压电材料平面问题的尖端场和应力强度因子的求解

利用Lekhnitskii理论和Stroh理论的相互联系,把已知的基于Lekhnitskii理论平面应变结果转化为Stroh理论形式的结果,直接获得Stroh公式中A,B的显式表达式,此方法可扩展到平面应力情况,然后导出压电材料平面应变问题的尖端场Williams形式的展开式,采用半权函数法计算有限大压电体平面问题应力和电位移强度因子。对无穷大板含中心裂纹的情况下本文结果和已有结果进行了比较,表明本文方法得到的结果精度可靠。本文方法的最大优点是可以求解有限压电体的应力强度因子,并且需要的单元少,精度高,实用性好。     

A Crack with an Electric Displacement Saturation Zone in an Electrostrictive Material

A crack with an electric displacement saturation zone in an electrostrictive material under purely electric loading is analyzed. A strip saturation model is here employed to investigate the effect of the electrical polarization saturation on electric fields and elastic fields. A closed form solution of electric fields and elastic fields for the crack with the strip saturation zone is obtained by using the complex function theory. It is found that the K _I -dominant region is very small compared to the strip saturation zone. The generalized Dugdale zone model is also employed in order to investigate the effect of the saturation zone shape on the stress intensity factor. Using the body force analogy, the stress intensity factor for the asymptotic problem of a crack with an elliptical saturation zone is evaluated numerically.     

A MODE Ⅱ CRACK IN A TWO-DIMENSIONAL OCTAGONAL QUASICRYSTALS

The present study develops the fracture theory for a two-dimensional octagonal quasicrystals. The exact analytic solution of a Mode Ⅱ Griffith crack in the material was obtained by using the Fourier transform and dual integral equations theory, then the displacement and stress fields, stress intensity factor and strain energy release rate were determined, the physical sense of the results relative to phason and the difference between mechanical behaviors of the crack problem in crystal and quasicrystal were figured out. These provide important information for studying the deformation and fracture of the new solid phase.     

Scattering of anti-plane shear waves by a single crack in an unbounded trasversely isotropic electro-magneto-elastic medium

A theoretical treatment of the scattering of anti-plane shear (SH) waves is provided by a single crack in an unbounded transversely isotropic electro-magneto-elastic medium. Based on the differential equations of equilibrium, electric displacement and magnetic induction intensity differential equations, the governing equations for SH waves were obtained. By means of a linear transform, the governing equations were reduced to one Helmholtz and two Laplace equations. The Cauchy singular integral equations were gained by making use of Fourier transform and adopting electro-magneto impermeable boundary conditions. The closed form expression for the resulting stress intensity factor at the crack was achieved by solving the appropriate singular integral equations using Chebyshev polynomial. Typical examples are provided to show the loading frequency upon the local stress fields around the crack tips. The study reveals the importance of the electro-magneto-mechanical coupling terms upon the resulting dynamic stress intensity factor. Contributed by SHEN Ya-peng Foundation item: the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10132010, 50135030) Biographies: DU Jian-ke (1970∼)     

An analysis on three-dimensional effects near the tip of a crack in an elastic plate

An infinite plate containing a finite through crack under tensile loading is analysed by Fourier transform based on the Kane-Mindlin kinematic assumptions for the quasi-three-dimensional deformation of plates in extension. The asymptotic expressions of stress and displacement fields near the crack tip, the variation of the stress intensity factor with the plate-thickness and the three-dimensional deformation zone near the crack tip are investigated. The results of the analysis show that, (a) the crack-tip stress and displacement fields accounting for the plate-thickness effects are different from the plane stress solutions and this is true even for extremely small parameter (=1–vh/6 a). In a very small region near the crack tip, plane strain solutions prevail; (b) the ratio of the stress intensity factor K_I to the corresponding plane stress one K_I, K_I/K _I ^o , approaches 1/(1–v²) as tends to zero; (c) plane stress solutions can give satisfactory results for points a distance from the crack tip greater than about three-fourths of the plate-thickness; (d) the linear elastic result for the zone of three-dimensional effects is approximately valid for an elasto-plastic material with linear strain-hardening when the plastic tangential mudulus E_t is not very small.The Project Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

Uniformly valid asymptotic solutions of the nonlinear unsymmetrical bending for orthotropic rectangular thin plate of four clamped edges with variable thickness

By using “the method of modified two-variable”,“the method of mixing perturbation ”and introducing four small parameters, the problem of the nonlinear unsymmetrical bending for orthotropic rectangular thin plate with linear variable thickness is studied. And the uniformly valid asymptotic solution of Nth- order for ε1 and Mth- order for ε2 of the deflection functions and stress function are obtained.     

