Kinetics of epoxidation of propylene over TS-1 in isopropanol

The intrinsic kinetics of propylene epoxidation with H₂O₂ catalyzed by TS-1 in isopropanol/water system was investigated. A kinetic model was established in accordance with the proposed reaction mechanism. Based on the experimental data, parameters were estimated, indicating that the Eley-Rideal model fits precisely the experimental data. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of solvents on propylene epoxidation over TS-1 catalyst

Solvents have an important effect on the epoxidation of propylene catalyzed by TS-1. The experimental results show that, in different solvents, the catalytic activity of epoxidation is in the following order: methanol > 2-propanol > 2-butanol > acetonitrile > acetone > tetrahydrofuran. Based on the reaction mechanism, the effects of solvents on the epoxidation were studied from eight aspects, which included the electronic effect, the steric effect, the polarity of solvent, the effect of solvent on sorption and diffusion of reactant, the oxidation of alcohol, the etherification of PO, the deactivation of TS-1 and the solubility of propylene in the solvents. The electronic effect, steric effect and the polarity of solvent were considered to be the main aspects. This work may provide theoretical guidance for choosing solvents for these kinds of reactions and also may serve as basis for further industrialization. __________ Translated from Journal of Tsinghua University (Science and Technology), 2007, 47(9): 116–120 [译自: 清华大学学报(自然科学版]     

溶剂对丙烯环氧化反应活性的影响

研究了溶剂对钛硅分子筛催化丙烯环氧化反应的影响．研究结果表明，随着溶剂极性增加，活性中间过渡态中的过氧键越易断裂，容易把氧原子传递给丙烯，因此丙烯环氧化反应活性增加．由于TS—1催化剂孔道狭小，产生空间位阻效应，醇溶剂分子越大，活性中间过渡态的形成越困难，反应活性越低．甲醇-丙醇混合溶剂中丙酮含量小于50％时，反应活性与纯甲酵做溶剂相近；混合溶剂中丙酮含量增加到80％时，反应活性略降低；丙酮含量进一步增加，反应活性急剧下降．     

RCH=CH2与过氧甲酸反应的量子化学研究

本文用MINDO/3方法研究了烯烃RCH=CH2(R=H, CH3, CHO和NO2)与过氧甲酸反应的机理。研究结果表明, RCH=CH2与过氧甲酸反应是亲电反应, 在加热条件下较容易进行。乙烯与过氧甲酸反应的过渡态具有局部对称结构; 若R为取代基时, 这种对称性不复存在, 对于R为给电子基, 过氧基的氧偏向与取代基相连的乙烯碳原子, R为吸电子基, 过氧基氧偏向乙烯的另一碳原子; 取代基的给、吸电子能力越强, 过渡态偏离对称结构越显著, 活化势垒降低或升高也越大。     

Evidence of defect-promoted reactivity for epoxidation of propylene in titanosilicate (TS-1) catalysts: a DFT study

Our density functional theory study of hydroperoxy (OOH) intermediates on various model titanosilicalite (TS-1) Ti centers explores how microstructural aspects of Ti sites effect propylene epoxidation reactivity and shows that Ti sites located adjacent to Si vacancies in the TS-1 lattice are more reactive than fully coordinated Ti sites, which we find do not react at all. We show that propylene epoxidation near a Si-vacancy occurs through a sequential pathway where H(2)O(2) first forms a hydroperoxy intermediate Ti-OOH (15.4 kcal/mol activation energy) and then reacts with propylene by proximal oxygen abstraction (9.3 kcal/mol activation energy). The abstraction step is greatly facilitated through a simultaneous hydride transfer involving neighboring terminal silanol groups arising from the Si vacancy. The transition state for this step exhibits 6-fold oxygen coordination on Ti, and we conclude that the less constrained environment of Ti adjacent to a vacancy accounts for greater transition state stability by allowing relaxation to a more octahedral geometry. These results also show that the reactive hydroperoxy intermediates are generally characterized by smaller electron populations on the proximal oxygen atom compared to nonreactive intermediates and greater O-O polarization--providing a potential means of computationally screening novel titanosilicate structures for epoxidation reactivity.     

