High-resolution imaging of the supercritical antisolvent process

A high-magnification and high-resolution imaging technique was developed for the supercritical fluid antisolvent (SAS) precipitation process. Visualizations of the jet injection, flow patterns, droplets, and particles were obtained in a high-pressure vessel for polylactic acid and budesonide precipitation in supercritical CO₂. The results show two regimes for particle production: one where turbulent mixing occurs in gas-like plumes, and another where distinct droplets were observed in the injection. Images are presented to demonstrate the capabilities of the method for examining particle formation theories and for understanding the underlying fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and mass transport in the SAS process.     

Heat transfer in the supercritical region with vertical upflow

Thermodynamic properties like the specific heat capacity and the volumetric expansion coefficient show a maximum in the critical region under supercritical pressures. Others, like viscosity, undergo a strong change. Depending on the level and distribution of temperature over the cross section of the channel and of the ratio between heat flux and mass flow rate, an enhancement or an impairment of the heat transfer coefficient can occur.Based on measurements with the refrigerant R12 a criterium is presented for predicting the onset of heat transfer impairment. The criterium is based on 2 dimensionless numbers. In addition correlations are reported which allow to calculate the heat transfer coefficient in R12 and water under supercritical pressures and which cover the region of impairment as well as that of enhancement.

---

Wärmeübertragung im überkritischen Bereich bei vertikaler Aufwärtsströmung

Zusammenfassung Stoffwerte, wie die spezifische Wärmekapazität und der volumetrische Ausdehnungskoeffizient, zeigen ein Maximum im kritischen Gebiet unter überkritischem Druck. Andere, wie z.B. die Viskosität, erfahren eine starke Änderung. Abhängig vom Niveau und von der Verteilung der Temperatur über den Querschnitt des durchströmten Kanals und vom Verhältnis zwischen Wärmefluß und Mengenstrom kann durch das Verhalten der Stoffwerte eine merkliche Verbesserung oder auch eine empfindliche Verschlechterung des Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten verursacht werden.Gestützt auf Messungen mit dem Kältemittel R12 werden Kriterien für die Vorhersage der Wärmeübergangs-Verschlechterung präsentiert. Diese Kriterien sind in Form von 2 dimensionslosen Zahlen formuliert. Zusätzlich werden Gleichungen mitgeteilt, welche den Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten in R12 und in Wasser für überkritische Drücke sowohl unter der Bedingung der Wärmeübergangs-Verschlechterung als auch der -Verbesserung vorhersagen lassen.

---

---

Dedicated to Professor E. R. G. Eckert's 80th birthday     

Heat and mass transfer by internal rotation with arbitrary peclet numbers

Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 4, pp. 124–130, July–August, 1989.     

Similar solutions of stretching flow with mass transfer

This study describes the influence of mass transfer on the steady two‐dimensional magnetohydrodynamic boundary layer flow of a Jeffery fluid bounded by a stretching sheet. A uniform magnetic field in the presence of chemical reaction is applied. The arising nonlinear partial differential equations are reduced to nonlinear ordinary differential equations by similarity variables. Similar solutions of velocity and concentration fields are derived by a homotopy analysis method. The values of surface mass transfer and gradient of mass transfer are also tabulated. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hydrodynamic stability of boundary layers with mass transfer

The stability of boundary layers involving mass transfer described by a two-parameter family of Fockner-Scane (F-S) solutions is analyzed. An effective method of solving the boundary problem is proposed for the F-S equation. A determinant method is proposed for solving the stability equation. The critical values of the stability characteristics are found over a wide range of gradient and mass-transfer parameters.     

