for bulk ZnO single crystal and decreases with wire size. Specifically, the conductivity of the 21.22 Å × 18.95 Å belt is approximately (31-18)% lower than that of the 40.81 Å × 39.89 Å belt over the temperature range analyzed. A significant dependence of properties on temperature is also observed, with the Young's modulus decreasing on average by 12% and the conductivity decreasing by 50% as temperature increases from 300 K to 1000 K.     

Effect of load triaxiality on polymorphic transitions in zinc oxide

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and first-principles calculations are carried out to analyze the stability of both newly discovered and previously known phases of ZnO under loading of various triaxialities. The analysis focuses on a graphite-like phase (HX) and a body-centered-tetragonal phase (BCT-4) that were observed recently in - and [0 0 0 1]-oriented nanowires respectively under uniaxial tensile loading as well as the natural state of wurtzite (WZ) and the rocksalt (RS) phase which exists under hydrostatic pressure loading. Equilibrium critical stresses for the transformations are obtained. The WZ → HX transformation is found to be energetically favorable above a critical tensile stress of 10 GPa in nanowires. The BCT-4 phase can be stabilized at tensile stresses above 7 GPa in [0 0 0 1] nanowires. The RS phase is stable at hydrostatic pressures above 8.2 GPa. The identification and characterization of these phase transformations reveal a more extensive polymorphism of ZnO than previously known. A crystalline structure–load triaxiality map is developed to summarize the new understanding.     

非爆炸且不可还原农用硝酸铵热分解反应动力学的研究

利用加速度量热仪分别对普通硝酸铵和非爆炸且不可还原农用硝酸铵的绝热分解过程进行分析,分析结果通过动力学模型编程在微机控制系统上进行数据分析处理,得到了绝热分解温度与压力随时间的变化曲线、自加热速率随温度的变化曲线、准速率常数随温度的变化曲线、最大温升速率所需时间随温度的变化曲线,计算了分解动力学参数表观活化能、指前因子、不可逆温度和自加速分解反应温度。所有实验结果都表明,非爆炸且不可还原农用硝酸铵具有良好的热稳定性、安全性。     

Synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles via sonochemical method and their characterization

Preparation of iron oxide ( -Fe 2 O 3 ) nanoparticles was carried out via a sonochemical process. The process parameters such as temperature, sonication time and power of ultrasonication play important roles in the size and morphology of the final products. The iron oxide nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses. From transmission electron microscopy observations, the size of the iron oxide nanopar...     

Growth characteristics of spherical titanium oxide nanoparticles during the rapid gaseous detonation reaction

The nanosize grain growth characteristics of spherical single-crystal titanium oxide (TiO₂) during the rapid gaseous detonation reaction are discussed. Based on the experimental conditions and the Chapman–Jouguet theory, the Kruis model was introduced to simulate the growth characteristics of spherical TiO₂ nanoparticles obtained under high pressure, high temperature and by rapid reaction. The results show that the numerical analysis can satisfactorily predict the growth characteristics of spherical TiO₂ nanoparticles with diameters of 15–300 nm at different affecting factors, such as concentration of particles, reaction temperature and time, which are in agreement with the obtained experimental results. We found that the increase of the gas-phase reaction temperature, time, and particle concentration affects the growth tendency of spherical nanocrystal TiO₂, which provides effective theoretical support for the controllable synthesis of multi-scale nanoparticles.     

Synthesis of Mg-Al-carbonate layered double hydroxide by an atom-economic reaction

A clean method for preparing layered double hydroxides (LDHs) has been developed, featured by using the hydroxides of two different metals as starting materials by atom-economic reactions. The reactions were carried out under hydrothermal conditions in either a high pressure autoclave or a microwave digester.The compositions, structural parameters and thermal behavior of the resulting LDHs are very similar to those of materials produced by using the separate nucleation and aging steps (SNAS) method. The major advantage of the new method is that no by-product is produced, so that filtration and washing processes are unnecessary. The consequent reduction in water consumption is beneficial to the environment.     

