分子马达的研究进展

本文对国内外分子马达的研究现状进行综述。并以生物中的关键酶ATP水解酶类(F0 F1 ATPase)为例 ,对其运动特点进行较详尽的描述 ,它是一类做圆周运动的旋转马达。同时还讨论了一些做直线运动的分子马达 ,如肌球蛋白 ,驱动蛋白等。并对分子马达的运动机理提出一些相应的观点 ,对分子马达的应用进行了展望     

液相色谱Z值对溶菌酶分子构象变化的定量表征

目前, 研究蛋白分子的构象变化用得最多的是光谱法, 如荧光光谱、圆二色谱和核磁共振谱等[1]. 由于蛋白质分子构象变化与其在色谱中的保留行为直接相关[2], 所以色谱法也成为研究蛋白质分子构象变化的一种新方法[3]. 此外, 计量置换理论中的Z值也已被成功地用于表征生物大分子的构象变化[4]. 用Z值研究蛋白质分子构象变化的优点是可以使用不纯的样品, 这是因为在测定Z值的过程中会与其它组分相分离. 使用Z值还会对蛋白分子构象变化进行定量表征[5,6]. 本文以溶菌酶(Lys)为目标蛋白, 用色谱法[反相液相色谱(RPLC)和弱阳离子交换色谱(WCX)]系统地研究了Lys在不同变性(胍变非还原、脲变非还原、胍变还原和脲变还原)环境中因疏水性及电荷分布的不同对Lys分子构象变化的影响, 并用Z值进行了定量表征.     

三维荧光光谱法研究蛋白质溶液构象

采用三维荧光光谱法(三维荧光光谱、三维荧光偏振光谱)结合内源荧光探针色氨酸对牛血清白蛋白(BSA)和鸡蛋白蛋白(EA)及其在不同条件下的构象变化进行了研究.结果表明,三维荧光光谱法是一种研究蛋白质溶液构象很有效的分析方法,该方法能够较直观地表明色氨酸残基在蛋白质分子中的微环境及其在不同条件下的构象变化,并得出了一些有价值的结果.     

肌球蛋白的结构及工作机制

在生物界中,化学能转化成定向的机械能的分子机理是一个基本问题.有一类能利用化学能/化学势进行机械做功的生物大分子,称为分子马达.分子马达依据其作用的方式可分为线性分子马达与旋转式分子马达两大类.线性分子马达是一类将化学能转化为机械能,并沿着一个线性轨道运动的生物     

TNS探针检测中心蛋白与DNA结合后的构象变化

中心蛋白(centrin)通过构象变化吸引多种修复因子到DNA损伤位点,参与核苷酸切除修复的识别过程,利用荧光探针可以研究蛋白质的构象变化。本研究以2-对甲苯胺基-6-萘磺酸(TNS)为探针,应用光谱法探究了八肋游仆虫中心蛋白N-端半分子(N-EoCen)与小牛胸腺DNA(CT-DNA)作用后的构象变化。结果表明,N-EoCen可以与CT-DNA形成复合物,复合物的形成使得蛋白的构象发生变化,疏水腔暴露。Ca²⁺与N-EoCen配位后,有利于N-EoCen与CT-DNA的结合,会进一步诱导蛋白中疏水性氨基酸残基的暴露。本文研究结果为今后研究中心蛋白在核苷酸切除修复的识别过程中的分子机制提供了理论基础,并且为TNS作为探针应用于检测蛋白质与其他生物大分子的作用提供了参考。     

多尺度分子模拟研究来自于无类囊体蓝藻的五聚体门控离子通道门控机理

五聚体门控离子通道是一个重要膜蛋白家族, 在生理学过程中起到重要作用. 我们以来自无类囊体蓝藻(Gloebacter violaceus: GLIC)的五聚体门控离子通道X-ray结构为模型, 进行总共1.05 μs的粗粒化分子模拟, 并结合原子级分子模拟方法, 观察到其离子通道的闭合和相应的四级结构扭转. 我们发现其位于跨膜区组成通道的M2螺旋通过倾斜-旋转(指向通道中心)的协调运动来完成通道闭合. 进一步分析并结合前人的实验结果, 我们提出了该离子通道门控过程的可能的“连锁反应”机理: 由单独亚基的M2螺旋前部构象变化引发, 使该亚基发生整体的构象变化, 并且将这种变化传递到了邻近的亚基, 进而带动整个通道的构象变化, 最终完成通道的闭合.     