Crack problems of piezoelectric materials

This paper presents an analysis of crack problems in homogeneous piezoelectrics or on the interfaces between two dissimilar piezoelectric materials based on the continuity of normal electric displacement and electric potential across the crack faces. The explicit analytic solutions are obtained for a single crack in piezoelectrics or on the interfaces of piezoelectric bimaterials. A class of boundary problems involving many cracks is also solved. For homogeneous materials it is found that the normal electric displacementD ₂ induced by the crack is constant along the crack faces which depends only on the applied remote stress field. Within the crack slit, the electric fields induced by the crack are also constant and not affected by the applied electric field. For the bimaterials with realH, the normal electric displacementD ₂ is constant along the crack faces and electric fieldE ₂ has the singularity ahead of the crack tip and a jump across the interface. The project is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 19704100) and the Natural Science Foundation of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No. KJ951-1-201).     

A study ofJ-integral of the orthotropic composite material

The relation between J-integral near model I crack tip in the orthotropic plate and displacement derivative is derived in this paper. Meanwhile, the relation between stress intensity factor K _I and displacement is also given in this paper. With sticking film moire interferometry method, the three-point bending beam is tested, thus the values of J-integral and K _I can be obtained from the displacement field, and then the truth of relation formula between J-integral and K _I in the orthotropic composite materials is experimentally verified.     

Unsteady Dynamic Crack Propagation in a Brittle Polymer

Dynamic crack propagation in a brittle polymer, poly(methyl-methacrylate) (PMMA), was studied using the method of caustics in combination with a Cranz–Schardin high-speed camera. Four different types of specimen geometry and loading method were employed to achieve the crack acceleration, deceleration, and/or reacceleration processes in one fracture event. The dynamic stress intensity factor K _ID and crack velocity were obtained in the course of the crack propagation and the corresponding relationship was determined. The effect of the crack acceleration and deceleration on the K _ID-velocity relationships was as follows: (1) the variations of K _ID and the velocity were strongly influenced by the specimen geometry and loading method; (2) the velocity change was qualitatively in accord with K _ID; (3) K _ID for a constant crack velocity was larger when the crack decelerated than it was when the crack accelerated or reaccelerated; (4) K _ID for an acceleration-free crack was uniquely related to the velocity; and (5) K _ID could be expressed as two parametric functions of the velocity and acceleration.     

Mixed Mode Dynamic Fracture in Particulate Reinforced Functionally Graded Materials

A detailed analytical and experimental investigation is presented to understand the dynamic fracture behavior of functionally graded materials (FGMs) under mode I and mixed mode loading conditions. Crack-tip stress, strain and displacement fields for a mixed mode crack propagating at an angle from the direction of property gradation were obtained through an asymptotic analysis coupled with a displacement potential approach. This was followed by a comprehensive series of experiments to gain further insight into the behavior of propagating cracks in FGMs. Dynamic photoelasticity coupled with high-speed photography was used to obtain crack tip velocities and dynamic stress fields around the propagating cracks. Birefringent coatings were used to conduct the photoelastic study due to the opaqueness of the FGMs. Dynamic fracture experiments were performed using different specimen geometries to develop a dynamic constitutive fracture relationship between the mode I dynamic stress intensity factor (K _ID ) and crack-tip velocity ( ) for FGMs with the crack moving in the direction of increasing fracture toughness. A similar -K _ID relation was also obtained for matrix material (polyester) for comparison purposes. The results obtained show that crack propagation velocities in FGMs were about 80% higher than the polyester matrix. Crack arrest toughness was found to be about 10% lower than the value of local fracture toughness in FGMs.     

