Determination of traces of pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide in biological material by high-performance liquid chromatography

A liquid chromatographic method for the determination of pyrethrins and of the synergist piperonyl butoxide in human plasma after C₁₈ solid-phase extraction is described. UV detection was found to be sensitive enough to determine concentrations far below the limit of toxicity. With respect to future investigations concerning studies in biological materials, a column-switching system for sample preparation was developed and compared with solid-phase extraction. Both methods show comparable limits of detection, but the column-switching technique has the advantage of fully automating the system.     

Determination of urinary prostanoids by capillary gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry

A stable isotope-dilution gas-chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry method for the determination of prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) and 6-keto-prostaglandin F_1α (6-keto-PGF_1α) in urine as their methoxime/t-butyldimethylsilyl ether/t-butyl-dimethylsilyl ester derivatives is described. The derivatives are prepared by a novel derivatization scheme in which the pentafluorobenzyl esters are formed prior to the silylation step in which the t-butyldimethylsilyl esters are formed in an apparent exchange reaction. Recoveries through the entire extraction and derivatization procedure are 70.6% for PGE₂ and 64.4% for 6-keto-PGF_1α. Quantitation at mass resolutions approaching 10 000 eliminated all interferences in the PGE₂ chromatograms while lower resolutions were sufficient for 6-keto-PGF_1α. Limits of detection of 50 pg ml^?1 for each prostanoid were obtained. For PGE₂, a lower limit of detection was obtained at a mass resolution of 10 000 (50 pg ml^?1) than was obtained at a mass resolution of 1000 (80 pg ml^?1), illustrating the selectivity of detection.     

Detection of organochlorine pesticides in estuarine sediments of protected wetlands in Taiwan using high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-electron capture detector

Trace residues of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in estuarine surface sediments were investigated at three protected wetlands in southern Taiwan using high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) and gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD). This study facilitates the development of new strategies for investigating OCPs, particularly at background levels. Linear relationships were obtained between total OCP concentrations (∑OCP), as analyzed by HRGC/HRMS, and the sediment's total organic carbon (TOC) and water content. It contrasted with the results acquired by GC-ECD, where no significant relationship was found. GC-ECD is a rugged option for daily routine practice, particularly in cases of patterns yielded by GC-ECD is clear; the HRGC/HRMS method provides more reliable qualitative and quantitative capabilities and is highly recommended for studying the fate of OCPs and carrying out risk assessments. The average ∑OCP of these three wetlands by HRGC/HRMS was found in a range of 0.214 to 1.049 ng/g dry weight. The highest OCP level might be attributed to associated irrigation systems receiving massive discharges of domestic sewage from an urban area upstream of the wetland. The ratio of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) to its metabolites indicated that the DDT residue in these areas was from aged input. According to sediment quality guidelines, adverse ecotoxicological effects of OCPs upon sediments were not expected in these protected wetlands.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法快速测定6类食品中增效醚的残留

建立了水果、蔬菜、粮谷、油料、动植物脂类、动物源性食品等6类食品中增效醚残留量快速测定的液相色谱-质谱/质谱(LC-MS/MS)方法。样品盐析并除水后,用三氯甲烷提取,氟罗里硅土填料固相萃取柱净化,丙酮-三氯甲烷混合溶剂洗脱,以乙腈-0.1%甲酸为流动相,在Zobax SB C18液相色谱柱完成分离,并于电喷雾正离子多反应监测模式下质谱测定。考察了提取溶剂、净化方法、柱容量、仪器条件、基质效应对分析结果的影响。增效醚质量浓度在0.5～100μg/L范围内,线性相关系数(r)为0.9976,方法定量限(LOQ)为10μg/kg。17种食品基质添加LOQ、低MRL、2倍MRL、高MRL 4个不同浓度水平时,回收率在80.3%～96.3%之间,相对标准偏差为2.7%～14%,方法可以满足多种食品基质中增效醚残留量的定性和定量检测要求。     

同位素稀释-高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱测定大气中有机氯农药

建立了测定大气中25种有机氯农药(OCPs)的同位素稀释-高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱法(ID-HRGC/HRMS).样品用正己烷/二氯甲烷(1:1,v/v)进行加速溶剂萃取(ASE).通过柱洗脱实验、单柱和组合柱净化实验,最终确定样品的净化方案为弗罗里硅土固相萃取柱和石墨化炭黑固相萃取柱组合净化.样品萃取液净化后进行H...     