微波波谱法研究分子系统内基团大幅度运动动力学

分子中基团的运动方式、机制对分子体系性质、分子功能的表达等具有重要作用。微波波谱法在研究分子系统内部动力学、分子结构、构象变化、弱相互作用、基团大幅度运动以及探索量子溶剂等方面具有独特的能力,特别适合研究分子的精细结构、分子系统基团的内部转动运动,具有高灵敏度、高分辨率的特点。本文讨论了微波波谱法在研究分子系统基团大幅度运动动力学方面的应用,包括分子系统中甲基基团的内部转动、OH基团的运动、氨和氨基化合物的反演以及环状有机分子环运动等的动力学,同时结合作者使用微波波谱法研究的部分体系进行了分析。     

旋转型单分子机器

分子机器是一种分子水平上的机器,它是一类通过外部刺激（如化学能、电能、光照等）将能量转化为可控运动的分子器件。由于人工分子机器在纳米科技领域的应用越来越普遍,已经引起人们的广泛关注。人工合成的分子机器在模拟机器运动时主要有线性运动和旋转运动两种基本运动方式,本文重点介绍了几种旋转型的单分子机器,包括分子齿轮、分子转门、分子闸和分子棘轮、分子马达等。这类分子机器的结构特点是由轴、转子和定子三部分组成,其运动特点是转子通过轴围绕定子进行双向或单向旋转。本文在介绍这类分子转子的同时,简单讨论了其设计理念和在溶液状态下所表现出的动力学行为,同时还展望了分子转子和分子马达的发展前景和面临的挑战。     

功能分子体系的设计与构建

功能分子在外界刺激(酸、碱、光等)的诱导下能发生分子构型、构象变化,并引起相应的物理化学性质变化,或能实现特定的功能,例如具有方向性的电子、能量转移,对分子/离子的识别能力的调控,以及光/电开关功能.功能分子的设计是分子材料科学研究的基础.作者将就我们在分子机器,化学传感器等功能分子的设计合成与性质研究领域取得的进展作一总结,并对未来的发展进行了描述.     

铕(Ⅲ)对伴清蛋白溶液构象的影响

用TNS疏水探针研究了脱铁伴清蛋白(apoOTf)和不同形式的铕伴清蛋白(EuN-OTf,Eu2-OTf)的表面疏水暴露程度,依次为apoOTfEuN-OTfEu2-OTf,表明Eu3+与脱铁伴清蛋白N端结合引起蛋白构象变化大,与C端结合引起蛋白构象变化小.此外,由盐酸胍对3种蛋白变性实验,发现Eu3+与脱铁伴清蛋白的结合稳定了蛋白的结构,稳定性依次为apoOTfEuN-OTfEu2-OTf.离子强度效应也充分表明3种蛋白内部疏水基团相互作用依apoOTfEuN-OTfEu2-OTf顺序增大,稳定性也依次增大.本研究对进一步探讨Eu3+的生物效应提供理论依据.     

Nano-biopower supplies for biomolecular motors: the use of metabolic pathway-based fuel generating systems in microfluidic devices

We report fuel generation systems for molecular motors based on pyruvate kinase, or for the first time, mitochondria, implemented within microfluidic devices. Intact organelles acted as bio-nanopower supplies for molecular motors, using isolated mitochondria to convert chemical energy from succinate to ATP, harnessing nature's enzymatic transformation cascades directly. Motors were activated essentially equally by ATP produced by pyruvate kinase, mitochondria, or direct addition of ATP.     

^31p NMR and ESI-MS Studies on Some Intermediates of the Peptide Coupling Reagents Triphenyl-chlorophosphoranes

The intermediates of the Appel coupling reagents were studied in acetonitrile, dimethoxyethane and dioxane by ^31p NMR, ^13C NMR spectrum and ESI-MS. In dioxane a new high coordinated phosphorous compound with ^31p NMR shift at -39 ppm was observed. The ESI-MS showed that it could be a penta-coordinated phosphorous compound containing dioxane. The carboxyl activated intermediates were also studied in three solvents.     

The art of building small: from molecular switches to molecular motors

Molecular switches and motors are essential components of artificial molecular machines. In this perspective, we discuss progress in our design, synthesis, and functioning of photochemical and electrochemical switches and chemical and light-driven molecular motors. Special emphasis is given to the control of a range of functions and properties, including luminescence, self-assembly, motion, color, conductance, transport, and chirality. We will also discuss our efforts to control mechanical movement at the molecular level, a feature that is at the heart of molecular motors and machines. The anchoring of molecular motors on surfaces and molecular motors at work are discussed.     

