Rotational and Vibrational Temperatures of Atmospheric Double rc Argon--Nitrogen Plasma

The spectroscopic technique is employed to study the emission ofatmospheric argon--nitrogen plasma jet generated by an original dcdouble anode plasma torch. The molecular bands of the N₂⁺first negative system are observed at the torch exit and chosen toevaluate the rotational and vibrational temperatures in comparison withthe simulated spectra. The excitation temperature (T_exc ≈9600K) is determined from the Boltzmann plot method. The results show that the rotational, vibrational, electron and kinetic temperatures are in good agreement with one another, which indicates that the core region of atmospheric double arc argon--nitrogen plasma jet at the torch exit is close to the local thermodynamic equilibrium state under our experimental conditions.     

大气压等离子体射流中振转温度的发射光谱研究

通过发射光谱对大气压氦等离子体射流三个不同位置进行测量, 并采用光谱拟合获得氮气分子振转温度的方法, 研究了放电电压和气体流量以及离喷口的距离对射流的温度和化学活性的影响。发现大气压等离子体射流的气体温度和振动温度均随着放电电压增加而升高, 随着气体流量的增大而降低, 随着离喷口距离的增加而降低并逐步趋于稳定。通过对等离子体射流中振动温度的变化趋势并结合活性成分氧原子光谱强度的变化证实了等离子体射流的活性亦随着气体流量及离喷口距离的增大而降低, 随着放电电压增加而升高的结论。     

基于光谱诊断的氩-氮P-TIG焊引弧的动态电弧物理特性研究

焊接电弧等离子体的物理特性直接决定了焊接接头的成形形貌,分析双组分保护气体的脉冲钨极惰性气体保护焊（P-TIG）动态电弧物理特性,为深入开展混合气体保护焊的焊缝成形物理过程研究提供理论基础。氩-氮混合气体保护焊电弧具有高热特性可以增加熔深,但在焊接前混合均匀的保护气体,引弧后气体浓度会重新分布,使电弧等离子体物理特性的实时动态变化特点变得复杂。光谱诊断是电弧等离子体物理特性测量的最重要手段,但对双组分气体保护的P-TIG焊电弧特性的研究仍需深入进行,特别是对于易引起缺陷的起弧过程,其动态物理特性亟需深入分析。针对氩-氮混合气体P-TIG焊的引弧过程,以P-TIG焊产生的氩-氮双组分电弧等离子体为研究对象,提出利用窄带滤光片与CCD相结合的高速摄影实验系统采集双组分电弧等离子的动态光谱信息,获取特征谱Ar Ⅰ 794.8 nm和N Ⅰ 904.6 nm的P-TIG焊电弧光谱强度动态分布;提出利用双元素双组分标准温度法计算P-TIG焊引弧过程中距离钨极下方1,2,3和4 mm位置处电弧等离子体的动态温度及浓度,定量分析80%Ar+20%N₂保护的P-TIG焊从引弧至电弧稳定过程的电弧等离子体物理特性实时分布。实验结果表明,80%Ar+20%N₂保护的P-TIG焊电弧强度、电弧温度及浓度的变化均与脉冲电流的变化同步,焊接电流在3 ms内达到稳定状态,而电弧等离子体的强度、温度及浓度需要更长时间达到平衡状态。从起弧到电弧等离子稳定燃烧的过程中,基值期间和峰值期间的电弧等离子体强度均呈现先升高再降低的趋势;由于阴极的热传导及电流密度的变化,使得电弧等离子体轴向位置的峰值温度及基值温度均出现迅速升高再缓慢降低的现象;由于粒子间碰撞及摩擦力的影响,使得电弧等离子体的峰值及基值期间氩的浓度均呈迅速减小再缓慢增加的趋势,且氩的浓度均低于焊前浓度。     

大气压空气等离子体羽的振动温度研究

利用三电极介质阻挡放电装置,在大气压空气中产生了较大体积的等离子体羽。采用光学方法对该等离子体羽的特性进行了研究。发现随着外加电压峰值增加,每个外加电压周期的放电脉冲个数增加。通过采集等离子体羽的发射光谱,空间分辨地研究了放电等离子体羽的振动温度。结果表明等离子体羽的振动温度随着外加电压峰值的增加而减小;随着远离喷嘴的距离的增加,等离子体振动温度先增加后减小,当距离喷嘴5.4 mm时振动温度达到最高值。对上述现象进行了定性分析。研究结果对大气压空气等离子体羽在杀菌消毒等领域的应用具有重要意义。     