Identification of sources of oil spills in soils and sediments by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry has been applied to the study of the residual oil contamination of the sediments in the area of an emergency mazut spill in an industrial enterprise. The contamination level appeared to be very high in nearly all samples collected within a rather wide area; however, the oil in the studied samples have undergone significant weathering; therefore, we have concluded that they had got into the sediments long before the spill under consideration or had been accumulating in them systematically for many years. The methodology of the identification of oil in soils taking into account their transfer and weathering is considered; it employs characteristics of the hydrocarbon type composition along with the individual marker compounds.     

Analysis of triacetone triperoxide by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry by electron and chemical ionization

The explosive triacetone triperoxide (TATP) has been analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and sub-nanogram detection limits are reported by ammonia positive ion chemical ionization (PICI), electron ionization (EI) and methane negative ion chemical ionization (NICI). Analysis by methane PICI and ammonia NICI gave detection limits in the low nanogram range. Analyses were carried out on (linear) quadrupole and ion trap instruments. Analysis of TATP by PICI using ammonia reagent gas is the preferred analytical method, producing low limits of detection as well as an abundant (greater than 60% of base peak) diagnostic adduct ion at m/z 240 corresponding to [TATP + NH4]+. Isolation of the [TATP + NH4]+ ion with subsequent collision-induced dissociation (CID) produces extremely low abundance product ions at m/z values greater than 60, and the m/z 223 ion corresponding to [TATP + H]+ was not observed. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the B88LYP/DVZP level indicate that dissociation of the complex to form NH4+ and TATP occurs at energies lower than peroxide bond dissociation, while protonation of TATP leads to cleavage of the ring structure. These results provide a method for pico-gram detection levels of TATP using commercial instrumentation commonly available in forensic laboratories. As a point of comparison, a detection limit of 15 ng was obtained by flame ionization detection.     

Supersonic gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

A new gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) system was designed and evaluated which we have named 'Supersonic GC/MS'. It is based on a modification of a commercially available GC/MS system to include a supersonic molecular beam (SMB) MS interface. In this system the standard electron ionization (EI) ion source was replaced with a fly-through EI ion source mounted in the path of the SMB. A hyperthermal surface ionization (HSI) ion source combined with a 90 degrees ion mirror (for the EI-produced ions) was also added, and placed inside the quadrupole mass analyzer in place of its original EI ion source. The 'Supersonic GC/MS' system requires 18 cm added bench space plus the addition of an air-cooled 60 L/s diffusion pump and a 537 L/min rotary pump. The system is user friendly since all the gas flow rates, heated zones, sampling and data analysis are performed the same way as the original system and are computer-controlled via the original software. Similar EI sensitivity was obtained as with the original system for hexachlorobenzene and octafluoronaphthalene, while improved EI detection limits were demonstrated for methyl stearate and eicosane due to the significant enhancement of their molecular ion abundances. A GC/MS detection limit of 500 ag for pyrene was demonstrated using HSI. Good supersonic expansion cooling was achieved with large alkanes, despite the use of a rotary pump at the nozzle chamber instead of a diffusion pump. High temperature GC/MS analysis was demonstrated for large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) including ovalene and decacyclene (ten rings). Library searches with EI mass spectra are demonstrated, and it is explained why the enhancement of the molecular ion actually improves the library search in most cases. The analysis of large phthalate esters is also described, and the improvement obtained is shown to originate from their enhanced molecular and high mass fragment ions.     

Early gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Spectroscopy Laboratory, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, USA In December 1955 or thereabouts, the authors coupled a homemade gas chromatograph to a research time-of-flight mass spectrometer constructed by W. C. Wiley, I. H. McLaren, and D. B. Harrington. This unique gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) instrument generated mass spectra at a lo-kHz rate for display on an oscilloscope; eluted gas chromate graphic components, such as methanol, acetone, benzene, toluene, and carbon tetrachloride, could be visually identified immediately from the oscilloscope display. Many years of further research and development in many laboratories worldwide were necessary, however, to make continuous on-line GC/MS the uniquely valuable analytical tool that it is today.     