Penny-shaped crack in transversely isotropic piezoelectric materials

Using a method of potential functions introduced successively to integrate the field equations of three-dimensional problems for transversely isotropic piezoelectric materials, we obtain the so-called general solution in which the displacement components and electric potential functions are represented by a singular function satisfying some special partial differential equations of 6th order. In order to analyse the mechanical-electric coupling behaviour of penny-shaped crack for above materials, another form of the general solution is obtained under cylindrical coordinate system by introducing three quasi-harmonic functions into the general equations obtained above. It is shown that both the two forms of the general solutions are complete. Furthermore, the mechanical-electric coupling behaviour of penny-shaped crack in transversely isotropic piezoelectric media is analysed under axisymmetric tensile loading case, and the crack-tip stress field and electric displacement field are obtained. The results show that the stress and the electric displacement components near the crack tip have (r ^−1/2) singularity. The project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province, China     

双槽圆形截面管角裂纹应力强度因子

弯曲载荷作用下,双槽圆形截面管的角裂纹具有两个不同的奇异应力场和相应的应力强度因子,针对该异型薄壁管裂纹问题,提出了一种简单实用的应力强度因子求解方法。即利用守恒律,通过选取适当的三维积分路径,并结合初等力学的应力位移计算方法,显化了应力强度因子对J_2积分的贡献,建立了一个求解应力强度因子的方程。由于该方程不足以求解两个应力强度因子,利用材料力学平截面保持平面的变形假设,建立了应力强度因子之间的补充方程。将J_2积分与补充方程联立求解,既可得到弯曲载荷作用下双槽圆形截面管角裂纹的应力强度因子。对于其他异型薄壁管裂纹问题,该方法同样适用,计算过程简单。     

Controlling parameter of the stress intensity factors for a planar interfacial crack in three-dimensional bimaterials

Numerical solutions of singular integral equations are discussed in the analysis of a planar rectangular interfacial crack in three-dimensional bimaterials subjected to tension. The problem is formulated as a system of singular integral equations on the basis of the body force method. In the numerical analysis, unknown body force densities are approximated by the products of the fundamental density functions and power series, where the fundamental density functions are chosen to express singular behavior along the crack front of the interface crack exactly. The calculation shows that the present method gives smooth variations of stress intensity factors along the crack front for various aspect ratios. The present method gives rapidly converging numerical results and highly satisfied boundary conditions throughout the crack boundary. The stress intensity factors are given with varying the material combination and aspect ratio of the crack. It is found that the stress intensity factors K_I and K_II are determined by the bimaterial constant ε alone, independent of elastic modulus ratio and Poisson’s ratio.     

Thermoelastic free vibration of clampe circular plate

An analysis was given for the free vibration of clamped circular plate when temperature and stress fields were coupled. A nonlinear differential equation about time was obtained by using Galerkin’s method. The numerical results of vibration amplitude vs time were compared with the uncoupled case. It is found that if the given initial displacement is small, the effect of thermoelastical coupling will make the natural frequency increase; if the given initial displacement is large, it will be the opposite case. Effects of some different vibration factors are also discussed.     

THE ELASTIC FIELD INDUCED BY A HEMISPHERICAL INCLUSION IN THE HALF—SPACE

The elastic field induced by a hemispherical inclusion with uniform eigeustralns in asemi-infinite elastic medium is solved by using the Green‘s function method and series expansion tech-nique. The exact solutions axe presented for the displacement and stress fields which can be expressedby complete elliptic integrals of the first, second, and third kinds and hypergeometric functions. Thepresent method can be used to determine the corresponding elastic fields when the shape of the inclusionis a spherical crown or a spherical segment. Finally, numerical results axe given for the displacementand stress fields along the axis of symmetry (x3-axis).     