Kinetic Study of the Emission of the First Negative System in an Argon-Nitrogen Plasma at Atmospheric Pressure

Quantitative optical spectroscopy measurements of the emission spectra of the N(B²∑_u,)ν′→X²∑_gν″ transition (first negative system) in an Ar-N₂ microwave discharge at atmospheric pressure have allowed determination of the rate coefficient of the production of N molecules in the B² ∑_u, state with vibrational level ν′ = 0. The N(B²∑_u, ν′) molecules are produced by the reaction in a surface-wave-induced microwave discharge (2450 MHz) sustained in an open-ended dielectric tube. The rate coefficient K (T) has been obtained for ν′ν″ = 0 for different gas temperatures by varying the incident microwave power. The K₀₀(T) values are between 7.10^?10 and 4.10^?10 cm³ s^?1 for the temperature range 2500 to 3450K.     

大气压空气滑动弧等离子体发射光谱诊断

为了解Ar添加对空气滑动弧等离子体的影响,在放电频率f=10 kHz、空气流量q_Air=15 L·min^-1、 1 atm下进行了Ar体积流量q_Ar对空气-Ar滑动弧放电的影响试验研究,重点分析了不同q_Ar及调压器电压U_调下空气等离子体的活性粒子种类、电子密度及振动温度。结果表明,滑动弧等离子体区的主要活性粒子为OH、 N₂的第二正带系、 Hα、 O原子、 ArⅠ及ArⅡ原子,其中O原子及ArⅠ、 ArⅡ原子的相对光谱强度明显较强;随着q_Ar的增大,O(777.4 nm)的相对光谱强度先缓慢增长、再快速增大到极大值、随后缓慢减小并趋于稳定,O(777.4 nm)的相对光谱强度在1 580～6 650 a.u.之间变化;随U_调增大,O(777.4 nm)的相对光谱强度增大,且电压对其影响受q_Ar的影响：在高q_Ar(4～6 L·min^-1)工况下,O(...     

氩-氮混合气电感耦合等离子体在元素和同位素分析中的应用进展

在传统Ar等离子体中引入其他活性气体(如氮气等)已经成为拓展其分析性能的一种重要手段。本文较系统的阐述了Ar-N₂混合气体电感耦合等离子体的基本物理化学性质,从N₂气引入引起传统Ar-ICP基本物理化学参数变化的层面出发探讨了Ar-N₂混合气等离子体特殊性质产生的机制,回顾了Ar-N₂混合气电感耦合等离子体在质谱分析中近40年的应用成果,并且展望了该技术在未来元素和同位素分析领域的应用前景。     

高温下CO分子的振转跃迁光谱

采用近似方法计算了CO分子的总配分函数;利用该分子的偶极矩函数和在Morse近似下的波函数,计算了分子的振转跃迁矩阵元及在常温和高温下的吸收系数。计算结果表明,在常温(296 K)和高温下(3 000 K),计算结果与HITRAN数据库和文献值符合的很好,表明对分子总配分函数和振转跃迁矩阵元的计算是可靠的。并首次计算了CO分子在更高温度(4 000和6 000 K)下的吸收系数。     

Joint Rotational Analysis of 16 Vibrational States of HDSe

High-resolution Fourier transform spectra of HD⁸⁰Se in the region of the ν₁+ν₃, 2ν₂+ν₃, 2ν₁+ν₂, 3ν₁, and ν₂+2ν₃ absorption bands, with centers located between 4000 and 5500 cm⁻¹, were recorded and rovibrationally analyzed. Energies of the (101), (021), (210), (300), and (012) states, together with those of the formerly reported (010), (100), (020), (001), (120), (110), (030), (011), (200), (002), and (003) states, were jointly used as input information in a “global fit” procedure. This fit provided 161 spectroscopic parameters which reproduce 3323 observed energies with accuracies close to experimental uncertainties. These parameters are compared with those predicted from H₂Se. Moreover, experimental band centers for HSeD are compared with those calculated theoretically.     