Simultaneous determination of neopynamine and piperonyl butoxide by capillary column gas-liquid chromatography

A method is developed for the simultaneous determination of neopynamine and piperonyl butoxide by chromatography on a quartz capillary column using flame ionization detection. Benzyl mandelate is used as an internal standard. Calibration graphs are linear down to at least 3.75 mg% and 3 mg% for neopynamine and piperonyl butoxide, respectively.     

Study on the photostability of guaiazulene by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

The photostability of guaiazulene (1,4-dimethyl-7-isopropylazulene; GA), a natural azulenic compound used in cosmetic and health-care products, as well as in pharmaceutical preparations, was investigated in solution (methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile), by different techniques: gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography combined with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry and UV detection (LC/APCI-MS and HPLC/UV). A solar simulator (xenon-arc lamp) was used as UV-A radiation source. The study involved: monitoring compound decomposition, identifying products of photodegradation (PPs), assessing the role of oxygen and evaluating the kinetics of the process. Minor PPs are volatile compounds and were characterized by GC/MS, while oligomeric polyoxygenated compounds, tentatively characterized on the basis of MS and MS/MS spectra, were found to be the main photoproducts. The photodegradation was found to be enhanced by the presence of oxygen; nevertheless, determination of the singlet oxygen quantum yield for GA gave a lower value than that for the reference standard Rose Bengal. The obtained results and the developed stability-indicating methods (GC/MS and LC/MS) are of interest for stability studies and/or quality control purposes of GA as raw material or cosmetic products.     

Determination of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorodibenzofurans by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/triple mass spectrometry in a quadrupole ion trap

The determination of tetra- to octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and tetra- to octachlorodibenzofurans (PCCD/Fs) by high-resolution gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HRGC/MS/MS) and high-resolution gas chromatography/triple mass spectrometry (HRGC/MS(3)) in a quadrupole ion trap, equipped with an external ion source, is presented. MS/MS involves a typical four-step process, namely ionization, parent ion isolation, collision-induced dissociation (CID) and mass analysis of the daughter ions. For the MS(3) experiment, the MS/MS scan function is used with the addition of selected daughter ion isolation, their CID and the mass analysis of second-generation product ions called 'grand-daughter ions.' For both methods, the energies necessary for the CID of the 17 PCDD/Fs were determined and optimized using multiple scan functions with different CID amplitudes. The CID efficiency, defined as the signal ratio of fragment ions detected from the major dissociation channels to molecular ions isolated, was 1.15-2.40 V for parent ion dissociation (MS/MS) and 1.05-1.50 V for daughter ion dissociation (MS(3)) and for all the chloro congeners. The same sensitivity (1 pg microl(-1)) can be reached with both the MS/MS and MS(3) methods and linear responses were obtained between 1 and 100 pg microl(-1) injected.     

Isotope dilution high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry method for analysis of selected acidic herbicides in surface water

In this work, an isotope dilution method for determination of selected acidic herbicides by high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) was developed for surface water samples. Average percent recoveries of native analytes were observed to be between 70.8 and 93.5% and average recoveries of labeled quantification standards [(13)C(6)]2,4-D and [(13)C(6)]2,4,5-T were 85.5 and 101%, respectively. Using this method, detection limits of 0.05 ng/L for dicamba, MCPA, MCPP, and triclopyr, and 0.5 ng/L for 2,4-D were routinely achieved. The method was applied to measuring the concentration of these analytes in surface water samples collected from five sampling locations in the Lower Fraser Valley region of British Columbia, Canada. All of the herbicides monitored were detected at varying levels in the surface water samples collected. The highest concentrations detected for each analyte were 345 ng/L for 2,4-D, 317 ng/L for MCPA, 271 ng/L for MCPP, 15.7 ng/L for dicamba, and 2.18 ng/L for triclopyr. Average detection frequencies of the herbicides were 95% for MCPA, 80% for MCPP, 70% for dicamba, 65% for 2,4-D, and 46% for triclopyr. Seasonal variations of herbicide levels are also discussed.     