Controllable hydrothermal synthesis of star-shaped Sr3Fe2(OH)12 assemblies and their thermal decomposition and magnetic properties

Pure phase star-shaped hydrogarnet Sr₃Fe₂(OH)₁₂ assemblies were synthesized by a mild hydrothermal method (210 °C, 12 h), and the effects of the preparation conditions on the phase composition of the product were investigated. It was found that the impurity phases could be decreased or eliminated by increasing the molar ratio of Sr²⁺ to Fe³⁺, and that high temperatures favored the formation of Sr₃Fe₂(OH)₁₂ and reduced the concentration of CO₃^2–-containing byproducts. The thermal decomposition of the star-shaped Sr₃Fe₂(OH)₁₂ assemblies was examined, and the results showed that the dehydration process at higher temperatures is accompanied by the formation of SrFeO_3–δ. Above 655 °C, a solid state reaction between the SrFeO_3–δ and Sr(OH)₂ or SrCO₃ results in the formation of Sr₄Fe₃O_10–δ.The magnetic properties of the as-synthesized Sr₃Fe₂(OH)₁₂ and of samples calcined at different temperatures were assessed. A sample calcined at 575 °C exhibited greatly enhanced ferromagnetic properties, with a remanent magnetization of 1.28 emu/g and a coercivity of 4522.1 Oe at room temperature.     

Prediction of soil structures produced by tillage

A statistical method for describing the distribution of aggregates and voids within tilled soil is used as the basis for a prediction technique. Transforms of aggregate-void and void-void transition probabilities are used in such a way that factors can be defined which describe how the soil structure differs under a range of circumstances. A standard structure is defined for a given soil as that which is produced at the 5 cm depth by one pass of a set of tines working at 10 cm depth when tillage is done at a speed of 1.4 m/s in soil at a water content equal to the plastic limit and which has previously grown a cereal crop. Factors are defined which describe deviations from this standard structure as a function of depth in the tilled layer, implement type, previous use of the soil, number of implement passes, water content at time of tillage, and subsequent compaction of thettilled layer. Application of the inverse transform then enables estimates of the distributions of aggregates and voids in the tilled layer to be predicted for required, specified conditions.     

Dispersion stabilization of antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticles used for energy-efficient glass coating

Nano-antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) was synthesized using the sol–gel method. A colloidal dispersion of ATO nanoparticles in distilled water was achieved using a milling process in which different dispersants were studied. In this paper, different factors that affect the stability of ATO nanoparticles were discussed, such as zeta potential, dispersant, and pH value. Sodium polyphosphate was a suitable dispersant for stabilizing ATO nanoparticles in distilled water. A stable dispersion of ATO nanoparticles in distilled water was prepared. The stable dispersion of ATO nanoparticles was used to prepare nano-thermal insulation glass paint to block near-infrared rays of sunlight.     

Solvent-less synthesis of zinc oxide nanostructures from Zn(salen) as precursor and their optical properties

ZnO nanoparticles, 10–20 nm in size, were synthesized by heat treatment in air at 500 °C for 5 h., using [N,N′-bis(salicylaldehydo) ethylene diamine]zinc(II), i.e., Zn(salen), as precursor, which was obtained by a solvent-free solid–solid reaction. Heat-treated products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Room temperature photoluminescence spectra of ZnO nanostructures are dominated by green emission attributed to oxygen vacancy related donor–acceptor transition.     

Branching of cracks produced in a plate by impact

The problem of crack propagation in the presence of a large number of branching events is considered in the case of a semi-infinite inhomogeneous plate to whose edge an impact load is applied. The theory of random processes is employed. The mean-square distance and the mean-square angular deviation of the cracks from the branching axis are determined; these quantities are convenient for comparison with the experimental data.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 5, pp. 157–164, September–October, 1971.The author thanks Yu. N. Rabotnov for his valuable comments.