Diagnostic of Plasma Produced by a Spark Plug at Atmospheric Pressure: Reduced Electric Field and Vibrational Temperature

The electric discharge generated between the electrodes of a classic spark plug could not assure a fast and total combustion of the air – hydrocarbon mixture. To be able to improve the quality of the combustion process through the ignition system improvement it is necessary to have a complete diagnostic of the discharge produced by a spark plug, from physical and chemical point of view. This work presents a comparative study of the reduced electric field and the vibrational temperature for a classic spark produced in air at atmospheric pressure, as functions of pulses widths applied by the power supply. The reduced electric field was calculated by using the rotational temperature values established by a previous study, considering them as temperature plasma gas temperatures. The vibrational temperature was determined by using the N2second positive molecular emission spectra. The spark plug was supplied with trains of pulses containing one or two pulses having variable widths provided by a special power supply. The results obtained for the vibrational temperature of nitrogen molecules are close to these obtained for the rotational temperature calculated by using a spectroscopic diagnostic method based on the OH UV molecular band spectra (between 2000 and 3500 K). The electron temperature values, imposed by the reduced electric field (up to 2000 Td), are superior to 10000 K. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Rotational Temperatures Determined from C2 Molecular Band Spectra in a Thermal Argon Plasma Interacting with Insulating Materials

The interaction between argon plasma and an insulating material is studied in an arc chamber. Argon plasma is put in contact with insulator by means of a magnetic field produced by Helmoltz coils. Arc spectrum is analysed by means of an optical multichannel analyser (O.M.A) connected to a monochromator and a Personal Computer.

The spectral analysis shows, for each insulator, the molecular spectrum of C₂ Swan system (d³ P_g,v' = 0-> a ³P_u,v'' = 0) with head band at 516,52 nm.

The rotational temperature is determined from the slope calculation of the Boltzmann plot.     

The Excitation Temperatures of Nonmetal Atoms and the OH Temperatures in Microwave-Induced Plasma

Abstract

The excitation temperatures of nonmetal atoms and the OH molecule temperatures have been measured in argon MIP, operating under atmospheric pressure at different experimental conditions. Atoms of Ar I, P I and H have been used as thermometric species. The rotational and vibrational temperatures have been obtained from the OH A²Σ⁺ - X²? band spectra. The ^SR₂₁ ratational lines have been used for the first time for the temperature measurements. The energy distributions observed here are discussed.     

Multicomponent Thermal Plasma of Arc Discharges

This paper deals with investigations of thermal electric arc plasma in complex gas - metal vapour mixtures. Experimental techniques in the diagnostic were widely discussed. The study of non-steady-state discharges was performed with an appropriate temporal and spatial resolution. Spectroscopy investigations of plasma parameters in some modes of discharge operation were carried out. Spatial profiles of temperatures and electron densities were obtained. Plasma composition was calculated in an assumption of the local thermodynamic equilibrium. The influence of some mechanisms on plasma condition was analysed.     

活性剂等离子弧焊焊接电弧的光谱与热分析

针对活性剂等离子弧焊焊接过程,利用光谱分析方法对活性剂等离子弧焊焊接电弧进行光谱分析,采用红外热像伪着色法测定活性剂等离子弧焊焊接电弧温度场,并建立活性剂等离子弧焊焊接电弧热流密度径向分布模型,对焊接电弧的成分及焊接电弧温度场进行了研究。研究结果表明,常规等离子焊焊接电弧以氩原子和氩一次电离离子的谱线为主,金属蒸气谱线不突出,焊接电弧以气体粒子为主,属于气体电弧;活性剂等离子弧焊焊接电弧的光谱中氩原子及氩一次离子谱线的辐射强度增强,Ti,Cr,Fe金属谱线大量涌现;活性剂等离子弧焊焊接电弧的温度分布比较紧凑,温度场外形窄,温度分布范围较集中,电弧径向温度梯度较大;电弧径向温度分布呈现正态Gauss分布模式。     

Vibrational Population of Hydrogen Molecules Excited by an RF Discharge in an Expanding Thermal Arc Plasma as Determined by Emission Spectroscopy

This work is devoted to the determination of the vibrational population of hydrogen molecules in the ground and excited electronic states from the analysis of visible spectra of the H₂ molecules excited by an RF discharge in an expanding thermal arc plasma. Comparison of the experimental results on relative electron-impact excitation cross sections for the transition H₂(X¹Σ, υ⁰ = 0)→ H₂(d³II_u, υ′) with other experiments, and with calculations based on the Franck-Condon principle, shows good agreement. This means, that for plasma under investigation: 1) in the ground electronic state H₂(d³II_u,υ′), only the lowest vibrational level with υ⁰ = 0 is significantly populated, and 2) direct electron exictation of H₂(d³II_u, υ′, υ′) state from the ground state H₂(X¹Σ, υ⁰ = 0) dominates.     