Effect of additional hydrogen peroxide to H2O2...(H2O)n, n=1 and 2 complexes: quantum chemical study

Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, acts as a particularly strong reactant in aqueous environment. It has been demonstrated earlier that agglomerates with a single peroxide interacting with one and two water molecules manifest in several stable conformers within a narrow energy range. In the present study we seek structural changes brought out by adding an extra H2O2 to these systems at molecular level employing ab initio quantum chemical methods, viz., restricted Hartree-Fock and the second order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory. These clusters exhibit consistent trends in energy hierarchy at both the levels. Further, a many body interaction energy analysis quantifies the strength and cooperativity of hydrogen bonding in the (H2O2)2...(H2O)n, (n=1 and 2) clusters, bringing out structuring/destructuring effects attributed to attachment of water and hydrogen peroxide molecules.     

Au／TS-1@Mesosilica双功能催化材料的制备及其催化丙烯直接环氧化性能

设计制备了一种新型微孔介孔复合核壳结构钛硅分子筛TS-1@Mesosilica（TS-l@Ms）,核为MFI结构钛硅分子筛TS-1,壳层为以非离子表面活性剂P123为模板剂组装形成的介孔氧化硅．壳层氧化硅具有三维蠕虫状孔道结构,有利于微孔和介孔部分的连通及反应物和产物的扩散．通过沉积沉淀法将金纳米粒子负载在壳层介孔孔道,和TS-1中的钛活性中心协同,形成适合于C3H6和H2、O2直接气相环氧化制备环氧丙烷（PO）的双功能催化材料．实验结果表明,Au／TS-1@MS在空速8000mLg-h、温度473K条件下连续反应132h,活性和选择性没有明显下降,丙烯转化率保持在3．7％左右,PO选择性87％以上．     

Increasing the propylene epoxidation activity of TS-1 catalysts by hydrothermal treatment of ammonia solution

Summary Treating titanium silicalite (TS-1) with ammonia solution under hydrothermal conditions proves to be an effective post-synthesis modification method for improving TS-1 catalytic activity in propylene epoxidation. Characterizations indicate that the treated TS-1 did not change TS-1 composition and generate more Ti (IV)-superoxide species (g_z = 2.0265, g_y = 2.0090, g_x = 2.0022) when interacting with aqueous H₂O₂(30 wt.%) compared with the as-synthesized one.</o:p>     

TS-1/过氧化氢催化体系中有机硫化物的选择氧化

 研究了TS-1/过氧化氢催化体系中几种典型有机硫化物的选择氧化脱除. 结果表明,噻吩和2-甲基噻吩仅在水或叔丁醇溶剂中才能被有效氧化脱除,且两者的反应历程不同. 噻吩分子中的硫原子先被氧化,2-甲基噻吩分子中的噻吩环先被氧化. 当过氧化氢与硫化物摩尔比为4时,噻吩和2-甲基噻吩均可被氧化为硫酸. 采用甲醇、乙腈和水作溶剂时,甲基硫醚和丁基硫醇均可被选择氧化脱除. 由于存在空间位阻,苯并噻吩、二苯并噻吩及4,6-二甲基二苯并噻吩在TS-1/过氧化氢体系中均不能被有效脱除.     

A quantum chemical study of the structure of dodecasilsequioxane H12Si12O18

Quantum chemical B3LYP/cc-pVTZ, PBE0/cc-pVTZ, and MP2(full)/6-311G(d,p) methods are used to calculate the structural parameters of dodecasilsequioxane H₁₂Si₁₂O₁₈ and the H₁₂Si₁₂O ₁₈ ⁺ cation. According to DFT/cc-pVTZ calculations the energy of H₁₂Si₁₂O₁₈ (D _6h ) is 1.3–1.7 kcal/mol higher than the energy of H₁₂Si₁₂O₁₈ (D _2d ). A reduction of the basis set results in a greater energy difference of H₁₂Si₁₂O₁₈ isomers. For the cation ² B _2u and ² B ₁ electronic states are obtained, which correspond to symmetric equilibrium structures H₁₂Si₁₂O ₁₈ ⁺ (D _6h ) and (D ₂) respectively. For the He@H₁₂Si₁₂O₁₈ endocomplex the D _2d symmetry is obtained; for He₂@H₁₂Si₁₂O₁₈ the D _2h symmetry; and for H₂@H₁₂Si₁₂O₁₈ the D _6h symmetry.     

