利用结构相关性方法研究碳氢键活化反应C-H+M⇔C-M-H的机理

本文利用结构相关性方法对碳氢键活化反应的氧化加成反应机理进行了研究.建立了反应的过渡态,并对反应途径进行了描述.根据所得到的反应途径对碳氢键活化研究中的一些问题进行了解释.     

官能团导向的C—H键与有机金属试剂构建C—C键的偶联反应

过渡金属催化的碳氢键活化是有机化学领域的研究热点之一,碳氢键直接参与的偶联反应为碳碳键的构建提供了的一种高效便捷途径.过渡金属活化碳氢键产生的碳-金属中间体与有机亲电试剂的偶联反应已有广泛报道和综述,相应的中间体与有机金属试剂的氧化偶联反应在近年来不断有新的研究成果出现.该综述以C—H及C—M中的碳原子的杂化类型作为分类标准,对近十年来不同类型的碳氢键与有机金属试剂的偶联反应进行总结和讨论,并对今后的发展方向进行展望.     

过渡金属催化碳氢键三氟甲基化

近几年来, 过渡金属催化的碳氢键活化的三氟甲基化反应取得了重要的进展. 该领域的反应主要集中于端炔的sp碳氢键活化三氟甲基化反应、芳烃和杂环的sp²碳氢键活化的三氟甲基化反应以及烯丙基sp³碳氢键活化的三氟甲基化反应. 本文简要介绍了该类反应的特点, 概述了该领域的最新进展、面临的挑战及以后研究发展的重点和方向.     

N-苯氧基乙酰胺导向的碳氢键官能团化反应研究进展

碳氢键活化反应因具有原子经济性和步骤简捷性的特点,近年来成为有机化学研究的热点领域之一.在传统的碳氢键活化反应中,通常需要加入等物质的量的氧化剂来实现催化剂的再生,使催化循环顺利地发生.而N-苯氧基乙酰胺作为一种新型的含有氧化型导向基的反应底物,可以有效地避免等物质的量外加氧化剂的使用,使碳氢键活化在氧化还原中性的条件下进行.综述了N-苯氧基乙酰胺在有机合成领域特别是碳氢键活化反应中的最新研究进展,并对反应的机理进行了讨论.     

氨基酸作为瞬态导向基在碳氢键活化反应中的研究进展

近年来,基于瞬态导向策略的碳氢键活化获得了极大关注,与传统的碳氢键活化反应相比,瞬态导向基团辅助碳氢键活化无需额外进行导向基的预安装和后期去除步骤,大大提高了反应的原子和步骤经济性.在目前发现的瞬态导向基中,氨基酸作为导向基进行碳氢活化获得了重大成果.氨基酸具有廉价易得、来源广泛及结构丰富多样的优点,通过使用α或β-氨基酸进行导向控制碳氢活化反应的位点选择性,并且可利用氨基酸的固有手性诱导反应的立体选择性.综述了近年来以氨基酸为瞬态导向基、过渡金属催化的碳氢键活化研究进展,按照不同氨基酸导向基所进行的各类底物的C—H官能团化反应进行分类,并对该领域目前的局限和未来发展进行了总结和展望.     

双金属促进的均相碳氢键活化反应（英文）

近年来,过渡金属催化的碳氢键活化反应得到了快速的发展,已成为构建碳碳键及碳杂原子键的重要手段之一。利用双金属之间的协同效应,发展的双金属促进的碳氢键活化反应也引起了广泛的关注,并在均相催化领域里取得了良好的应用。双金属促进的碳氢键活化反应与单金属催化的碳氢键活化反应相比,能够表现出不同的化学选择性、区域选择性以及立体选择性,体现了其独特之处。本综述总结了各种双金属促进的碳氢键活化体系,同时依据实验和理论研究结果对可能的反应机理进行了探讨。     

钯催化的烯丙位C—H键官能团化:新催化体系的发展

烯丙位碳氢键活化官能化反应是构建碳碳键、碳杂原子键最直接的方法,也是最近有机化学研究的热点之一.从烯丙基底物类型和亲核试剂类型的角度出发,总结了最近几年来钯催化的烯丙位碳氢键活化官能团化反应及其在不对称合成中应用的最新研究进展.同时分析了各种新的钯催化体系在底物兼容性和亲核试剂范围上的优势和不足,并对今后烯丙位碳氢键活化的发展进行了展望.     