Determination of the metabolites of gestrinone in human urine by high performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Gestrinone was studied by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for screening and by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for confirmation. When the chromatograms of blank, spiked urine and dosed urine were compared by HPLC, two unknown metabolites were found and these were excreted as the conjugated forms. Metabolites 1 and 2 were tested by LC/MS and LC/MS/MS and both had parent ions at m/z 325. The fragment ion of metabolite 1 was at m/z 263 and ions for metabolite 2 were m/z 307 [MH - H(2)O](+), 289, 279 and 241. LC/MS/MS of m/z 263 as the parent ion of metabolite 1 gave fragment ions at m/z 245 and 217, which were assumed to be [263 - H(2)O](+) and [235 - H(2)O](+), respectively. The trimethylsilyl (TMS)-enol-TMS ether derivative of gestrinone displayed three peaks in its GC/MS chromatogram, formed by tautomerism.     

A single glucose derivative suitable for gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry

The incorporation of stable isotopes improves the assessment of glucose metabolism and, with some researchers using two tracers, (2)H-glucose assessed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and (13)C-glucose by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS), a common derivative for both is advantageous. The most commonly used derivatives for GC/MS are inappropriate for GC/C/IRMS as additional functional groups dilute the label. We therefore considered the suitability of six derivatives for both GC/MS and GC/C/IRMS. Glucose alkylboronates were prepared by adding the appropriate alkylboronic acid (butyl- or methylboronic acid) in pyridine to desiccated glucose. The derivatisation was completed by reacting this with either (a) acetic anhydride or trifluoroacetic anhydride (acetate derivatives) or (b) bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide BSTFA (TMS derivatives). All six derivatives were assessed using GC/MS and (13)C GC/C/IRMS.Neither TMS derivative exhibited any signal intensity in the molecular ion, although a M-15 ion showed good agreement between experimental and theoretical data and, whilst still low in intensity, could be suitable for isotope work. Similarly, none of the acetate derivatives showed any intensity at the molecular ion although three key fragmentation series were identified. The most attractive sequence, initiated by the loss of 1,2 cyclic boronate, resulted in the main fragment ion of interest, m/z 240, corresponding to the fluorinated methylboronate derivate. Minimal carbon and hydrogen atoms are added to this derivative making it an excellent choice for stable isotope work, while proving suitable for analysis by both GC/MS and GC/C/IRMS.     

溶剂转移-气相色谱-质谱法和选择洗脱-气相色谱法测定大蒜中289种农药多残留

以溶剂转移净化为核心步骤,建立了一种适用于大蒜样品中农药多残留分析的前处理方法(方法I),配以一个辅助方法(方法II),构成大蒜中常见289种农药多残留的分析体系(方法I283种,方法II6种)。方法I中,样品用乙腈-水溶液提取,盐析分配,溶剂转移和固相萃取(SPE)净化后进行气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析;方法II中,样品用无水Na2SO4配合乙酸乙酯均质研磨,超声波辅助提取,提取液经Primary Secondary Amine (PSA)粉末分散固相萃取和LC-Si柱选择洗脱净化后进行GC分析。GC-MS采用选择离子监测(SIM)方式,GC采用火焰光度检测器(FPD)检测,外标法定量。方法简便、快速,通过优化前处理和上机条件,在最优条件下进行测试,方法的定量限(S/N≥10)为0.01～0.05 mg/kg。方法I中,在加标水平为0.02、0.20 mg/kg时,回收率为52%～163%,其中回收率在70%～120%之间的占88%,相对标准偏差为2.4%～18%;方法II中,在加标水平为0.01、0.02、0.10、0.20 mg/kg时,回收率为70%～111%,相对标准偏差为3.2%～9.3%。详细描述了实验模型的构建,并对GC-MS灵敏度的提高提出了新的见解。该方法准确、灵敏、快速,可满足大蒜中多种农药残留的检测要求。