基于 H2/O2 等离子体和钛硅沸石的丙烯气相环氧化方法

 将 H₂/O₂ 非平衡等离子体现场产生的气态 H₂O₂和丙烯与耦合反应器中钛硅沸石 TS-1 直接接触, 实现了丙烯气相环氧化反应. 结果表明, 非平衡等离子体生成气态 H₂O₂ 的速率由介质阻挡放电的输入功率决定, 环氧丙烷的生成速率和选择性取决于钛硅沸石催化剂和反应条件. 在 H₂ 和 O₂ 进料流量分别为 170 和 8 ml/min, 介质阻挡放电输入功率为 3.5 W, 环氧化反应温度为 110 ^oC, 丙烯进料量为 18 ml/min, 催化剂用量为 0.8 g 的条件下, 生成环氧丙烷产率达 246.9 g/(kg•h)、环氧丙烷选择性和 H₂O₂ 有效利用率分别为 95.4% 和 36.1%, 反应 36 h 内未见催化剂失活.     

Interaction between NH2NO and H2O2: A quantum chemistry study

The H‐bonded complexes formed from interaction between NH₂NO (NA) and H₂O₂ (HP) have been investigated by using B3LYP and MP2 methods with a wide range of basis sets. We found six H‐bonded complexes in which three of them have cyclic structure. Calculations carried out at various levels show that the seven‐membered cyclic structure with O···HO and O···HN hydrogen bonding interactions is the most stable complex. The large binding energy obtained for A1 complex probably results from a more linear arrangement of the O···H N and O H···OH‐bonds in the seven‐membered structure A1. The natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis and the Bader's quantum theory of atoms in molecules have been used to elucidate the interaction characteristics of the NA‐HP complexes. The NBO results reveal that the charge transfer energy corresponds to the H‐bond interactions for A1 complex is grater than other complexes. The electrostatic nature of H‐bond interactions is predicted from QTAIM analysis. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010     

TS-1/H2O2催化模拟汽油中噻吩的选择氧化研究

随着环境法规的日益严格,世界各国对于燃料中硫质量分数做了新的规定,要求车用燃料的硫控制在10×10-6~50×10-6,燃料电池硫的质量分数控制为(1×10-6。要达到这样高的脱硫深度,传统的脱硫方法面临着极大的挑战[1]。因此,其他非HDS脱硫方法受到研究者关注,其中氧化萃取深度脱硫     

A reduced dimensionality quasiclassical and quantum study of the proton transfer reaction H3O(+)+H2O-->H2O+H3O(+)

We report quantum and quasiclassical calculations of proton transfer in the reaction H(3)O(+)+H(2)O in three degrees of freedom, the two OH(+) bond lengths and the OH(+)O angle. The reduced dimensional potential energy surface is obtained from the full dimensional OSS3(p) energy function of H(5)O(2) (+) [L. Ojamae, I. Shavitt, and S. J. Singer, J. Chem. Phys. 109, 5547 (1998)], with an additional long-range correction to reproduce the correct ion-molecule interaction. This surface is used to perform both quasiclassical trajectory and quantum reactive scattering calculations of the zero total angular momentum cumulative reaction probability and cross sections for initial rotational states 0, 1, and 2. Comparison of these quantities are made to assess the importance of quantum effects in this reduced dimensional reaction. Additional quasiclassical cross sections are calculated to obtain the thermal rate constant for the reaction.     