导向基团辅助过渡金属催化间位碳氢官能化研究进展

碳氢键活化是目前非常活跃的研究领域之一,然而实现碳氢键位点选择性活化是该领域面临的挑战之一.以辅助基团作为导向基,实现碳氢键间位活化引起了众多学者的极大关注,经常采用的策略包括模板导向、降冰片烯介导和配体的次级效应.对近年来通过导向基团进行的间位碳氢键活化的研究进行了详细的综述,总结了目前存在的问题,并对今后的发展方向进行了展望.     

水相催化碳氢活化反应

碳氢键的功能化反应是近年来有机化学的研究热点之一,选择性碳氢活化是其研究难点.在此类反应中,一般以有机溶剂为反应介质,而利用廉价、环境友好的水作为反应溶剂符合当前所倡导的"绿色"化学和低碳可持续发展的理念.综述了近年来水相催化的碳氢活化反应,包括含有sp-,sp~2-,sp~3-杂化的C—H键的功能化反应.     

弱碱柔能克刚:动力学去质子官能化反应

碳氢键的去质子官能化反应是碳碳键构建最常用的方法,是一种重要的碳氢键活化方式.近年来,碱催化碳碳键形成反应在含弱酸性碳氢键化合物作为亲核试剂的底物拓展方面取得了重要进展.强碱性试剂或催化剂是实现这些弱酸性碳氢键官能化反应的关键.根据酸碱平衡理论,相对较强的碱才能够对弱酸性碳氢键发生去质子化反应,形成较大浓度的碳负离子中间体,进而发生亲核反应.相对较弱的碱不足以对弱酸性碳氢键进行去质子化反应,然而尽管碳负离子中间体可能浓度很低,但应该仍然存在于反应体系中.如果可以选择性地进行热力学有利的化学转化,碳负离子中间体的浓度将会下降并引起去质子化平衡的重新构建.结合碳负离子中间体不可逆的转化和去质子平衡的重新构建,弱酸性碳氢键就可以在弱碱条件下实现缓慢却持续不断的去质子官能化反应.为区别于强碱条件下、通过热力学稳定碳负离子中间体的传统碳氢键去质子官能化反应,我们将这种在弱碱条件下、通过热力学不利的碳负离子中间体转化和酸碱平衡重新构建实现的弱酸性碳氢键的官能化反应称为动力学去质子官能化反应.本文总结了碳氢键去质子官能化反应研究现状和本研究团队近年来在弱碱条件下的动力学去质子官能化反应研究进展.     

Competition between C-C and C-H Activation in Reactions of Neutral Nickel Atom with Cycloalkanes （n = 3-7）

A theoretical investigation of the reaction mechanisms for C-H and C-C bond activation processes in the reaction of Ni with cycloalkanes C,,H2. （n = 3-7） is carried out. For the Ni ＋ CnH2, （n = 3, 4） reactions, the major and minor reaction channels involve C-C and C-H bond activations, respectively, whereas Ni atom prefers the attacking of C-H bond over the C-C bond in CnH2n （n = 5=7）. The results are in good agreement with the experimental study. In all cases, intermediates and transition states along the reaction paths of interest are characterized, It is found that both the C-H and C-C bond activation processes are proposed to proceed in a one-step manner via one transition state. The overall C-H and C-C bond activation processes are exothermic and involve low energy barriers, thus transition metal atom Ni is a good mediator for the activity of cycloalkanes CnH2n （n = 3 -7）.     

QTAIM analysis of the HF, HCl, HBr, and HOH elimination reactions of halohydrocarbons and halohydroalcohols

The 1,2-HX elimination reaction (where X = F, Cl, Br, OH) has been established as an important reaction in the degradation of compounds introduced into the upper atmosphere, including common CFC replacement compounds. By analyzing the electron densities of the transition state geometries of these reactions using QTAIM, we see that we can divide these reactions into two types. For HF and HOH elimination, the transition state is a complete ring of bonds, and neither the C-H nor the C-X bonds have been broken at the maximum of energy. There is very little accumulation of electron density on the X atom, with the majority of charge being lost by the hydrogen atom undergoing elimination, being transferred on to the two carbon atoms. In HCl and HBr elimination, a similar loss of electron density of the hydrogen atom is accompanied by significant accumulation of electron density on the X atom and a smaller change in electron density on the carbon atoms. The C-X bond is broken in the transition state geometry, with no ring critical point being present. This may explain the relative stabilities of halohydrocarbons and haloalcohols with respect to loss of H-X.     