Asymptotic analysis of an impermeable crack in an electrostrictive material subjected to electric loading

The simple asymptotic problem of an impermeable crack in an electrostrictive ceramic under electric loading is analyzed. Closed form solutions of elastic fields are obtained by using the complex function theory. It is found that the K_I-dominant region is very small compared to the electric saturation zone. A fracture parameter for an electrostrictive material subjected to electric loading is discussed. In order to investigate the influence of the transverse electric displacement on fracture behavior under the small-scale conditions, we also consider the modified boundary layer problem of a crack in an electrostrictive material. Analytic solutions of electric displacement fields for the asymptotic problem are obtained based on the nonlinear dielectric theory from a modified boundary layer analysis. The shape of the electric displacement saturation zone is shown to depend on the transverse electric displacement. Stress intensity factors induced by the electrostrictive strains are evaluated using the nonlinear solution of the electric displacements. It is found that the transverse electric displacement affects strongly the variation of the mode mixity.     

基于修正权函数的多裂纹无网格模拟

本文采用了一种基于不连续场修正权函数的无网格方法来处理二维平面多裂纹问题。相较于传统的无网格断裂不连续场和奇异场模拟方法,修正权函数法算法简便易实现。采用修正权函数处理多裂纹时,只需要对每一段裂纹周围节点的权函数进行修正,就能同时模拟多裂纹不连续位移场和多裂尖奇异场。本文采用基于不连续场修正权函数的无单元Galerkin方法（EFGM）,对Y型裂纹板、十字型裂纹板和孔边双裂纹板进行了分析。数值结果表明,在不引入扩展基函数情况下,通过修正权函数法能够得到精度较高的应力强度因子解,能较好地拟合多裂纹的裂尖奇异场。     

含裂纹体的单位分解扩展无网格方法

不连续体的数值模拟尤其是动态裂纹的追踪问题一直是工程界研究的热点和难点问题。无网格方法仅仅需要结点信息,非常适合于求解这类问题。基于单位分解思想,在移动最小二乘近似函数(MLS)中根据裂纹面的不连续位移增加一个Heaviside函数,在裂尖则增加四个扩展函数描述渐进裂纹位移场;应用Galerkin方法推导了平衡方程的离散线性方程,并给出了求解裂纹问题应力强度因子的计算公式。与其他类型的扩展无网格相比,在裂尖处近似函数不需要使用可视准则,很容易生成r1/2奇异;另一个优势是影响域并没有因为裂纹的存在而改变,不会降低方程的稀疏性,求解效率较高。数值算例表明,该方法能方便有效地模拟不连续问题,具有十分广阔的应用空间。     

In Plane Displacement Formulation for Finite Cracked Plates Under Mode I Using Grid Method and Finite Element Analysis

A grid method is used to experimentally determine the in-plane displacement fields around a crack tip in a Single-Edge-Notch (SEN) tensile polyurethane specimen. Horizontal displacement u _x-exp and vertical displacement u _y-exp are expressed as functions of circular coordinates centred on the crack tip. These are compared with the approximate solutions of linear elastic fracture mechanics with a view to studying the applicability to polymers. The results show that this solution is not in agreement with the experiments at the focused on the vicinity of a crack tip. Taking this into account, an FEA program is developed with CAST3M for the purpose of comparing the experimental displacements and the numerical data. New formulations of displacements u _x and u _y are then developed. These formulations are derived from the principle of superposition and based on Arakawa’s formulation. With the displacement gradients obtained from the FEA and the new formulations, the determination of J-integrals is found to be in very good agreement with those derived from numerical calculation. Consequently, the proposed formulations can give displacement fields compatible with the J-integral calculation for the region near the crack tip. An application based on an experimental test is proposed to evaluate the performances of the proposed formulations.     

The interaction between crack and electric dipole of piezoelectricity

Discrete dipoles located near the crack tip play an important role in nonlinear electric field induced fracture of piezoelectric ceramics. A physico-mathematical model of dipole is constructed of two generalized concentrated piezoelectric forces with equal density and opposite sign. The interaction between crack and electric dipole in piezoelectricity is analyzed. The closed form solutions, including those for stress and electric displacement, crack opening displacement and electric potential, are obtained. The function of piezoelectric anisotropic direction,p _a (θ)=cosθ+p _a sinθ, can be used to express the influence of a dipole's direction. In the case that a dipole locates near crack tip, the piezoelectric stress intensity factor is a power function with −3/2 index of the distance between dipole and crack tip. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 10072033)