Experimental study of enhanced heat transfer by addition of CuO nanoparticle

An energy storage system has been designed to study the thermal characteristics of paraffin wax with an embedded nano size copper oxide (CuO) particle. This paper presents studies conducted on phase transition times, heat fraction as well as heat transfer characteristics of paraffin wax as phase change material (PCM) embedded with CuO nanoparticles. 40?nm mean size CuO particles of 2, 5 and 10% by weight were dispersed in PCM for this study. Experiments were performed on a heat exchanger with 1.5–10?l/min of heat transfer fluid (HTF) flow. Time-based variations of the temperature distributions are revealed from the results of observations of melting and solidification curves. The results strongly suggested that the thermal conductivity enhances 6, 6.7 and 7.8% in liquid state and in dynamic viscosity it enhances by 5, 14 and 30% with increasing mass fraction of the CNEPs. The thermal conductivity ratio of the composites can be augmented by a factor up to 1.3. The heat transfer coefficient during solidification increased about 78% for the maximum flow rate. The analysis of experimental results reveals that the addition of copper oxide nanoparticles to the paraffin wax enhances both the conduction and natural convection very effectively in composites and in paraffin wax. The paraffin wax-based composites have great potential for energy storage applications like industrial waste heat recovery, solar thermal applications and solar based dynamic space power generation with optimal fraction of copper oxide nanoparticles.     

Experimental investigation in filtration of hydrocarbons with mass transfer

The results are given of an experimental investigation into the process of extraction from a porous medium of a liquid hydrocarbon (precipitated condensate) filling part of the pore space by means of hydrocarbon solvents.Translated from Izyestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 5, pp. 167–170, September–October, 1979.     

Hydrodynamic stability of boundary layers with surface mass transfer

The linear stability of the flat plate boundary layer with surface blowing and suction is investigated by the application of numerical techniques. Complete neutral stability curves, critical Reynolds numbers and wave numbers, and other stability characteristics are determined for a wide range of surface mass transfer intensities. The critical Reynolds number, based on the displacement thickness, is found to vary from 59 to 32500 between the extreme limits of blowing and suction that are investigated. Comparisons are made between the present results and available linear stability information for boundary layers with surface mass transfer and with free-stream pressure gradients. The universal stability bound of Joseph is evaluated and compared with the corresponding numerically exact neutral stability curve.     

Hopf bifurcation in annular liquid jets with mass transfer

A numerical study of Hopf bifuractions in annular liquid jets with mass transfer is presented. The study is based on the asymptotic equations which govern the dynamics of inviscid, incompressible, thin, annular liquid jets and on equilibrium conditions for mass transfer at the jet's inner and outer interfaces. It is shown that the amplitude of the time-periodic motion that results from the Hopf bifurcation increases whereas its frequency decreases as the solubility ratio is increased.     

Aerodynamic characteristics of long blunt cones with intense mass transfer

The effect of injection from the blunt surface on the aerodynamic characteristics of long blunt cones inclined at an angle of attack to a supersonic ideal-gas flow is numerically investigated.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 5, pp. 107–113, September–October, 1987.     

基于传质现象的高速铁路隧道入口压缩波数值分析

基于一维可压缩非定常不等熵流动理论,认为隧道内空气流通截面是流动时间和流动距离的二元函数,考虑了空气与隧道壁和列车壁之间的摩擦和传热效应,采用广义黎曼特征线法,对高速列车进入存在传质现象的等截面缓冲罩隧道引起的入口压缩波进行了数值计算。另外进行了不同缓冲罩参数的计算,并且对计算结果进行了定性与定量分析,结果说明了相关的空气动力学效应。     

The effect of the low Reynolds number k-e turbulence models on simulation of the enhanced and deteriorated convective heat transfer to the supercritical fluid flows

One of the most important challenges in mathematical modeling of convective heat transfer to the turbulent flow of a supercritical fluid is the turbulence modeling. The turbulence modeling, like other aspects of the supercritical fluid flows, seems to be high affected by the large variations of the fluid properties which needs to be further investigated. A two dimensional CFD code has been developed and used in this study to examine a number of the low Reynolds number k-e turbulence models. Both flow conditions corresponding to the heat transfer enhancement and deterioration have been studied. The results appear to be quite sensitive to the choice of the turbulence model, especially in the deteriorated regime of heat transfer. The turbulence model assisting the two-dimensional numerical model of the present study to best fit the experiments has been determined for both cases of the enhanced and deteriorated heat transfer. That is while the jump in the wall temperature occurring in the deteriorated regime of heat transfer is over- predicted by the present numerical code regardless of the turbulence model used.     