Vibrational and Rotational Spectroscopy of 13CD3OD

We have used Fourier Transform spectral data on the C-O stretching mode of ¹³CD₃OD in order to perform a vibro-rotational analysis for this molecule. We have estimated a few molecular parameters of the ground and C-O stretching vibrational modes. Based on these parameters, and by using the Kwan-Dennison model, we propose assignments for a number of far-infrared laser transitions of ¹³CD₃OD.     

电弧放电等离子体诱导激波的计算

基于电弧放电物理过程,分析气动激励机理,建立用于电弧放电等离子体诱导激波数值模拟的爆炸丝传热模型.主要结论有:电弧放电等离子体气动激励的主要机理是热等离子体的热阻塞效应,热电弧放电对于超声速来流而言就像-个具有-定斜坡角度的虚拟突起;理论分析只适用于纵坐标较小的阶段;当传热的功率设为放电功率的10%时,本文所建立的模型能够用于电弧放电等离子体诱导激波的仿真研究;等离子体虚拟斜坡角度及其诱导激波角都随来流总压和速度的增大而减小,随着放电功率的增大而增大,在总压、速度和放电功率较小的阶段这种变化较明显,在总压、速度和放电功率较大的阶段这种变化较缓慢.     

基于纯转动拉曼谱线激光雷达的大气温度反演分析

由于气溶胶的影响,传统的瑞利散射法测量低空大气温度有一定的局限,为此开展了纯转动拉曼法测量低空大气温度。利用纯转动拉曼激光雷达在北京进行了2个月的大气温度观测,由观测数据反演了温度廓线。在基于N₂和O₂的纯转动拉曼谱线特征进行大气温度反演过程中,分析了平滑窗口、定标范围和定标常数对温度反演精度的影响。结果显示随着平滑窗口的增大,雷达和无线电探空仪测量的温度之间的平均绝对偏差先减小后增加,为有效去除信号中随机误差的影响,同时保留温度廓线的垂直结构,平滑窗口应选择600~1 200 m比较好。定标范围不同,雷达和无线电探空仪测量的温度之间的平均绝对偏差就不同,相对变化约为0.07 K。当定标常数a,b都增大或都减小时,雷达和无线电探空仪测量的温度之间的平均偏差增大,当一个增大另一个减小时,平均偏差相互抵消;a,b的变化不是等几率的,在符号上总是相反的;平均偏差对a的变化不敏感,对b的变化也不敏感,对a与b的整体变化敏感,约91.7%平均偏差落入-3~3 K之间。该研究分析结果对纯转动拉曼激光雷达数据反演中涉及的平滑窗口、定标范围的选择提供了理论依据,对激光雷达定标常数造成实际温度反演结果的误差提供了参考。     

不同温度下二氧化硅纳米管的结构和振动性质的分子动力学模拟

采用三种势能模型, 利用分子动力学模拟研究了在300～1600 K内4、6和8元环的二氧化硅纳米管. 结果表明,三种纳米管的末端环的稳定性随温度的升高而降低. 通过振动态密度考察了二氧化硅纳米管的有效振动特性. 以及不同温度下二氧化硅纳米管的红外光谱.     

Anharmonic Potential Functions in Polyatomic Molecules as Derived from Their Vibrational and Rotational Spectra

It is well known that the anharmonic part of the molecular potential function contributes to the vibration-rotation energy and to the apparent molecular geometry, although the anharmonic effect is not so profound as that from its harmonic counterpart. Nevertheless, it cannot simply be ignored for the precise treatment of molecular dynamics and structures. For a better understanding of the molecular potential function, it is highly desirable to extend the force constant calculation to evaluate the terms beyond quadratic, which will give a more realistic potential map of polyatomic molecules for wider ranges of atomic displacements. The vibrational anharmonicity also affects the transition intensities through the mixing vibration-rotation wave functions.