Methane activation on Pt and Pt4: a density functional theory study

The activation mechanisms of a methane molecule on a Pt atom (CH4-Pt) and on a Pt tetramer (CH4-Pt4) were investigated using density functional theory (B3LYP and PW91) calculations. The results from these two functionals are different mostly in predicting the reaction barrier, in particular for the CH4-Pt system. A new lower energy pathway was identified for the CH4 dehydrogenation on a Pt atom. In the new pathway, the PtCH2 + H2 products were formed via a transition state, in which the Pt atom forms a complex with carbene and both dissociated hydrogen atoms. We report here the first theoretical study of methane activation on a Pt4 cluster. Among the five single steps toward dehydrogenation, our results show that the rate-limiting step is the third step, that is, breaking the second C-H bond, which requires overcoming an energy barrier of 28 kcal/mol. On the other hand, the cleavage of the first C-H bond, that is, the first reaction step, requires overcoming an energy barrier of 4 kcal/mol.     

The variation of coordination modes of aromatic imines in iron carbonyl complexes: Is there a correlation between bond lengths in organometallic model compounds and the reactivity of the ligands in catalytic C-C bond formation reactions?

The reaction of aromatic imines with Fe₂(CO)₉ proceeds via a two-step reaction sequence. A C-H activation reaction in ortho-position with respect to the exocyclic imine function is followed by an intramolecular hydrogen transfer reaction towards the former imine carbon atom. The resulting dinuclear iron carbonyl complexes show an aza-ferra-cyclopentadiene ligand which is apically coordinated by the second iron tricarbonyl moiety. Comparing the bond lengths of 43 different compounds, which were synthesized and structurally characterized in our group shows that the iron iron bond length correlates with one of the iron carbon bond lengths. The longer the iron carbon bond between the apically coordinated iron atom and the carbon atom next to the former imine carbon atom is, the shorter is the iron iron bond. The same ligands may be used as the substrates in ruthenium catalyzed C-C bond formation reactions. Whereas most of the imines react via the formal insertion of CO and/or ethylene into the C-H bond in ortho-position to the imine function, the ligands that show the longest iron carbon bond lengths in the model compounds under the same reaction conditions produce different types of isoindolones.     

A case for linear agostic interactions: identification by DFT calculation in a complex of Ta containing a uniquely caged triphenylmethyl C-H hydrogen

Reaction of one equivalent of tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxy)methane with TaCl5 in CH2Cl2 along with Et3N gave a solid which on prolonged crystallisation led to a small quantity of crystalline material. An X-ray crystal structure determination showed one crystal was [TaCl3[[OC6H2(CMe3)2-2,4]3CH]]- Et2NH2+.3C6H6.1.5H2O with the anion consisting of three chloro ligands and three phenoxides of the tripodal ligand about the tantalum centre. The triphenylmethyl group proton was located and refined and was found to be enclosed in a cage making contacts of 2.09(8), 2.09(8) and 1.89(12)A with the phenoxide ligand oxygens consistent with weak C-H bond hydrogen bonding. The hydrogen atom points at the tantalum atom at a distance of 2.14(11) A from it, the TaH-C angle is 166 degrees and the C-H bond distance is 1.04(12) A. DFT calculations at the B3LYP level indicate that where a hydrogen atom is attached to the triphenylmethyl carbon on the inside of the cage, there is good agreement with the crystal structure. The C-H bond points directly at the tantalum centre and an NBO analysis indicates there is significant overlap of the triphenylmethyl C-H bond electron density in a linear sense with an "unfilled" metal d orbital. Based on the NBO analysis, the C-HTa overlap would appear to be an example of a linear agostic interaction under the definition of agostic bonding.     