多级孔TS-1用于油酸甲酯高效绿色环氧化

当今时代,资源短缺、环境污染等问题日益严峻,生物质资源化学转化利用成为各国研究重点,以生物质资源代替化石资源、以生物基材料代替石化材料,为发展绿色经济、循环经济奠定了基础.植物油资源由于其广泛的可获得性、固有的生物可降解性、低成本及突出的环境效益受到广泛关注.其中,环氧化的植物油作为可再生原材料应用于生产热塑材料的增塑剂和稳定剂、生物润滑油、涂料、粘合剂、化妆品及各种聚合物材料 (聚酯、聚氨酯、聚酰胺等).目前,工业上生产环氧化植物油通常采用 Prilezhaev 过程,即在无机强酸如 H2SO4,HCl,HNO3等的催化作用下,过氧化氢与甲酸或乙酸作用原位生成过氧甲酸或过氧乙酸作为环氧化试剂用于环氧化反应.但就该反应过程而言,强酸的存在会带来一系列问题:(1) 强酸的存在容易引发一系列副反应,如环氧环开环生成二醇、二聚物等; (2) 产物分离问题,反应完毕后产物需经碱洗、水洗和减压蒸馏才能得到最后产品,工艺过程复杂且可能造成环境污染,不符合绿色化学理念; (3) 强酸存在引起的设备腐蚀问题.因而开发新型高效的催化技术降低生产成本,解决生产过程中的污染问题,实现植物油的绿色高效利用,是我们当前迫切要解决的问题.寻找安全无污染且具有高效催化性能的非均相催化剂也迫在眉睫.因此,各过渡金属如 MoIV,WVI,NbV和 TiIV复合物催化剂得到广泛研究.其中,钛硅分子筛 TS-1 由于其良好的稳定性及优异的环氧化催化性能受到关注,然而其狭窄的孔道尺寸使得它在大分子反应物参与的反应中受到显著的扩散限制,因而需合成含有介孔及大孔的多级孔 TS-1 用于植物油环氧化反应中.本课题组多年从事钛硅分子筛的制备及催化氧化研究工作.本文以聚季铵盐-6 作为介孔模板剂合成了多级孔TS-1(HTS-1),将其作为催化剂,油酸甲酯作为模型化合物,H2O2作为氧化剂,系统研究了反应条件 (H2O2与双键摩尔比、氧化剂浓度与用量、反应温度与时间) 对油酸甲酯环氧化反应的影响.采用响应曲面分析法 (RSM) 优化反应条件,获取环氧化油酸甲酯的最大收率,并对各因素对油酸甲酯环氧化影响的显著性及各因素之间的交互作用进行探究.结果发现,H2O2与双键摩尔比及催化剂用量对油酸甲酯环氧化的影响较大,在优化的反应条件下环氧化产物的收率可高达 94.9%.而HTS-1 表现出的优异催化性能主要归结于其良好的疏水性能和高活性且可供大分子接触反应的钛物种.     

Ruthenium-catalyzed asymmetric epoxidation of olefins using H2O2, part II: catalytic activities and mechanism

Asymmetric epoxidation of olefins with 30 % H2O2 in the presence of [Ru(pybox)(pydic)] 1 and [Ru(pyboxazine)(pydic)] 2 has been studied in detail (pybox = pyridine-2,6-bisoxazoline, pyboxazine = pyridine-2,6-bisoxazine, pydic = 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate). 35 Ruthenium complexes with sterically and electronically different substituents have been tested in environmentally benign epoxidation reactions. Mono-, 1,1-di-, cis- and trans-1,2-di-, tri-, and tetra-substituted aromatic olefins with versatile functional groups can be epoxidized with this type of catalyst in good to excellent yields (up to 100 %) with moderate to good enantioselectivies (up to 84 % ee). Additive and solvent effects as well as the relative rate of reaction with different catalysts have been established. It is shown that the presence of weak organic acids or an electron-withdrawing group on the catalyst increases the reactivity. New insights on the reaction intermediates and reaction pathway of the ruthenium-catalyzed epoxidation are proposed on the basis of density functional theory calculation and experiments.     