Particle convective heat transfer near the wall in a supercritical water fluidized bed by single particle model coupled with CFD-DEM

Supercritical water fluidized bed (SCWFB) is a promising reactor to gasify biomass or coal. Its optimization design is closely related to wall-to-bed heat transfer, where particle convective heat transfer plays an important role. This paper evaluates the particle convective heat transfer coefficient (h_pc) at the wall in SCWFB using the single particle model. The critical parameters in the single particle model which is difficult to get experimentally are obtained by the computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method (CFD-DEM). The contact statistics related to particle-to-wall heat transfer, such as contact number and contact distance, are also presented. The results show that particle residence time (τ), as the key parameter to evaluate h_pc, is found to decrease with rising velocity, while increase with larger thermal boundary layer thickness. τ follows a gamma function initially adopted in the gas–solid fluidized bed, making it possible to evaluate h_pc in SCWFB by a simplified single particle model. The theoretical predicted h_pc tends to increase with rising thermal gradient thickness at a lower velocity (1.5 U_mf), while first decreases and then increases at higher velocity (1.75 and 2 U_mf). h_pc occupies 30%–57% of the overall wall-to-bed heat transfer coefficient for a particle diameter of 0.25 mm. The results are helpful to predict the overall wall-to-bed heat transfer coefficient in SCWFB combined with a reasonable fluid convective heat transfer model from a theoretical perspective.     

Unsteady shrinking sheet with mass transfer in a rotating fluid

In this paper, the problem of unsteady flow induced by a shrinking sheet with mass transfer in a rotating fluid is studied. The transformed boundary layer equations are solved numerically by an implicit finite‐difference scheme known as the Keller‐box method. The influence of rotation, unsteadiness and mass suction parameters on the reduced skin friction coefficients f″(0) and g′(0), as well as the lateral velocity and velocity profiles are presented and discussed in detail. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simulation of coupled flowing-reaction-deformation with mass transfer in heap leaching processes

Governing equations for a fully coupled flowing-reaction-deformation behavior with mass transfer in heap leaching are developed. The model equations are solved using an explicit finite difference method under the conditions of invariable application rate and constant hydraulic head. The distribution of the degree of the saturation, as well as the distributions of the concentration of the reagent and the solute is given. A cubic relationship between the mineral recovery and the leaching duration is obtained based on the numerical results. The relationship can be used to predict the recovery percentage of the valuable metal.     

Determining the molecular mass transfer boundary in a plane vertical channel with mass impermeable walls

The molecular mass transfer boundary in an isothermal ternary gas system is numerically determined for a plane vertical diffusive channel with mass-impermeable walls. The critical Rayleigh number of diffusion-convection transition is determined for a slot channel. Theoretical studies performed within the framework of the linear stability theory are shown to be in agreement with the experimental data.     

The influence of the Henry number on the conjugate mass transfer from a sphere: II – mass transfer accompanied by a first-order chemical reaction

 Conjugate mass transfer between a sphere and a surrounding fluid flow in the presence of an isothermal, first-order irreversible chemical reaction occurring either in the continuous or in the dispersed phase has been analysed. Two sphere models, the sphere with rigid interface and the sphere with mobile interface and internal circulation, have been studied. Creeping flow is assumed. The mass balance equations were solved numerically. The influence of the Henry number (H) and diffusivity ratio (Φ_D)(0.01≤H(Φ_D)≤100) is studied at intermediate Pe numbers (Pe = 100) and slow, intermediate and fast chemical reaction. The present results, expressed by fractional Sh numbers, overall Sh numbers and enhancement factor, are compared with those provided by film and boundary layer theories. It is shown that, in the parametric space (Da, H, Φ_D), the film and boundary layer results acceptably approximate only locally the results obtained in this study. Received on 11 December 2000 / Published online: 29 November 2001