Mechanisms of initial propane activation on molybdenum oxides: a density functional theory study

We report the first detailed density functional theory study on the mechanisms of initial propane activation on molybdenum oxides. We consider 6 possible mechanisms of the C-H bond activation on metal oxides, leading to 17 transition states. We predict that hydrogen abstraction by terminal Mo=O is the most feasible reaction pathway. The calculated activation enthalpy and entropy are 32.3 kcal/mol and -28.6 cal/(mol/K), respectively, in reasonably good agreement with the corresponding experimental values (28.0 kcal/mol and -29.1 cal/(mol/K)). We find that activating the methylene C-H bond is 4.7 kcal/mol more favorable than activating the methyl C-H bond. This regioselectivity is correlated with the difference in strength between a methylene C-H bond and a methyl C-H bond. Our calculations suggest that a combined effect from both the methylene and the methyl C-H bond cleavages leads to the experimentally observed overall kinetic isotopic effects from propane to propylene on the MoO(x)/ZrO(2) catalysts.     

A theoretical study of alcohol oxidation by ferrate

The conversion of methanol to formaldehyde mediated by ferrate (FeO(4)2-), monoprotonated ferrate (HFeO4-), and diprotonated ferrate (H2FeO4) is discussed with the hybrid B3LYP density functional theory (DFT) method. Diprotonated ferrate is the best mediator for the activation of the O-H and C-H bonds of methanol via two entrance reaction channels: (1) an addition-elimination mechanism that involves coordination of methanol to diprotonated ferrate; (2) a direct abstraction mechanism that involves H atom abstraction from the O-H or C-H bond of methanol. Within the framework of the polarizable continuum model (PCM), the energetic profiles of these reaction mechanisms in aqueous solution are calculated and investigated. In the addition-elimination mechanism, the O-H and C-H bonds of ligating methanol are cleaved by an oxo or hydroxo ligand, and therefore the way to the formation of formaldehyde is branched into four reaction pathways. The most favorable reaction pathway in the addition-elimination mechanism is initiated by an O-H cleavage via a four-centered transition state that leads to intermediate containing an Fe-O bond, followed by a C-H cleavage via a five-centered transition state to lead to formaldehyde complex. In the direct abstraction mechanism, the oxidation reaction can be initiated by a direct H atom abstraction from either the O-H or C-H bond, and it is branched into three pathways for the formation of formaldehyde. The most favorable reaction pathway in the direct abstraction mechanism is initiated by C-H activation that leads to organometallic intermediate containing an Fe-C bond, followed by a concerted H atom transfer from the OH group of methanol to an oxo ligand of ferrate. The first steps in both mechanisms are all competitive in energy, but due to the significant energetical stability of the organometallic intermediate, the most likely initial reaction in methanol oxidation by ferrate is the direct C-H bond cleavage.     

Ligand properties of aromatic azines: C-H activation, metal induced disproportionation and catalytic C-C coupling reactions

The reaction of aromatic azines with Fe₂(CO)₉ yields dinuclear iron carbonyl cluster compounds as the main products. The formation of these compounds may be rationalized by a C-H activation reaction at the aromatic substituent in ortho position with respect to the exocyclic C-N double bond followed by an intramolecular shift of the corresponding hydrogen atom toward the former imine carbon atom. The second imine function of the ligand does not react. Additional products arise from the metal induced disproportionation of the azine into a primary imine and a nitrile. So also one of the imine C-H bonds may be activated during the reaction. Depending on the aromatic substituent of the azine ligands iron carbonyl complexes of the disproportionation products are isolated and characterized by X-ray crystallography. C-C coupling reactions catalyzed by Ru₃(CO)₁₂ result in the formation of ortho-substituted azines. In addition, ortho-substituted nitriles are identified as side-products showing that the metal induced disproportionation reaction also takes place under catalytic conditions.     

烷烃中碳氢键离解能的估算及其应用

将烷烃中的C－H键看成氢原子H与烷基Ri相连接而成的Ri－H键，以烷基的 HOMO能级和氢原子的轨道能来关联Ri－H键的离解能BDE。研究表明，烷烃分子中 Ri－H键的离能BDE与烷基Ri的极化效应指数PEI（Ri）有良好的线性关系：BDE＝ c+dPEI(Ri)。所得方程具有良好的估算精度。烷基Ri极化效应指数PEI（Ri）在羟 基自由基与烷烃反应速度常数的定量相关中，也得到良好的应用。