H2O2-photosensitized emulsion copolymerization of tetrafluoroethylene with propylene

The H₂O₂-photosensitized emulsion copolymerization of tetrafluoroethylene with propylene was carried out at room temperature in the presence of gaseous monomers of 50 mole-% tetrafluoroethylene content. The conversion increased almost linearly with irradiation time. The rate of polymerization was proportional to the 1.0 power of H₂O₂ concentration up to 3.5 × 10^?3M H₂O₂ and the 0.46 power of H₂O₂ concentration above 3.5 × 10^?3M H₂O₂. The result obtained at low H₂O₂ concentration was almost consistent with that obtained in the radiation-induced method. The rate of polymerization was proportional to the 0.58 power of the emulsifier concentration, and the degree of polymerization was independent of the emulsifier concentration. The H₂O₂-photosensitized emulsion copolymerization of tetrafluoroethylene with propylene is terminated mainly by degradative chain transfer of the propagating radical to propylene at low H₂O₂ concentration and by the reaction of the propagating radical with OH radical from photolysis of H₂O₂–aqueous solution at high H₂O₂ concentration.     

Full-dimensional quantum dynamics study of the H + H2O and H + HOD exchange reactions

The initial state-selected time-dependent wave packet approach is employed to study the H' + H(2)O → H'OH + H and H' + HOD → H'OD + H, HOH' + D exchange reactions with both OH bonds in the H(2)O reactant and OH(D) bond in the HOD reactant treated as reactive bonds. The total reaction probabilities for different partial waves, as well as the integral cross sections, which are the exact CC (coupled-channel) results, are first obtained in this study for the H(2)O(HOD) reactant initially in the ground rovibrational state. Because of the shallow C(3v) minimum along the reaction path, the reaction probabilities for the three reactions present several resonance peaks, with one dominant resonance peak just above the threshold. The cross sections for the H' + HOD → HOH' + D reaction are substantially smaller than those for the H' + H(2)O → H'OH + H and H' + HOD → H'OD + H reactions, indicating that the H'/H exchange reactions are much more favored. In the CC calculations, the resonance peaks in the reaction probabilities diminish quickly with the increase in total angular momenta J, resulting in the existence of a clear step-like feature just above the threshold in the cross sections for the title reactions, which manifests the signature of shape resonances in these reactions. In the CS calculations, the resonance peaks on reaction probabilities persist in many partial waves, and thus the resonance structures can no longer survive the partial-wave summation and are washed out completely in the CS cross sections for the title reactions.     

Theoretical study of propylene epoxidation heterogeneous-homogeneous mechanism over MoOx/SiO2 catalyst

The green direct propylene (C₃H₆) epoxidation on MoO_x is well studied by experimental methods, but detailed molecular reaction mechanism studies using in-silico experiments method are few. Here, the different oxidation heterogeneous-homogeneous pathways for MoO_x/SiO₂ catalyst are calculated, mainly involving Mo=O on di-oxo tetracoordinate MoO_x, allyl peroxy (C₃H₅OO•), and allyloxy (C₃H₅O•) radicals. The results show that, for surface reaction mechanism with Mo=O, the barriers of propylene oxide (PO) and acetone generation are too high; in comparison, the byproduct acrolein is more beneficial product with a lower barrier. In heterogeneous-homogeneous pathways, the desorbed allyl (C₃H₅•) from the surface can easily combine with O₂ to synthesize C₃H₅OO• radical, and in the partial oxidation of propylene with C₃H₅OO• as an oxidant, PO is more beneficial with a low barrier compared to byproducts such as propanal, acetone, acetaldehyde, etc. These indicate that (a) gas-phase free radical reactions have important effects on PO generation, in which C₃H₅OO• is the main active species; (b) on MoO_x surface, Mo=O is difficult to be used as the active O species for PO production. Further research is needed on other active sites such as Mo-O-Mo or defective sites.     

Structures, energetics, and vibrational spectra of H2O2...(H2O)n, n = 1-6 clusters: Ab initio quantum chemical investigations

Hydrogen-bonded heteroclusters of H(2)O(2)...(H(2)O)(n)(), with n varying from 1 through 6, have been investigated herein employing ab initio quantum chemical methods. For a given n, several energetically comparable conformers emerge as local minima on the potential energy surface (PES). All of the conformers obtained at restricted Hartree-Fock (RHF) and M?ller-Plesset second-order perturbation (MP2) levels of theory exhibit parallel trends in energy hierarchy. The effect of clustering by water on the modification in the vibrational frequencies has also been investigated and further, a many-body interaction-energy analysis is carried out providing insights into cooperativity in H(2)O(2)...(H(2)O)(n)() clusters.