From Biological towards Artificial Molecular Motors

Novel single‐molecule techniques allow the observation of single‐molecular motors in real time under physiological conditions. This enables one to gain previously inaccessible information about the mechanics of molecular motors, especially their mechano‐chemical coupling. As an example, we discuss the DNA import motor of the bacteriophage ?29 and protein import into chloroplasts. In contrast to these highly developed biological molecular motors, artificial molecular motors are still at an early stage of development. Nevertheless, they already give a wealth of information. Our review focuses on how the investigation of artificial and biological molecular motors can mutually enrich each other.     

Visible Light-Driven Molecular Switches and Motors: Recent Developments and Applications

Inspired by human vision, a diverse range of light-driven molecular switches and motors have been developed for fundamental understanding and application in material science and biology. Recently, the design and synthesis of visible light-driven molecular switches and motors have been actively pursued. This emerging trend is partly motivated to avoid the harmful effects of ultraviolet light, which was necessary to drive the classical molecular switches and motors at least in one direction, impeding their employment in biomedical and photopharmacology applications. Moreover, visible light-driven molecular switches and motors are demonstrated to enable benign optical materials for advanced photonic devices. Therefore, during the past several years, visible light-driven molecular switches based on azobenzene derivatives, diarylethenes, 1,2-dicyanodithienylethenes, hemithioindigo derivatives, iminothioindoxyls, donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts, and overcrowded alkene based molecular motors have been judiciously designed, synthesized, and used in the development of functional materials and systems for a wide range of applications. In this Review, we present the recent developments toward the design of visible light-driven molecular switches and motors, with their applications in the fabrication of functional materials and systems in material science, bioscience, pharmacology, etc. The visible light-driven molecular switches and motors realized so far undoubtedly widen the scope of these interesting compounds for technological and biological applications. We hope this Review article could provide additional impetus and inspire further research interests for future exploration of visible light-driven advanced materials, systems, and devices.     

Towards Dynamic Control of Wettability by Using Functionalized Altitudinal Molecular Motors on Solid Surfaces

We report the synthesis of altitudinal molecular motors that contain functional groups in their rotor part. In an approach to achieve dynamic control over the properties of solid surfaces, a hydrophobic perfluorobutyl chain and a relatively hydrophilic cyano group were introduced to the rotor part of the motors. Molecular motors were attached to quartz surfaces by using interfacial 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions. To test the effect of the functional groups on the rotary motion, photochemical and thermal isomerization studies of the motors were performed both in solution and when attached to the surface. We found that the substituents have no significant effect on the thermal and photochemical processes, and the functionalized motors preserved their rotary function both in solution and on a quartz surface. Preliminary results on the influence of the functional groups on surface wettability are also described.     

腺苷环甘油磷脂缀合物的合成及性质研究

以碘活化的六乙基亚磷酰三胺为磷酰化及环化试剂,经一锅法合成并分离得到硫代环磷酸酯的两个非对映异构体,并对这两个非对映异构体的性质进行了研究.     

Extraction of polypropylene additives and their analysis by HPLC

Summary The polypropylene additives were extracted by dissolution-precipitation and Soxhlet. The Soxhlet method was adapted for the extraction of phosphorous antioxidants. The RP HPLC method with quaternary gradient elution separated five chemical groups of additives: lower molecular mass di-tert-butyl phenol (D.T.B.P.), hindered amine light stabilizers (Tinuvin 326), hindered phenolic antioxidants (Irganox 1010) and phosphorous antioxidants (Irgafos 168 and Ultranox 626) with their degradation products.     

Inside Cover: Bending Actuation of Hydrogels through Rotation of Light-Driven Molecular Motors (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 13/2023)

The unidirectional rotation of chemically crosslinked light-driven molecular motors is shown to progressively shift the swelling equilibrium of hydrogels. The concentration of molecular motors and the initial strand density of the polymer network are key parameters to modulate the macroscopic contraction of the material, and both parameters can be tuned using polymer chains of different molecular weights. These findings led to the design of optimized hydrogels revealing a half-time contraction of approximately 5 min. Furthermore, under inhomogeneous stimulation, the local contraction event was exploited to design useful bending actuators with an energy output 400 times higher than for previously reported self-assembled systems involving rotary motors. In the present configuration, we measure that a single molecular motor can lift up loads of 200 times its own molecular weight.